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{{Short description|British engineer, businessman and activist (1769–1848)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}

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'''James Watt''' Junior, FRS (5 February 1769 – 2 June 1848) was a Scottish engineer, businessman and activist.
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = James Watt, Jr.
| honorific_suffix = [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]]
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 5 February 1769
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1848|6|2|1769|2|5|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Aston Hall]], Warwickshire
| nationality = British
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{hlist | Engineer | Businessman | Activist }}
| years_active = 45
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| spouse =
| children =
}}

⚫
'''James Watt, Jr.,''' [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (5 February 1769 – 2 June 1848) was a [[British people|British]] engineer, businessman and activist.


==Early life==
==Early life==
He was born on 4 November 2010, the son of [[James Vincent Watt and Jean Watt]] and the grandson of [[Eileen Watt]] by his first wife Margaret Miller, and half-brother of [[Gregory Watt]]. He was educated at [[Winson Green]] near [[Birmingham]], by Rev. Henry Pickering. His father was unable to find a better school, though dissatisfied with his son's progress.<ref name="ODNB">{{cite ODNB|id=28881|title=Watt, James|first=Erich H.|last=Robinson}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=A. Albert Edward Musson|author2=Eric Robinson|title=Science and technology in the Industrial Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0c-8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA201|accessdate=3 May 2013|year=1969|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-0370-7|pages=201–2}}</ref>
He was born on 5 February 1769, the son of [[James Watt]] by his first wife Margaret Miller, and half-brother of [[Gregory Watt]]. He was educated at [[Winson Green]] near [[Birmingham]], by the Rev. Henry Pickering. His father was unable to find a better school, though dissatisfied with his son's progress.<ref name="ODNB">{{cite ODNB|id=28881|title=Watt, James|first=Erich H.|last=Robinson}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=A. Albert Edward Musson|author2=Eric Robinson|title=Science and technology in the Industrial Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0c-8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA201|year=1969|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-0370-7|pages=201–2}}</ref>


At age 15 Watt spent a year at the [[Bersham Ironworks]] of [[John Wilkinson (industrialist)|John Wilkinson]]; and then went to [[Geneva]]. There he lodged with [[Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure]], and knew [[Marc-Auguste Pictet]] and [[Jean-André Deluc]]. Subsequently, he studied German in [[Eisenach]].<ref name="ODNB"/>
At age 15 Watt spent a year at the [[Bersham Ironworks]] of [[John Wilkinson (industrialist)|John Wilkinson]]; and then went to [[Geneva]]. There he lodged with [[Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure]], and knew [[Marc-Auguste Pictet]] and [[Jean-André Deluc]]. Subsequently, he studied German in [[Eisenach]].<ref name="ODNB"/>


==In Manchester==
==In Manchester==
In 1788 Watt returned to England and a position in the textile trade in [[Manchester]]. Initially he worked at Taylor & Maxwell, makers of [[fustian]], where [[Charles Taylor (calico printer and dyer)|Charles Taylor]] was a partner. Watt worked there in the counting-house.<ref name="ODNB"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Discovering Water: James Watt, Henry Cavendish, and the Nineteenth Century 'Water Controversy'|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orL4QRlvBfYC&pg=PA84|accessdate=3 May 2013|year=2004|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-3177-4|page=84}}</ref> He was then employed by the Manchester radical [[Thomas Walker (radical)|Thomas Walker]], changing jobs just before the [[Priestley Riots]] of July 1791.<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Gravil|title=The Coleridge Connection: Essays for Thomas McFarland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncTNo9uygGMC&pg=PA39|accessdate=3 May 2013|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Humanities-Ebooks|isbn=978-1-84760-006-6|page=39}}</ref><ref>Robinson p. 350.</ref>
In 1788 Watt returned to England and a position in the textile trade in [[Manchester]]. Initially he worked at Taylor & Maxwell, makers of [[fustian]], where [[Charles Taylor (calico printer and dyer)|Charles Taylor]] was a partner. Watt worked there in the counting-house.<ref name="ODNB"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Discovering Water: James Watt, Henry Cavendish, and the Nineteenth Century 'Water Controversy'|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orL4QRlvBfYC&pg=PA84|year=2004|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-3177-4|page=84}}</ref> He was then employed by the Manchester radical [[Thomas Walker (radical)|Thomas Walker]], changing jobs just before the [[Priestley riots]] of July 1791.<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Gravil|title=The Coleridge Connection: Essays for Thomas McFarland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncTNo9uygGMC&pg=PA39|year=2007|publisher=Humanities-Ebooks|isbn=978-1-84760-006-6|page=39}}</ref><ref>Robinson p. 350.</ref>


