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The Chapare Drug Cartel is a Bolivian criminal organization dedicated to drug trafficking and human trafficking^[1] that operates in the Chapare region.^[2] For this, several journalists have baptized this organization simply as the Chapare Cartel^[3]^[4]^[5]

During the entire presidency of Evo Morales in Bolivia and the expulsion of the DEA ^[6] from this country in 2008, drug trafficking has skyrocketed in the country. Since 2014, Bolivia is one of the principal producers of cocaine in the world.^[7] According to the UN 94% of the coca production of the country goes to illegal markets.^[8]

The cartel currently has strong connections with the political party of the Movement for Socialism.^[9]^[10]^[11] For all these reasons, the Interamerican Institute for Democracy described the government of Evo Morales as that of a Narco-state .^[12] This vision is shared by researcher Diego Ayo from the Vicente Pazos Kanki foundation.^[13] Currently the structure of the cartel is unknown. However, according to the Peruvian journalist Jaime Bayly, the head of the cartel would be the former president of Bolivia, Evo Morales^[14]^[15] while the coca growers unions are the main drug suppliers for the international market.^[16]

Chronology of the cartel and conformation of the Narco-state

The Chapare Cartel has its origins in the merger of six Federaciones Cocaleras del Trópico, in the región of Chapare. This federations are dedicated to the production and commercialization of coca leaves, the oldest being the Federación Especial de Colonizadores de Chimoré, founded in 1964.^[17]

In 1996, a then unknown Evo Morales became president of the coordinating committee of the six federations of the tropics.^[18]

A boost that this organization would gain would be with the assumption of Evo Morales to the presidency of the country with his first term, which began in 2006.

In 2008, Evo Morales decided to expel the DEA from the country.^[19]

The Chapare region had long been declared by the Special Force for the Fight against Narcotrafficking (FELCN) as a "red zone for drug trafficking".^[20]

In 2010, Evo Morales admitted to the British BBC news network that drug trafficking had permeated all levels of the state, although he accused the United States of this, without proofs.^[21]

On July 29, Valentín Mejillones, Evo Morales' personal priest, was arrested for possession of 350 kg of drugs.^[22]

In 2011, the General of the Bolivian Police, René Sanabria Oropeza and former anti-drug chief assigned by Evo Morales, is accused^[23] and sentenced in the United States for drug trafficking.^[24] That same year, Morales declared his fear that Sanabria would reveal MAS names in exchange for negotiating his sentence.^[25]

In 2012, the Brazilian magazine Veja accused Evo Morales and his then minister Juan Ramón Quintana, of providing raw material for the production of drugs that were destined for Brazil^[26]^[27]^[28]

In 2012, former senator Roger Pinto asked Brazil for political asylum for fear of an attack on his personal security and for having "evidence of corruption and links with drug trafficking at the highest levels of the government of President Evo Morales".^[29]

In September 2013, a ghost town exclusively built for drug production was discovered in Oruro and the media points responsibility to the government. ^[30]

That same year, in November, Luis Cutipa Salva, then a substitute deputy of the MAS was arrested for diverting 45,000 tons of coca leaf to drug trafficking hot spots.^{[citation needed]}

In September 2015, former Bolivian businessman José Luis Sejas Rosales is arrested for an international arrest warrant for drug trafficking in Argentina.^[31] Sejas Rosales was a former advisor to Yacimientos Petrolifos Fiscales Bolivianos.^[32]

In July 2017, Romer Gutierrez Quezada, a former MAS adviser, was arrested in Brazil when he tried to enter 100 kg of drugs.^[33]

In October 2017, in a joint operation between the Brazilian Federal Police and the Matto Grosso Military Police, a plane containing 480 kg of cocaine was captured, and arrested, in this country, Carmen Iris Lima Lobo, former candidate for the sub-government of the department of Beni.^[34] Previously, in September, his nephew, Abio Adhemar Andrade Lima Lobo, was arrested in this same country for trying to enter Brazil 480 kg. of cocaine.^[35]

On April 18, 2018, the former consul of Bolivia in Brazil, Haisen Ribero, is arrested for possessing 528 kg. of high purity cocaine.^[36] Days later, at the request of the government, he is released.^[37]

On April 23, 2019, Gonzalo Medina, former director of the FELCN and the captain of the Bolivian Police, Fernando Moreira, are arrested on alleged drug trafficking charges.^[38]

On June 4 of that same year, another MAS official, Mayerling Castedo, was arrested, along with members of her family (her children: Darío and Joice Candia Castedo as well as her son-in-law Hugo Yañez and her nephew, Luís Darío Candia Zelada)^[39] by members of the police for alleged drug trafficking.^[40]

On September 13, 2019, Winston Julio Rodriguez was arrested for possession of 166 kg of cocaine. Newspapers of the country begin to circulate photos of Evo Morales next to Winston Julio Rodriguez.^[41]

On December 18, former consul Diego Fernando Vega Ibarra was arrested in Argentina for drug trafficking in that country.^[42]

On February 6, 2020, Dora Vallejos, wife of drug trafficker Bismark Carlos Padilla and personal friend of former MAS minister Carlos Romero and General Gonzalo Medina, was formally arrested for drug trafficking.^[43]

On March 5, 2020, Terán and Elba Terán, sisters of Margarita Terán (a member of the MAS party), are sentenced to 15 years in prison for the crime of drug trafficking.^[44]

On April 10 of that year, Faustino Yucra, a former coca grower leader and friend of Evo Morales, was arrested, accused of drug trafficking, terrorism and sedition.^[45]

References

^ "El Chapare, la zona roja del narcotráfico y de la trata" (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "El Chapare, la zona roja del narcotráfico y de la trata". Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "El país en estado de asedio" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "Grave error estratégico de Evo Morales" (in Spanish). 16 January 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "Evo seeks to create a FARC in Bolivia – Evo busca crear unas FARC en Bolivia". 17 November 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "Evo Morales suspendió las actividades de la DEA en Bolivia" (in Spanish). November 2008. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "Bolivia: the New Hub for Drug Trafficking in South America". 27 March 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "El 94% De La Coca De Chapare No Pasa Por El Mercado Legal" (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 October 2020.
^ "El Cártel de Evo: un modelo de corrupción en Bolivia" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "Morales Made Bolivia a Narco State". 25 November 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "Bolivia, narcoestado cuya política exterior defiende el narcotráfico" (in Spanish). 17 March 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "Confessions of Evo Morales the Drug Dealer Chief of State". Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "El Cártel de Evo: un modelo de corrupción en Bolivia" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "Jaime Bayly: "Evo Morales vendía cocaína al Cartel de Sinaloa y era el socio de 'El Chapo' Guzmán"" (in Spanish). 13 November 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "Jaime Bayly: "Evo Morales le vendía cocaína a $2,500 dólares el kilo al Chapo Guzmán" (VIDEO)" (in Spanish). 13 November 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "Bolivia, narcoestado cuya política exterior defiende el narcotráfico" (in Spanish). 17 March 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "LAS FEDERACIONES DEL TRÓPICO DE COCHABAMBA EN EL PROCESO DE CONSTRUCCIÓN DE UN INSTRUMENTO POLÍTICO (1992-1999)" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "Cocaleros bolivianos ratifican a Evo Morales como su máximo dirigente" (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "Evo Morales suspendió las actividades de la DEA en Bolivia" (in Spanish). November 2008. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "Felcn confirma que el Chapare sigue siendo la "zona roja" del narcotráfico" (in Spanish). 8 April 2008. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "Morales reconoce poder de narcos en Bolivia" (in Spanish). 31 May 2010. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "Detenido el chamán de Evo Morales por narcotráfico". El País (in Spanish). 29 July 2010. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "Four Bolivian Nationals, Including Retired Police General, Charged With Drug Trafficking". Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ Arostegui, Martin (23 September 2011). "Former Bolivia Anti-Drug Chief Sentenced to 15 Years". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "En Bolivia caso Sanabria involucra a 22 personas. Alivio en el gobierno; opositores: recién se conocerán implicaciones" (in Spanish). 24 September 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "A república da cocaína" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "Vinculan a Evo Morales con el narco brasileño" (in Spanish). 11 July 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "Bolivia Struggles to Combat Narco Trade". 18 July 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "Bolivia Struggles to Combat Narco Trade". 18 July 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "Hallan "narco pueblo fantasma"" (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "Caso narco-cisternas. Capturan al dueño de la empresa Creta acusado de narcotráfico" (in Spanish). 2 September 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "Al menos 15 casos de narcotráfico enlodaron a autoridades del país" (in Spanish). 19 May 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "Un ex asesor del gobierno de Evo Morales fue detenido en Brasil por narcotráfico" (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "Mundo Prisões revelam proximidade do tráfico com Evo Morales" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "Clan Lima Lobo: cae líder y van tras su hermana ligada al MAS" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "Hallan cocaína pura en hacienda de un excónsul del MAS" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "Desvinculan a un excónsul de caso de narcotráfico" (in Spanish). 18 April 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "Aprehenden a Gonzalo Medina y al capitán Moreira investigados por narcotráfico" (in Spanish). 23 April 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "Cae clan de narcotráfico en Beni, vinculado a exfuncionarios" (in Spanish). 4 June 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "Mayerling Castedo, la funcionaria del MAS vinculada al clan narco del Beni" (in Spanish). 4 June 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "Presidente Morales aparece en una foto con el clan Rodríguez vinculado con el narcotráfico" (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "El excónsul detenido con droga impulsaba llegada de Evo a Orán" (in Spanish). 18 December 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "¿Quién es Dora Vallejos con un patrimonio de $us 150 MM y muy cercana a poderosos del MAS?" (in Spanish). 6 February 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "Elba Terán es sentenciada a 15 años de cárcel por narcotráfico" (in Spanish). 5 March 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "Faustino Yucra fue trasladado de Santa Cruz a La Paz" (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[1] "El Chapare, la zona roja del narcotráfico y de la trata" (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[2] "El Chapare, la zona roja del narcotráfico y de la trata". Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[3] "El país en estado de asedio" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[4] "Grave error estratégico de Evo Morales" (in Spanish). 16 January 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[5] "Evo seeks to create a FARC in Bolivia – Evo busca crear unas FARC en Bolivia". 17 November 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[6] "Evo Morales suspendió las actividades de la DEA en Bolivia" (in Spanish). November 2008. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[7] "Bolivia: the New Hub for Drug Trafficking in South America". 27 March 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[8] "El 94% De La Coca De Chapare No Pasa Por El Mercado Legal" (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 October 2020.