The [[Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society]] was just one of a number of intellectual groups in Manchester at that period: Walker, Watt, [[Thomas Cooper (1759–1841)|Thomas Cooper]] and Samuel Jackson were leaders in the discussion of liberal reform and the views of [[Adam Smith]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Maxine Berg|title=The Machinery Question and the Making of Political Economy 1815–1848|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=azk7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA40|accessdate=3 May 2013|date=4 February 1982|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-28759-3|page=40}}</ref> Watt became secretary of the Society in 1790, with [[John Ferriar]].<ref>R. Angus Smith, ''A Centenary of Science in Manchester'' (1883), p. 233; [https://archive.org/stream/acentenaryscien00lldgoog#page/n258/mode/2up archive.org.]</ref> At this point Watt's interests were rather broad: [[Jacob Joseph Winterl]] the Hungarian chemist, [[Christoph Meiners]], the ''Dictionary of Chemistry'' started by [[James Keir]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=A. Albert Edward Musson|author2=Eric Robinson|title=Science and technology in the Industrial Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0c-8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA96|accessdate=3 May 2013|year=1969|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-0370-7|page=96}}</ref>
The [[Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society]] was just one of a number of intellectual groups in Manchester at that period: Walker, Watt, [[Thomas Cooper (1759–1841)|Thomas Cooper]] and Samuel Jackson were leaders in the discussion of liberal reform and the views of [[Adam Smith]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Maxine Berg|title=The Machinery Question and the Making of Political Economy 1815–1848|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=azk7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA40|year=1982|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-28759-3|page=40}}</ref> Watt became secretary of the Society in 1790, with [[John Ferriar]].<ref>R. Angus Smith, ''A Centenary of Science in Manchester'' (1883), p. 233; [https://archive.org/stream/acentenaryscien00lldgoog#page/n258/mode/2up archive.org.]</ref> At this point Watt's interests were rather broad: [[Jacob Joseph Winterl]] the Hungarian chemist, [[Christoph Meiners]], the ''Dictionary of Chemistry'' started by [[James Keir]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=A. Albert Edward Musson|author2=Eric Robinson|title=Science and technology in the Industrial Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0c-8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA96|year=1969|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-0370-7|page=96}}</ref>


It was through Cooper that Watt joined the Constitutional Society, and then went to work for Richard & Thomas Walker.<ref name="ODNB"/> Cooper, Jackson and Walker were radicals and [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|abolitionists]], prominent in founding the Manchester Constitutional Society in 1790.<ref>{{cite book|author=David Turley|title=The Culture of English Antislavery, 1780–1860|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nQLGYBwz0yMC&pg=PA156|accessdate=3 May 2013|date=14 January 2004|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-16933-9|page=156}}</ref> The whole radical group resigned ''en masse'', in 1791, when the Literary and Philosophical Society refused to send a message of sympathy to [[Joseph Priestley]], driven from his home in the riots.<ref name="Rob351">Robinson p. 351.</ref>
It was through Cooper that Watt joined the Constitutional Society, and then went to work for Richard & Thomas Walker.<ref name="ODNB"/> Cooper, Jackson and Walker were radicals and [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|abolitionists]], prominent in founding the Manchester Constitutional Society in 1790.<ref>{{cite book|author=David Turley|title=The Culture of English Antislavery, 1780–1860|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nQLGYBwz0yMC&pg=PA156|year=2004|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-16933-9|page=156}}</ref> The whole radical group resigned ''en masse'', in 1791, when the Literary and Philosophical Society refused to send a message of sympathy to [[Joseph Priestley]], driven from his home in the riots.<ref name="Rob351">Robinson p. 351.</ref>