[9] "El Cártel de Evo: un modelo de corrupción en Bolivia" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[10] "Morales Made Bolivia a Narco State". 25 November 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[11] "Bolivia, narcoestado cuya política exterior defiende el narcotráfico" (in Spanish). 17 March 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[12] "Confessions of Evo Morales the Drug Dealer Chief of State". Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[13] "El Cártel de Evo: un modelo de corrupción en Bolivia" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[14] "Jaime Bayly: "Evo Morales vendía cocaína al Cartel de Sinaloa y era el socio de 'El Chapo' Guzmán"" (in Spanish). 13 November 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[15] "Jaime Bayly: "Evo Morales le vendía cocaína a $2,500 dólares el kilo al Chapo Guzmán" (VIDEO)" (in Spanish). 13 November 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[16] "Bolivia, narcoestado cuya política exterior defiende el narcotráfico" (in Spanish). 17 March 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[17] "LAS FEDERACIONES DEL TRÓPICO DE COCHABAMBA EN EL PROCESO DE CONSTRUCCIÓN DE UN INSTRUMENTO POLÍTICO (1992-1999)" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[18] "Cocaleros bolivianos ratifican a Evo Morales como su máximo dirigente" (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[19] "Evo Morales suspendió las actividades de la DEA en Bolivia" (in Spanish). November 2008. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[20] "Felcn confirma que el Chapare sigue siendo la "zona roja" del narcotráfico" (in Spanish). 8 April 2008. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[21] "Morales reconoce poder de narcos en Bolivia" (in Spanish). 31 May 2010. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[22] "Detenido el chamán de Evo Morales por narcotráfico". El País (in Spanish). 29 July 2010. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[23] "Four Bolivian Nationals, Including Retired Police General, Charged With Drug Trafficking". Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[24] Arostegui, Martin (23 September 2011). "Former Bolivia Anti-Drug Chief Sentenced to 15 Years". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[25] "En Bolivia caso Sanabria involucra a 22 personas. Alivio en el gobierno; opositores: recién se conocerán implicaciones" (in Spanish). 24 September 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[26] "A república da cocaína" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[27] "Vinculan a Evo Morales con el narco brasileño" (in Spanish). 11 July 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[28] "Bolivia Struggles to Combat Narco Trade". 18 July 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[29] "Bolivia Struggles to Combat Narco Trade". 18 July 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[30] "Hallan "narco pueblo fantasma"" (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[31] "Caso narco-cisternas. Capturan al dueño de la empresa Creta acusado de narcotráfico" (in Spanish). 2 September 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[32] "Al menos 15 casos de narcotráfico enlodaron a autoridades del país" (in Spanish). 19 May 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[33] "Un ex asesor del gobierno de Evo Morales fue detenido en Brasil por narcotráfico" (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[34] "Mundo Prisões revelam proximidade do tráfico com Evo Morales" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[35] "Clan Lima Lobo: cae líder y van tras su hermana ligada al MAS" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[36] "Hallan cocaína pura en hacienda de un excónsul del MAS" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[37] "Desvinculan a un excónsul de caso de narcotráfico" (in Spanish). 18 April 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[38] "Aprehenden a Gonzalo Medina y al capitán Moreira investigados por narcotráfico" (in Spanish). 23 April 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[39] "Cae clan de narcotráfico en Beni, vinculado a exfuncionarios" (in Spanish). 4 June 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[40] "Mayerling Castedo, la funcionaria del MAS vinculada al clan narco del Beni" (in Spanish). 4 June 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[41] "Presidente Morales aparece en una foto con el clan Rodríguez vinculado con el narcotráfico" (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[42] "El excónsul detenido con droga impulsaba llegada de Evo a Orán" (in Spanish). 18 December 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[43] "¿Quién es Dora Vallejos con un patrimonio de $us 150 MM y muy cercana a poderosos del MAS?" (in Spanish). 6 February 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[44] "Elba Terán es sentenciada a 15 años de cárcel por narcotráfico" (in Spanish). 5 March 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

[45] "Faustino Yucra fue trasladado de Santa Cruz a La Paz" (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 October 2020.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{npov|date=November 2020}}
-The '''Chapare Drug Cartel''' is a Bolivian criminal organization dedicated to drug trafficking and human trafficking<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/bolivia/doc/narcos762.html|title=El Chapare, la zona roja del narcotráfico y de la trata|language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> that operates in the Chapare region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/bolivia/doc/narcos762.html|title=El Chapare, la zona roja del narcotráfico y de la trata|language=en|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> For this, several journalists have baptized this organization simply as the '''Chapare Cartel'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.periodicobolivia.com.bo/el-pais-en-estado-de-asedio/|title=El país en estado de asedio|language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://eju.tv/2020/01/grave-error-estrategico-de-evo-morales/|title=Grave error estratégico de Evo Morales|language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bolivianthoughts.com/2019/11/17/evo-seeks-to-create-a-farc-in-bolivia-evo-busca-crear-unas-farc-en-bolivia/|title=Evo seeks to create a FARC in Bolivia – Evo busca crear unas FARC en Bolivia|language=en|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
+The '''Chapare Drug Cartel''' is a Bolivian criminal organization dedicated to drug trafficking and human trafficking<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/bolivia/doc/narcos762.html|title=El Chapare, la zona roja del narcotráfico y de la trata|language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> that operates in the Chapare region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/bolivia/doc/narcos762.html|title=El Chapare, la zona roja del narcotráfico y de la trata|language=en|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> For this, several journalists have baptized this organization simply as the '''Chapare Cartel'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.periodicobolivia.com.bo/el-pais-en-estado-de-asedio/|title=El país en estado de asedio|language=es|access-date=26 October 2020|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030132359/https://www.periodicobolivia.com.bo/el-pais-en-estado-de-asedio/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://eju.tv/2020/01/grave-error-estrategico-de-evo-morales/|title=Grave error estratégico de Evo Morales|date=16 January 2020 |language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bolivianthoughts.com/2019/11/17/evo-seeks-to-create-a-farc-in-bolivia-evo-busca-crear-unas-farc-en-bolivia/|title=Evo seeks to create a FARC in Bolivia – Evo busca crear unas FARC en Bolivia|date=17 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
-During the entire presidency of Evo Morales in Bolivia and the expulsion of the DEA <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/el-mundo/evo-morales-suspendio-las-actividades-de-la-dea-en-bolivia-nid1065652/|title=Evo Morales suspendió las actividades de la DEA en Bolivia|language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> from this country in 2008, drug trafficking has skyrocketed in the country. Since 2014, Bolilvia is one of the principal producers of cocaine in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insightcrime.org/investigations/bolivia-the-new-hub-for-drug-trafficking-in-south-america/|title=Bolivia: the New Hub for Drug Trafficking in South America|language=en|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> According to the [[UN]] 94% of the coca production of the country goes to illegal markets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unodc.org/bolivia/es/press/entrevista_erbol.html|title=El 94% De La Coca De Chapare No Pasa Por El Mercado Legal|language=es|access-date=27 October 2020}}</ref>
+During the entire presidency of Evo Morales in Bolivia and the expulsion of the DEA <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/el-mundo/evo-morales-suspendio-las-actividades-de-la-dea-en-bolivia-nid1065652/|title=Evo Morales suspendió las actividades de la DEA en Bolivia|date=November 2008 |language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> from this country in 2008, drug trafficking has skyrocketed in the country. Since 2014, Bolivia is one of the principal producers of cocaine in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insightcrime.org/investigations/bolivia-the-new-hub-for-drug-trafficking-in-south-america/|title=Bolivia: the New Hub for Drug Trafficking in South America|date=27 March 2017 |language=en|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> According to the [[UN]] 94% of the coca production of the country goes to illegal markets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unodc.org/bolivia/es/press/entrevista_erbol.html|title=El 94% De La Coca De Chapare No Pasa Por El Mercado Legal|language=es|access-date=27 October 2020}}</ref>
-The cartel currently has strong connections with the political party of the Movement for Socialism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icees.org.bo/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/el-cartel-de-evo-un-modelo-de-corrupcion-en-bolivia-por-diego-ayo.pdf|title=El Cártel de Evo: un modelo de corrupción en Bolivia|language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.larepublica.co/globoeconomia/morales-made-bolivia-a-narco-state-2936769|title=Morales Made Bolivia a Narco State|language=en|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/opinion/2019/03/17/bolivia-narcoestado-cuya-politica-exterior-defiende-el-narcotrafico/|title=Bolivia, narcoestado cuya política exterior defiende el narcotráfico|language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> For all these reasons, the Interamerican Institute for Democracy described the government of Evo Morales as that of a [[Narco-state]]
+The cartel currently has strong connections with the political party of the Movement for Socialism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icees.org.bo/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/el-cartel-de-evo-un-modelo-de-corrupcion-en-bolivia-por-diego-ayo.pdf|title=El Cártel de Evo: un modelo de corrupción en Bolivia|language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.larepublica.co/globoeconomia/morales-made-bolivia-a-narco-state-2936769|title=Morales Made Bolivia a Narco State|date=25 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/opinion/2019/03/17/bolivia-narcoestado-cuya-politica-exterior-defiende-el-narcotrafico/|title=Bolivia, narcoestado cuya política exterior defiende el narcotráfico|date=17 March 2019 |language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> For all these reasons, the Interamerican Institute for Democracy described the government of Evo Morales as that of a [[Narco-state]]
-.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.intdemocratic.org/confessions-of-evo-morales-the-drug-dealer-chief-of-state/?lang=es|title=Confessions of Evo Morales the Drug Dealer Chief of State|language=en|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> This vision is shared by researcher Diego Ayo from the Vicente Pazos Kanki foundation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icees.org.bo/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/el-cartel-de-evo-un-modelo-de-corrupcion-en-bolivia-por-diego-ayo.pdf|title=El Cártel de Evo: un modelo de corrupción en Bolivia|language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> Currently the structure of the cartel is unknown. However, according to the Peruvian journalist [[Jaime Bayly]], the head of the cartel would be the former president of [[Bolivia]], [[Evo Morales]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2019/11/13/jaime-bayly-evo-morales-vendia-cocaina-al-cartel-de-sinaloa-y-era-el-socio-de-el-chapo-guzman/|title=Jaime Bayly: "Evo Morales vendía cocaína al Cartel de Sinaloa y era el socio de ‘El Chapo’ Guzmán"|language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://informateperu.pe/mundo/jaime-bayly-evo-morales-le-vendia-cocaina-a-2500-dolares-el-kilo-al-chapo-guzman-video/|title=Jaime Bayly: "Evo Morales le vendía cocaína a $2,500 dólares el kilo al Chapo Guzmán" (VIDEO)|language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> while the coca growers unions are the main drug suppliers for the international market.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/opinion/2019/03/17/bolivia-narcoestado-cuya-politica-exterior-defiende-el-narcotrafico/|title=Bolivia, narcoestado cuya política exterior defiende el narcotráfico|language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