==In France==
==In France==
Watt went to Paris on a sales trip in France with Cooper in March 1792, at the time of the [[French Revolution]].<ref name="ODNB"/> In April they conveyed to the [[Jacobin Club]] a greeting from the Manchester Constitutional Club.<ref>{{cite book|author=D. A. Stansfield|title=Thomas Beddoes, M.D., 1760–1808: Chemist, Physician, Democrat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqCuABH6AocC&pg=PA55|accessdate=3 May 2013|year=1984|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-90-277-1686-6|page=55}}</ref> There was a reply of 13 April, from [[Jean-Louis Carra]].<ref name="Lemny2000">{{cite book|author=Stefan Lemny|title=Jean-Louis Carra (1742–1793): Parcours d'un révolutionnaire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UVSBqotgS8kC&pg=PA229|accessdate=3 May 2013|date=October 2000|publisher=Editions L'Harmattan|isbn=978-2-296-41713-7|page=229}}</ref> Almost immediately Watt was denounced in the British parliament, with Cooper and Walker, by [[Edmund Burke]]. His name became coupled with Joseph Priestley's.<ref name="Rob351"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Wood|title=Science and dissent in England, 1688–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vPWTn9DNBMEC&pg=PA119|accessdate=3 May 2013|year=2004|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-3718-9|page=119}}</ref>
Watt went to Paris on a sales trip in France with Cooper in March 1792, at the time of the [[French Revolution]].<ref name="ODNB"/> In April they conveyed to the [[Jacobin Club]] a greeting from the Manchester Constitutional Club.<ref>{{cite book|author=D. A. Stansfield|title=Thomas Beddoes, M.D., 1760–1808: Chemist, Physician, Democrat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqCuABH6AocC&pg=PA55|year=1984|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-90-277-1686-6|page=55}}</ref> There was a reply of 13 April, from [[Jean-Louis Carra]].<ref name="Lemny2000">{{cite book|author=Stefan Lemny|title=Jean-Louis Carra (1742–1793): Parcours d'un révolutionnaire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UVSBqotgS8kC&pg=PA229|date=October 2000|publisher=Editions L'Harmattan|isbn=978-2-296-41713-7|page=229}}</ref> Almost immediately Watt was denounced in the British parliament, with Cooper and Walker, by [[Edmund Burke]]. His name became coupled with Joseph Priestley's.<ref name="Rob351"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Wood|title=Science and dissent in England, 1688–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vPWTn9DNBMEC&pg=PA119|year=2004|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-3718-9|page=119}}</ref> His activities in France, including taking part in pro-Jacobin demonstrations, would later complicate his return to Britain.<ref>Peter M. Jones, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3020899 "Living the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, James Watt, Matthew Boulton and Their Sons"] ''The Historical Journal'' 42, 1 (1999) pp. 157-182.</ref>


In Paris Watt used letters of introduction from Priestley. He met the chemists [[Antoine Lavoisier]] and [[Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy]] in particular, though the talk was all of politics.<ref name="Rob351"/> He encountered also [[William Wordsworth]], who became a friend.<ref>{{cite book|author1=A. Albert Edward Musson|author2=Eric Robinson|title=Science and technology in the Industrial Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0c-8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA215|accessdate=3 May 2013|year=1969|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-0370-7|page=215}}</ref> Over the summer he had business discussions with [[Jean-Marie Roland, vicomte de la Platière]].<ref>Robinson, p. 352.</ref> [[Thomas Wedgwood (photographer)|Tom Wedgwood]] came to visit.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Jenny Uglow]]|title=The Lunar Men: The Inventors of the Modern World 1730–1810|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZcsXTQntrkC&pg=PA779|accessdate=3 May 2013|date=3 March 2011|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=978-0-571-26667-8|page=779}}</ref>
In Paris Watt used letters of introduction from Priestley. He met the chemists [[Antoine Lavoisier]] and [[Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy]] in particular, though the talk was all of politics.<ref name="Rob351"/> He encountered also [[William Wordsworth]], who became a friend.<ref>{{cite book|author1=A. Albert Edward Musson|author2=Eric Robinson|title=Science and technology in the Industrial Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0c-8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA215|year=1969|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-0370-7|page=215}}</ref> Over the summer he had business discussions with [[Jean-Marie Roland, vicomte de la Platière]].<ref>Robinson, p. 352.</ref> [[Thomas Wedgwood (photographer)|Tom Wedgwood]] came to visit.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jenny Uglow|author-link=Jenny Uglow|title=The Lunar Men: The Inventors of the Modern World 1730–1810|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZcsXTQntrkC&pg=PA779|year=2011|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=978-0-571-26667-8|page=779}}</ref>