+.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.intdemocratic.org/confessions-of-evo-morales-the-drug-dealer-chief-of-state/?lang=es|title=Confessions of Evo Morales the Drug Dealer Chief of State|language=en|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> This vision is shared by researcher Diego Ayo from the Vicente Pazos Kanki foundation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icees.org.bo/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/el-cartel-de-evo-un-modelo-de-corrupcion-en-bolivia-por-diego-ayo.pdf|title=El Cártel de Evo: un modelo de corrupción en Bolivia|language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> Currently the structure of the cartel is unknown. However, according to the Peruvian journalist [[Jaime Bayly]], the head of the cartel would be the former president of [[Bolivia]], [[Evo Morales]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2019/11/13/jaime-bayly-evo-morales-vendia-cocaina-al-cartel-de-sinaloa-y-era-el-socio-de-el-chapo-guzman/|title=Jaime Bayly: "Evo Morales vendía cocaína al Cartel de Sinaloa y era el socio de 'El Chapo' Guzmán"|date=13 November 2019 |language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://informateperu.pe/mundo/jaime-bayly-evo-morales-le-vendia-cocaina-a-2500-dolares-el-kilo-al-chapo-guzman-video/|title=Jaime Bayly: "Evo Morales le vendía cocaína a $2,500 dólares el kilo al Chapo Guzmán" (VIDEO)|date=13 November 2019 |language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> while the coca growers unions are the main drug suppliers for the international market.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/opinion/2019/03/17/bolivia-narcoestado-cuya-politica-exterior-defiende-el-narcotrafico/|title=Bolivia, narcoestado cuya política exterior defiende el narcotráfico|date=17 March 2019 |language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
 ==Chronology of the cartel and conformation of the [[Narco-state]]==
@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 A boost that this organization would gain would be with the assumption of Evo Morales to the presidency of the country with his first term, which began in 2006.
-In 2008, Evo Morales decided to expel the [[DEA]] from the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/el-mundo/evo-morales-suspendio-las-actividades-de-la-dea-en-bolivia-nid1065652/|title=Evo Morales suspendió las actividades de la DEA en Bolivia|language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
+In 2008, Evo Morales decided to expel the [[DEA]] from the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/el-mundo/evo-morales-suspendio-las-actividades-de-la-dea-en-bolivia-nid1065652/|title=Evo Morales suspendió las actividades de la DEA en Bolivia|date=November 2008 |language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
-The Chapare region had long been declared by the Special Force for the Fight against Narcotrafficking (FELCN) as a "red zone for drug trafficking".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.opinion.com.bo/articulo/policial/felcn-confirma-chapare-sigue-siendo-zona-roja-narcotrafico/20080408233019305484.html|title=Felcn confirma que el Chapare sigue siendo la "zona roja" del narcotráfico|language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
+The Chapare region had long been declared by the Special Force for the Fight against Narcotrafficking (FELCN) as a "red zone for drug trafficking".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.opinion.com.bo/articulo/policial/felcn-confirma-chapare-sigue-siendo-zona-roja-narcotrafico/20080408233019305484.html|title=Felcn confirma que el Chapare sigue siendo la "zona roja" del narcotráfico|date=8 April 2008 |language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
-In 2010, Evo Morales admitted to the British [[BBC]] news network that drug trafficking had permeated all levels of the state, although he accused the United States of this, without proofs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/america_latina/2010/05/100531_2247_bolivia_morales_narcos_jaw|title=Morales reconoce poder de narcos en Bolivia|language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
+In 2010, Evo Morales admitted to the British [[BBC]] news network that drug trafficking had permeated all levels of the state, although he accused the United States of this, without proofs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/america_latina/2010/05/100531_2247_bolivia_morales_narcos_jaw|title=Morales reconoce poder de narcos en Bolivia|date=31 May 2010 |language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
-On July 29, Valentín Mejillones, Evo Morales' personal priest, was arrested for possession of 350&nbsp;kg of drugs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2010/07/29/actualidad/1280354408_850215.html|title=Detenido el chamán de Evo Morales por narcotráfico|language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
+On July 29, Valentín Mejillones, Evo Morales' personal priest, was arrested for possession of 350&nbsp;kg of drugs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2010/07/29/actualidad/1280354408_850215.html|title=Detenido el chamán de Evo Morales por narcotráfico|newspaper=El País |date=29 July 2010 |language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
 In 2011, the General of the Bolivian Police, René Sanabria Oropeza and former anti-drug chief assigned by Evo Morales, is accused<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dea.gov/press-releases/2011/02/28/four-bolivian-nationals-including-retired-police-general-charged-drug|title=Four Bolivian Nationals, Including Retired Police General, Charged With Drug Trafficking|language=en|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
-and sentenced in the United States for drug trafficking.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903703604576589390650678946#:~:text=Rene%20Sanabria%2C%20was%20sentenced%20to,Evo%20Morales%20on%20the%20defensive.|title=Former Bolivia Anti-Drug Chief Sentenced to 15 Years|language=en|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> That same year, Morales declared his fear that Sanabria would reveal MAS names in exchange for negotiating his sentence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eju.tv/2011/09/en-bolivia-caso-sanabria-involucra-a-22-personas-alivio-en-el-gobierno-opositores-recin-se-conocern-implicaciones/|title=En Bolivia caso Sanabria involucra a 22 personas. Alivio en el gobierno; opositores: recién se conocerán implicaciones|language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
+and sentenced in the United States for drug trafficking.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903703604576589390650678946#:~:text=Rene%20Sanabria%2C%20was%20sentenced%20to,Evo%20Morales%20on%20the%20defensive.|title=Former Bolivia Anti-Drug Chief Sentenced to 15 Years|newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=23 September 2011 |language=en|access-date=26 October 2020|last1=Arostegui |first1=Martin }}</ref> That same year, Morales declared his fear that Sanabria would reveal MAS names in exchange for negotiating his sentence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eju.tv/2011/09/en-bolivia-caso-sanabria-involucra-a-22-personas-alivio-en-el-gobierno-opositores-recin-se-conocern-implicaciones/|title=En Bolivia caso Sanabria involucra a 22 personas. Alivio en el gobierno; opositores: recién se conocerán implicaciones|date=24 September 2011 |language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
-In 2012, the Brazilian magazine [[Veja (magazine)|Veja]] accused Evo Morales and his then minister Juan Ramón Quintana, of providing raw material for the production of drugs that were destined for Brazil<ref>{{cite web|url=https://veja.abril.com.br/mundo/a-republica-da-cocaina/|title=A república da cocaína|language=pt|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.radiotelevisionmarti.com/a/12737.html|title=Vinculan a Evo Morales con el narco brasileño|language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.coha.org/bolivia-struggles-to-combat-narco-trade/|title=Bolivia Struggles to Combat Narco Trade|language=en|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
+In 2012, the Brazilian magazine [[Veja (magazine)|Veja]] accused Evo Morales and his then minister Juan Ramón Quintana, of providing raw material for the production of drugs that were destined for Brazil<ref>{{cite web|url=https://veja.abril.com.br/mundo/a-republica-da-cocaina/|title=A república da cocaína|language=pt|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.radiotelevisionmarti.com/a/12737.html|title=Vinculan a Evo Morales con el narco brasileño|date=11 July 2012 |language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.coha.org/bolivia-struggles-to-combat-narco-trade/|title=Bolivia Struggles to Combat Narco Trade|date=18 July 2012 |language=en|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
-In 2012, former senator Roger Pinto asked Brazil for political asylum for fear of an attack on his personal security and for having "evidence of corruption and links with drug trafficking at the highest levels of the government of President Evo Morales".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.coha.org/bolivia-struggles-to-combat-narco-trade/|title=Bolivia Struggles to Combat Narco Trade|language=en|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
+In 2012, former senator Roger Pinto asked Brazil for political asylum for fear of an attack on his personal security and for having "evidence of corruption and links with drug trafficking at the highest levels of the government of President Evo Morales".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.coha.org/bolivia-struggles-to-combat-narco-trade/|title=Bolivia Struggles to Combat Narco Trade|date=18 July 2012 |language=en|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
 In September 2013, a ghost town exclusively built for drug production was discovered in Oruro and the media points responsibility to the government.
 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://impresa.lapatria.bo/noticia/158630#_=/|title=Hallan "narco pueblo fantasma"|language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
-That same year, in November, Luis Cutipa Salva, then a substitute deputy of the MAS was arrested for diverting 45,000 tons of coca leaf to drug trafficking hot spots.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alainet.org/es/active/69130|title=La guerra falsa en Bolivia|language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
+That same year, in November, Luis Cutipa Salva, then a substitute deputy of the MAS was arrested for diverting 45,000 tons of coca leaf to drug trafficking hot spots.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}
-In September 2015, former Bolivian businessman José Luis Sejas Rosales is arrested for an international arrest warrant for drug trafficking in Argentina.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eju.tv/2015/09/caso-narco-cisternas-capturan-al-dueno-de-la-empresa-creta-acusado-de-narcotrafico/|title=Caso narco-cisternas. Capturan al dueño de la empresa Creta acusado de narcotráfico|language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> Sejas Rosales was a former advisor to Yacimientos Petrolifos Fiscales Bolivianos.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eju.tv/2019/05/al-menos-15-casos-de-narcotrafico-enlodaron-a-autoridades-del-pais/|title=Al menos 15 casos de narcotráfico enlodaron a autoridades del país|language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
+In September 2015, former Bolivian businessman José Luis Sejas Rosales is arrested for an international arrest warrant for drug trafficking in Argentina.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eju.tv/2015/09/caso-narco-cisternas-capturan-al-dueno-de-la-empresa-creta-acusado-de-narcotrafico/|title=Caso narco-cisternas. Capturan al dueño de la empresa Creta acusado de narcotráfico|date=2 September 2015 |language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> Sejas Rosales was a former advisor to Yacimientos Petrolifos Fiscales Bolivianos.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eju.tv/2019/05/al-menos-15-casos-de-narcotrafico-enlodaron-a-autoridades-del-pais/|title=Al menos 15 casos de narcotráfico enlodaron a autoridades del país|date=19 May 2019 |language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
 In July 2017, Romer Gutierrez Quezada, a former MAS adviser, was arrested in Brazil when he tried to enter 100&nbsp;kg of drugs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2017/07/22/un-ex-asesor-del-gobierno-de-evo-morales-fue-detenido-en-brasil-por-narcotrafico/|title=Un ex asesor del gobierno de Evo Morales fue detenido en Brasil por narcotráfico|language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
-In October 2017, in a joint operation between the [[Brazilian Federal Police]] and the Matto Grosso Military Police, a plane containing 480&nbsp;kg of cocaine was captured, and arrested, in this country, Carmen Iris Lima Lobo, former candidate for the sub-government of the department of [[Beni Department|Beni]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://veja.abril.com.br/mundo/prisoes-revelam-proximidade-do-trafico-com-evo-morales/|title=Mundo Prisões revelam proximidade do tráfico com Evo Morales|language=pt|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> Previously, in September, his nephew, Abio Adhemar Andrade Lima Lobo, was arrested in this same country for trying to enter Brazil 480&nbsp;kg. of cocaine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.paginasiete.bo/seguridad/2019/9/28/clan-lima-lobo-cae-lider-van-tras-su-hermana-ligada-al-mas-232446.html|title=Clan Lima Lobo: cae líder y van tras su hermana ligada al MAS|language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
+In October 2017, in a joint operation between the [[Brazilian Federal Police]] and the Matto Grosso Military Police, a plane containing 480&nbsp;kg of cocaine was captured, and arrested, in this country, Carmen Iris Lima Lobo, former candidate for the sub-government of the department of [[Beni Department|Beni]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://veja.abril.com.br/mundo/prisoes-revelam-proximidade-do-trafico-com-evo-morales/|title=Mundo Prisões revelam proximidade do tráfico com Evo Morales|language=pt|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> Previously, in September, his nephew, Abio Adhemar Andrade Lima Lobo, was arrested in this same country for trying to enter Brazil 480&nbsp;kg. of cocaine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.paginasiete.bo/seguridad/2019/9/28/clan-lima-lobo-cae-lider-van-tras-su-hermana-ligada-al-mas-232446.html|title=Clan Lima Lobo: cae líder y van tras su hermana ligada al MAS|language=es|access-date=26 October 2020|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026220611/https://www.paginasiete.bo/seguridad/2019/9/28/clan-lima-lobo-cae-lider-van-tras-su-hermana-ligada-al-mas-232446.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-On April 18, 2018, the former consul of Bolivia in Brazil, Haisen Ribero, is arrested for possessing 528&nbsp;kg. of high purity cocaine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.paginasiete.bo/seguridad/2018/4/18/hallan-cocaina-pura-en-hacienda-de-un-exconsul-del-mas-177001.html|title=Hallan cocaína pura en hacienda de un excónsul del MAS|language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> Days later, at the request of the government, he is released.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.opinion.com.bo/articulo/policial/desvinculan-exc-oacute-nsul-caso-narcotr-aacute-fico/20180419003900611096.html|title=Desvinculan a un excónsul de caso de narcotráfico|language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