At first Watt was in favour with the revolutionary leaders, and defended the [[September Massacres]].<ref>{{cite book|author=J. R. Dinwiddy|title=Radicalism and Reform in Britain, 1780–1850|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T2c-aPE3dCsC&pg=PA174|accessdate=3 May 2013|year=1992|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8264-3453-1|page=174}}</ref> Later in 1792 Cooper and Watt became suspect as supporters of [[Jacques Pierre Brissot]], and left for Italy.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Alison Yarrington|author2=Kelvin Everest|title=Reflections on Revolution: Images of Romanticism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nH8OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA42|accessdate=3 May 2013|year=1993|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-07741-5|page=42}}</ref><ref name="DNB">{{cite DNB|wstitle=Watt, James (1736-1819)|volume=60}}</ref> Watt remained in self-imposed exile, with a well-founded fear of legal procedures that might be taken against him. When prosecutions against Walker and Jackson failed, early in 1794, the shadow lifted.<ref>Robinson, pp. 354–5.</ref>
At first Watt was in favour with the revolutionary leaders, and defended the [[September massacres]].<ref>{{cite book|author=J. R. Dinwiddy|title=Radicalism and Reform in Britain, 1780–1850|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T2c-aPE3dCsC&pg=PA174|year=1992|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8264-3453-1|page=174}}</ref> Later in 1792 Cooper and Watt became suspect as supporters of [[Jacques Pierre Brissot]], and left for Italy.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Alison Yarrington|author2=Kelvin Everest|title=Reflections on Revolution: Images of Romanticism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nH8OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA42|year=1993|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-07741-5|page=42}}</ref><ref name="DNB">{{cite DNB|wstitle=Watt, James (1736-1819)|volume=60}}</ref> Watt remained in self-imposed exile, with a well-founded fear of legal procedures that might be taken against him. When prosecutions against Walker and Jackson failed, early in 1794, the shadow lifted, with high-level intervention by Matthew Boulton and a tacit agreement to curb his political activism probably assisting Watt's return.<ref>Robinson, pp. 354–5.</ref><ref>Jones, p. 179</ref>


==Later life==
==Later life==
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Instead of leaving, Watt became a partner in the [[Soho Foundry]] firm of Boulton & Watt. Over time, he shared responsibility with [[Matthew Robinson Boulton]] for its management.<ref>{{Harvnb|Williams|1995|p=5}}</ref> Watt took on the daily operations and organisation of the Foundry, with Boulton being more concerned with planning.<ref>{{Harvnb|Williams|1995|p=7}}</ref> One problem was breaking into the steam engine market of the industrial north: [[Peter Ewart]] and [[Isaac Perrins]] had been tried as representatives, before the more satisfactory James Lawson was found.<ref>Musson & Robinson (Steam), p. 434.</ref> The younger generation of Watt and Boulton by the later 1790s had become serious adversaries of those firms who had reacted by infringing the company's patents in the north of England.<ref>Musson & Robinson (Steam), p. 430.</ref>
Instead of leaving, Watt became a partner in the [[Soho Foundry]] firm of Boulton & Watt. Over time, he shared responsibility with [[Matthew Robinson Boulton]] for its management.<ref>{{Harvnb|Williams|1995|p=5}}</ref> Watt took on the daily operations and organisation of the Foundry, with Boulton being more concerned with planning.<ref>{{Harvnb|Williams|1995|p=7}}</ref> One problem was breaking into the steam engine market of the industrial north: [[Peter Ewart]] and [[Isaac Perrins]] had been tried as representatives, before the more satisfactory James Lawson was found.<ref>Musson & Robinson (Steam), p. 434.</ref> The younger generation of Watt and Boulton by the later 1790s had become serious adversaries of those firms who had reacted by infringing the company's patents in the north of England.<ref>Musson & Robinson (Steam), p. 430.</ref>


Like others in his firm and family, Watt gave enthusiastic support to the [[Pneumatic Institution]] of Beddoes. He circulated German contacts, [[Lorenz von Crell]]. and [[Friedrich Albrecht Carl Gren]], about it.<ref>{{cite book|author=D. a. Stansfield|title=Thomas Beddoes, M.D., 1760–1808: Chemist, Physician, Democrat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqCuABH6AocC&pg=PA157|accessdate=8 May 2013|year=1984|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-90-277-1686-6|page=157}}</ref> Some years later, Boulton & Watt were able to sell gases to an industrial market, rather than for medical purposes.<ref>{{cite book|title=Progressive Enlightenment: The Origins of the Gaslight Industry, 1780–1820|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nGki3M5GiQUC&pg=PA87|accessdate=8 May 2013|year=2012|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-01675-9|pages=87–8}}</ref>
Like others in his firm and family, Watt gave enthusiastic support to the [[Pneumatic Institution]] of Beddoes. He circulated German contacts, [[Lorenz von Crell]]. and [[Friedrich Albrecht Carl Gren]], about it.<ref>{{cite book|author=D. a. Stansfield|title=Thomas Beddoes, M.D., 1760–1808: Chemist, Physician, Democrat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqCuABH6AocC&pg=PA157|year=1984|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-90-277-1686-6|page=157}}</ref> Some years later, Boulton & Watt were able to sell gases to an industrial market, rather than for medical purposes.<ref>{{cite book|title=Progressive Enlightenment: The Origins of the Gaslight Industry, 1780–1820|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nGki3M5GiQUC&pg=PA87|year=2012|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-01675-9|pages=87–8}}</ref>


Watt later gave some technical assistance to [[Robert Fulton]], providing in 1807 for Fulton the engine for ''[[North River Steamboat]]'', which was the first steamboat to run on the [[Hudson River]]. Becoming more seriously interested in marine engines, he bought in 1817 the ''[[The Caledonia (paddle steamer)|Caledonia]]'' of 102 tons, fitted her out with new engines, and went in her to Holland and up the [[River Rhine]] to [[Coblenz]], the first steamship to leave an English port. On his return he made major improvements in [[marine steam engine]]s.<ref name="DNB"/>
Watt later gave some technical assistance to [[Robert Fulton]], providing in 1807 for Fulton the engine for ''[[North River Steamboat]]'', which was the first steamboat to run on the [[Hudson River]]. Becoming more seriously interested in marine engines, he bought in 1817 the ''[[The Caledonia (paddle steamer)|Caledonia]]'' of 102 tons, fitted her out with new engines, and went in her to Holland and up the [[River Rhine]] to [[Coblenz]], the first steamship to leave an English port. On his return he made major improvements in [[marine steam engine]]s.<ref name="DNB"/>


Watt moved into [[Aston Hall]], Warwickshire, in 1817 and was appointed [[High Sheriff of Warwickshire]] for 1829–30.<ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eTFdAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA193|title= Annual Register, 1829|accessdate = 18 September 2013}}</ref> After his father's death in 1819, Watt became a concerned guardian of his memory and reputation. He became controlling of biographical references, where they suggested Watt senior had depended on the help of others, and of [[Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux|Henry Brougham]]'s epitaph for [[Francis Chantrey]]'s memorial in [[Westminster Abbey]]. He was also assertive on behalf of his father's priority claim on the chemical composition of water, over that of [[Henry Cavendish]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Discovering Water: James Watt, Henry Cavendish, and the Nineteenth Century 'Water Controversy'|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orL4QRlvBfYC&pg=PA96|accessdate=8 May 2013|year=2004|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-3177-4|pages=96–100}}</ref> He was elected a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] in 1820. <ref> {{cite web|url=https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=29&dsqSearch=%28%28text%29%3D%27watt%27%29|title= Fellows Details|publisher= Royal Society|accessdate= 16 January 2017}} </ref>
Watt moved into [[Aston Hall]], Warwickshire, in 1817 and was appointed [[High Sheriff of Warwickshire]] for 1829–30.<ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eTFdAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA193|title= Annual Register, 1829|accessdate = 18 September 2013|year= 1830}}</ref> After his father's death in 1819, Watt became a concerned guardian of his memory and reputation. He became controlling of biographical references, where they suggested Watt senior had depended on the help of others, and of [[Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux|Henry Brougham]]'s epitaph for [[Francis Chantrey]]'s memorial in [[Westminster Abbey]]. He was also assertive on behalf of his father's priority claim on the chemical composition of water, over that of [[Henry Cavendish]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Discovering Water: James Watt, Henry Cavendish, and the Nineteenth Century 'Water Controversy'|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orL4QRlvBfYC&pg=PA96|year=2004|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-3177-4|pages=96–100}}</ref> He was elected a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] in 1820.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=29&dsqSearch=%28%28text%29%3D%27watt%27%29|title= Fellows Details|publisher= Royal Society|accessdate= 16 January 2017}}</ref>