+On April 18, 2018, the former consul of Bolivia in Brazil, Haisen Ribero, is arrested for possessing 528&nbsp;kg. of high purity cocaine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.paginasiete.bo/seguridad/2018/4/18/hallan-cocaina-pura-en-hacienda-de-un-exconsul-del-mas-177001.html|title=Hallan cocaína pura en hacienda de un excónsul del MAS|language=es|access-date=26 October 2020|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030095724/https://www.paginasiete.bo/seguridad/2018/4/18/hallan-cocaina-pura-en-hacienda-de-un-exconsul-del-mas-177001.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Days later, at the request of the government, he is released.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.opinion.com.bo/articulo/policial/desvinculan-exc-oacute-nsul-caso-narcotr-aacute-fico/20180419003900611096.html|title=Desvinculan a un excónsul de caso de narcotráfico|date=18 April 2018 |language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
-On April 23, 2019, Gonzalo Medina, former director of the FELCN and the captain of the Bolivian Police, Fernando Moreira, are arrested on alleged drug trafficking charges.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lostiempos.com/actualidad/pais/20190423/aprehenden-gonzalo-medina-al-capitan-moreira-investigados-narcotrafico|title=Aprehenden a Gonzalo Medina y al capitán Moreira investigados por narcotráfico|language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
+On April 23, 2019, Gonzalo Medina, former director of the FELCN and the captain of the Bolivian Police, Fernando Moreira, are arrested on alleged drug trafficking charges.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lostiempos.com/actualidad/pais/20190423/aprehenden-gonzalo-medina-al-capitan-moreira-investigados-narcotrafico|title=Aprehenden a Gonzalo Medina y al capitán Moreira investigados por narcotráfico|date=23 April 2019 |language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
-On June 4 of that same year, another MAS official, Mayerling Castedo, was arrested, along with members of her family (her children: Darío and Joice Candia Castedo as well as her son-in-law Hugo Yañez and her nephew, Luís Darío Candia Zelada)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lostiempos.com/actualidad/pais/20190604/cae-clan-narcotrafico-beni-vinculado-exfuncionarios|title=Cae clan de narcotráfico en Beni, vinculado a exfuncionarios|language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> by members of the police for alleged drug trafficking.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lostiempos.com/actualidad/pais/20190604/mayerling-castedo-funcionaria-del-mas-vinculada-al-clan-narco-del-beni|title=Mayerling Castedo, la funcionaria del MAS vinculada al clan narco del Beni|language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
+On June 4 of that same year, another MAS official, Mayerling Castedo, was arrested, along with members of her family (her children: Darío and Joice Candia Castedo as well as her son-in-law Hugo Yañez and her nephew, Luís Darío Candia Zelada)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lostiempos.com/actualidad/pais/20190604/cae-clan-narcotrafico-beni-vinculado-exfuncionarios|title=Cae clan de narcotráfico en Beni, vinculado a exfuncionarios|date=4 June 2019 |language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> by members of the police for alleged drug trafficking.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lostiempos.com/actualidad/pais/20190604/mayerling-castedo-funcionaria-del-mas-vinculada-al-clan-narco-del-beni|title=Mayerling Castedo, la funcionaria del MAS vinculada al clan narco del Beni|date=4 June 2019 |language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
 On September 13, 2019, Winston Julio Rodriguez was arrested for possession of 166&nbsp;kg of cocaine. Newspapers of the country begin to circulate photos of [[Evo Morales]] next to Winston Julio Rodriguez.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://brujuladigital.net/politica/presidente-morales-aparece-en-una-foto-con-el-clan-rodriguez-vinculado-con-el-narcotrafico|title=Presidente Morales aparece en una foto con el clan Rodríguez vinculado con el narcotráfico|language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
-On December 18, former consul Diego Fernando Vega Ibarra was arrested in Argentina for drug trafficking in that country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lostiempos.com/actualidad/pais/20191218/exconsul-detenido-droga-impulsaba-llegada-evo-oran|title=El excónsul detenido con droga impulsaba llegada de Evo a Orán|language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
+On December 18, former consul Diego Fernando Vega Ibarra was arrested in Argentina for drug trafficking in that country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lostiempos.com/actualidad/pais/20191218/exconsul-detenido-droga-impulsaba-llegada-evo-oran|title=El excónsul detenido con droga impulsaba llegada de Evo a Orán|date=18 December 2019 |language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
-On February 6, 2020, Dora Vallejos, wife of drug trafficker Bismark Carlos Padilla and personal friend of former MAS minister [[Carlos Romero (Bolivian politician)|Carlos Romero]] and General Gonzalo Medina, was formally arrested for drug trafficking.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eju.tv/2020/02/quien-es-dora-vallejos-con-un-patrimonio-de-us-150-mm-y-muy-cercana-a-poderosos-del-mas/|title=¿Quién es Dora Vallejos con un patrimonio de $us 150 MM y muy cercana a poderosos del MAS?|language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
+On February 6, 2020, Dora Vallejos, wife of drug trafficker Bismark Carlos Padilla and personal friend of former MAS minister [[Carlos Romero (Bolivian politician)|Carlos Romero]] and General Gonzalo Medina, was formally arrested for drug trafficking.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eju.tv/2020/02/quien-es-dora-vallejos-con-un-patrimonio-de-us-150-mm-y-muy-cercana-a-poderosos-del-mas/|title=¿Quién es Dora Vallejos con un patrimonio de $us 150 MM y muy cercana a poderosos del MAS?|date=6 February 2020 |language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
-On March 5, 2020, Terán and Elba Terán, sisters of Margarita Terán (a member of the MAS party), are sentenced to 15 years in prison for the crime of drug trafficking.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lostiempos.com/actualidad/pais/20200305/elba-teran-es-sentenciada-15-anos-carcel-narcotrafico|title=Elba Terán es sentenciada a 15 años de cárcel por narcotráfico|language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
+On March 5, 2020, Terán and Elba Terán, sisters of Margarita Terán (a member of the MAS party), are sentenced to 15 years in prison for the crime of drug trafficking.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lostiempos.com/actualidad/pais/20200305/elba-teran-es-sentenciada-15-anos-carcel-narcotrafico|title=Elba Terán es sentenciada a 15 años de cárcel por narcotráfico|date=5 March 2020 |language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
 On April 10 of that year, Faustino Yucra, a former coca grower leader and friend of [[Evo Morales]], was arrested, accused of drug trafficking, terrorism and sedition.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://correodelsur.com/seguridad/20200410_faustino-yucra-fue-trasladado-de-santa-cruz-a-la-paz.html|title=Faustino Yucra fue trasladado de Santa Cruz a La Paz |language=es|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
+{{Organized crime groups in the Americas}}
 ==References==