Watt died unmarried, at [[Aston Hall]], on 2 June 1848.<ref name="DNB" /> An Australian author claims that he fathered seven children with a Margaret Redfern,<ref>{{Cite book | url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1974877 | isbn=9781875961184| title=James Watt, our Scottish forebear: The story of the ancestors and descendants of James Watt| publisher=Ancestral Publications| year=2000}}</ref> but birth and death records show that she lived in Belfast, and her husband was an Andrew Watt.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Andrew Watt + Margaret Redfern – Our Family Tree|url=https://www.ourfamtree.org/browse.php/Andrew-Watt/p130069|access-date=10 July 2020|website=www.ourfamtree.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Margaret Redfern, sister of surgeon William Redfern|url=https://redfern.s3.amazonaws.com/margaret-redfern.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=10 July 2020|website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=redfern family in ireland/eng - Genealogy.com|url=https://www.genealogy.com/forum/surnames/topics/redfern/56/|access-date=10 July 2020|website=www.genealogy.com}}</ref> She was the sister of [[William Redfern]], and mother of [[William Redfern Watt]].
Watt's private life blossomed when his father of 73 years encouraged a romantic interest. From within a veil of public solitude, Watt generated seven children as a result of visiting Margaret Redfern exclusively over the course of eight years<ref>http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1974877</ref> before his death in Aston Hall, on 2 June 1848.<ref name="DNB"/>


==References==
==References==
*{{cite book|author=Jenny Graham|year=2000|title=The Nation, the Law, and the King: Reform Politics in England, 1789–1799 (two volumes)|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=0-7618-1484-1}}
*{{cite book|author=Jenny Graham|year=2000|title=The Nation, the Law, and the King: Reform Politics in England, 1789–1799 (two volumes)|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-1484-9}}
*A. E. Musson and E. Robinson, ''The Early Growth of Steam Power'', The Economic History Review New Series, Vol. 11, No. 3 (1959), pp. 418–439. Published by: Wiley on behalf of the Economic History Society. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2591464
*A. E. Musson and E. Robinson, ''The Early Growth of Steam Power'', The Economic History Review New Series, Vol. 11, No. 3 (1959), pp. 418–439. Published by: Wiley on behalf of the Economic History Society. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2591464
*Eric Robinson, ''An English Jacobin: James Watt, Junior, 1769–1848'', Cambridge Historical Journal Vol. 11, No. 3 (1955), pp. 349–355. Published by: Cambridge University Press. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3021128
*Eric Robinson, ''An English Jacobin: James Watt, Junior, 1769–1848'', Cambridge Historical Journal Vol. 11, No. 3 (1955), pp. 349–355. Published by: Cambridge University Press. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3021128
*{{Citation|last=Williams|first=Robert|year=1995|title=Accounting for steam: The accounts of the Soho factory|volume=95/14|series=Accounting & Finance Working Papers|publication-place=Wollongong, NSW|publisher=University of Wollongong|url=http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1079&context=accfinwp|accessdate=16 September 2012}}
*{{Citation|last=Williams|first=Robert|year=1995|title=Accounting for steam: The accounts of the Soho factory|volume=95/14|series=Accounting & Finance Working Papers|location=Wollongong, NSW|publisher=University of Wollongong|url=http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1079&context=accfinwp|accessdate=16 September 2012}}


==Notes==
==Notes==
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{{Reflist}}


;Attribution
;Attribution
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Latest revision as of 15:38, 1 September 2024

James Watt, Jr.
FRS
Born5 February 1769
Died2 June 1848(1848-06-02) (aged 79)
Aston Hall, Warwickshire
NationalityBritish
Occupations
  • Engineer
  • Businessman
  • Activist
Years active45

James Watt, Jr., FRS (5 February 1769 – 2 June 1848) was a British engineer, businessman and activist.

Early life

[edit]

He was born on 5 February 1769, the son of James Watt by his first wife Margaret Miller, and half-brother of Gregory Watt. He was educated at Winson Green near Birmingham, by the Rev. Henry Pickering. His father was unable to find a better school, though dissatisfied with his son's progress.[1][2]

At age 15 Watt spent a year at the Bersham Ironworks of John Wilkinson; and then went to Geneva. There he lodged with Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure, and knew Marc-Auguste Pictet and Jean-André Deluc. Subsequently, he studied German in Eisenach.[1]

In Manchester

[edit]

In 1788 Watt returned to England and a position in the textile trade in Manchester. Initially he worked at Taylor & Maxwell, makers of fustian, where Charles Taylor was a partner. Watt worked there in the counting-house.[1][3] He was then employed by the Manchester radical Thomas Walker, changing jobs just before the Priestley riots of July 1791.[4][5]

The Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society was just one of a number of intellectual groups in Manchester at that period: Walker, Watt, Thomas Cooper and Samuel Jackson were leaders in the discussion of liberal reform and the views of Adam Smith.[6] Watt became secretary of the Society in 1790, with John Ferriar.[7] At this point Watt's interests were rather broad: Jacob Joseph Winterl the Hungarian chemist, Christoph Meiners, the Dictionary of Chemistry started by James Keir.[8]

It was through Cooper that Watt joined the Constitutional Society, and then went to work for Richard & Thomas Walker.[1] Cooper, Jackson and Walker were radicals and abolitionists, prominent in founding the Manchester Constitutional Society in 1790.[9] The whole radical group resigned en masse, in 1791, when the Literary and Philosophical Society refused to send a message of sympathy to Joseph Priestley, driven from his home in the riots.[10]

In France

[edit]

Watt went to Paris on a sales trip in France with Cooper in March 1792, at the time of the French Revolution.[1] In April they conveyed to the Jacobin Club a greeting from the Manchester Constitutional Club.[11] There was a reply of 13 April, from Jean-Louis Carra.[12] Almost immediately Watt was denounced in the British parliament, with Cooper and Walker, by Edmund Burke. His name became coupled with Joseph Priestley's.[10][13] His activities in France, including taking part in pro-Jacobin demonstrations, would later complicate his return to Britain.[14]

In Paris Watt used letters of introduction from Priestley. He met the chemists Antoine Lavoisier and Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy in particular, though the talk was all of politics.[10] He encountered also William Wordsworth, who became a friend.[15] Over the summer he had business discussions with Jean-Marie Roland, vicomte de la Platière.[16] Tom Wedgwood came to visit.[17]

At first Watt was in favour with the revolutionary leaders, and defended the September massacres.[18] Later in 1792 Cooper and Watt became suspect as supporters of Jacques Pierre Brissot, and left for Italy.[19][20] Watt remained in self-imposed exile, with a well-founded fear of legal procedures that might be taken against him. When prosecutions against Walker and Jackson failed, early in 1794, the shadow lifted, with high-level intervention by Matthew Boulton and a tacit agreement to curb his political activism probably assisting Watt's return.[21][22]

Later life

[edit]

Returning to England in 1794, Watt gave up on plans of emigration to America: they had been very real in 1793, when Cooper was preparing to go, and Priestley was still encouraging him late in the following year.[23] At that point Watt was watching closely the treason trials, in particular that of Thomas Hardy, about which he corresponded with Thomas Beddoes. Thomas Walker took heart from Hardy's acquittal by a jury, and felt able to speak out once more against the government.[24]

Replica of the North River Steamboat, 1909
Aston Hall, Birmingham

Instead of leaving, Watt became a partner in the Soho Foundry firm of Boulton & Watt. Over time, he shared responsibility with Matthew Robinson Boulton for its management.[25] Watt took on the daily operations and organisation of the Foundry, with Boulton being more concerned with planning.[26] One problem was breaking into the steam engine market of the industrial north: Peter Ewart and Isaac Perrins had been tried as representatives, before the more satisfactory James Lawson was found.[27] The younger generation of Watt and Boulton by the later 1790s had become serious adversaries of those firms who had reacted by infringing the company's patents in the north of England.[28]

Like others in his firm and family, Watt gave enthusiastic support to the Pneumatic Institution of Beddoes. He circulated German contacts, Lorenz von Crell. and Friedrich Albrecht Carl Gren, about it.[29] Some years later, Boulton & Watt were able to sell gases to an industrial market, rather than for medical purposes.[30]

Watt later gave some technical assistance to Robert Fulton, providing in 1807 for Fulton the engine for North River Steamboat, which was the first steamboat to run on the Hudson River. Becoming more seriously interested in marine engines, he bought in 1817 the Caledonia of 102 tons, fitted her out with new engines, and went in her to Holland and up the River Rhine to Coblenz, the first steamship to leave an English port. On his return he made major improvements in marine steam engines.[20]

Watt moved into Aston Hall, Warwickshire, in 1817 and was appointed High Sheriff of Warwickshire for 1829–30.[31] After his father's death in 1819, Watt became a concerned guardian of his memory and reputation. He became controlling of biographical references, where they suggested Watt senior had depended on the help of others, and of Henry Brougham's epitaph for Francis Chantrey's memorial in Westminster Abbey. He was also assertive on behalf of his father's priority claim on the chemical composition of water, over that of Henry Cavendish.[32] He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1820.[33]

Watt died unmarried, at Aston Hall, on 2 June 1848.[20] An Australian author claims that he fathered seven children with a Margaret Redfern,[34] but birth and death records show that she lived in Belfast, and her husband was an Andrew Watt.[35][36][37] She was the sister of William Redfern, and mother of William Redfern Watt.