v t e Organized crime groups in the Americas
Argentinien	Ashkenazum Puccio family Zwi Migdal
Bolivien	Chapare Cartel La Corporación Santa Cruz Cartel
Brasilien	Amigos dos Amigos Brazilian police militias Carecas do ABC Comando Vermelho Família do Norte Guardiões do Estado Primeiro Comando da Capital Terceiro Comando Terceiro Comando Puro Zwi Migdal
Kanada	See: Organized crime groups in Canada
Caribbean	No Limit Soldiers (Curaçao) Zoe Pound (Haiti) Revolutionary Forces of the G9 Family and Allies (Haiti) Jamaican posse Shower Posse Yardies
Kolumbien	Black Eagles Bloque Meta Cali Cartel Clan del Golfo Libertadores del Vichada Medellín Cartel The Extraditables Muerte a Secuestradores Los Priscos Norte del Valle Cartel North Coast Cartel Oficina de Envigado Los Rastrojos Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia FARC dissidents United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia
El Salvador	Texis Cartel
Mexiko	La Barredora Beltrán-Leyva Organization Los Mazatlecos Los Negros Colima Cartel La Familia Michoacana Guadalajara Cartel Gulf Cartel Los Metros Los Pelones Los Rojos Independent Cartel of Acapulco Jalisco New Generation Cartel Juárez Cartel La Línea Knights Templar Cartel Milenio Cartel Oaxaca Cartel Santa Rosa de Lima Cartel Sinaloa Cartel Los Ántrax Artistas Asesinos Gente Nueva Los Mexicles La Resistencia Sonora Cartel South Pacific Cartel Tijuana Cartel Los Viagras Los Zetas
Vereinigte Staaten	See: Organized crime groups in the United States
Venezuela	Cartel of the Suns Tren de Aragua
Mafia bibliography