References

[edit]
  • Jenny Graham (2000). The Nation, the Law, and the King: Reform Politics in England, 1789–1799 (two volumes). University Press of America. ISBN 978-0-7618-1484-9.
  • A. E. Musson and E. Robinson, The Early Growth of Steam Power, The Economic History Review New Series, Vol. 11, No. 3 (1959), pp. 418–439. Published by: Wiley on behalf of the Economic History Society. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2591464
  • Eric Robinson, An English Jacobin: James Watt, Junior, 1769–1848, Cambridge Historical Journal Vol. 11, No. 3 (1955), pp. 349–355. Published by: Cambridge University Press. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3021128
  • Williams, Robert (1995), Accounting for steam: The accounts of the Soho factory, Accounting & Finance Working Papers, vol. 95/14, Wollongong, NSW: University of Wollongong, retrieved 16 September 2012

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e Robinson, Erich H. "Watt, James". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/28881. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  2. ^ A. Albert Edward Musson; Eric Robinson (1969). Science and technology in the Industrial Revolution. Manchester University Press. pp. 201–2. ISBN 978-0-7190-0370-7.
  3. ^ Discovering Water: James Watt, Henry Cavendish, and the Nineteenth Century 'Water Controversy'. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 2004. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-7546-3177-4.
  4. ^ Richard Gravil (2007). The Coleridge Connection: Essays for Thomas McFarland. Humanities-Ebooks. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-84760-006-6.
  5. ^ Robinson p. 350.
  6. ^ Maxine Berg (1982). The Machinery Question and the Making of Political Economy 1815–1848. CUP Archive. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-521-28759-3.
  7. ^ R. Angus Smith, A Centenary of Science in Manchester (1883), p. 233; archive.org.
  8. ^ A. Albert Edward Musson; Eric Robinson (1969). Science and technology in the Industrial Revolution. Manchester University Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-7190-0370-7.
  9. ^ David Turley (2004). The Culture of English Antislavery, 1780–1860. Taylor & Francis. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-203-16933-9.
  10. ^ a b c Robinson p. 351.
  11. ^ D. A. Stansfield (1984). Thomas Beddoes, M.D., 1760–1808: Chemist, Physician, Democrat. Springer. p. 55. ISBN 978-90-277-1686-6.
  12. ^ Stefan Lemny (October 2000). Jean-Louis Carra (1742–1793): Parcours d'un révolutionnaire. Editions L'Harmattan. p. 229. ISBN 978-2-296-41713-7.
  13. ^ Paul Wood (2004). Science and dissent in England, 1688–1945. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-7546-3718-9.
  14. ^ Peter M. Jones, "Living the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, James Watt, Matthew Boulton and Their Sons" The Historical Journal 42, 1 (1999) pp. 157-182.
  15. ^ A. Albert Edward Musson; Eric Robinson (1969). Science and technology in the Industrial Revolution. Manchester University Press. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-7190-0370-7.
  16. ^ Robinson, p. 352.
  17. ^ Jenny Uglow (2011). The Lunar Men: The Inventors of the Modern World 1730–1810. Faber & Faber. p. 779. ISBN 978-0-571-26667-8.
  18. ^ J. R. Dinwiddy (1992). Radicalism and Reform in Britain, 1780–1850. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-8264-3453-1.
  19. ^ Alison Yarrington; Kelvin Everest (1993). Reflections on Revolution: Images of Romanticism. Routledge. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-415-07741-5.
  20. ^ a b c Lee, Sidney, ed. (1899). "Watt, James (1736-1819)" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 60. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
  21. ^ Robinson, pp. 354–5.
  22. ^ Jones, p. 179
  23. ^ Graham, p. 513 and p. 637.
  24. ^ Graham, p. 626 and pp. 650–1.
  25. ^ Williams 1995, p. 5
  26. ^ Williams 1995, p. 7
  27. ^ Musson & Robinson (Steam), p. 434.
  28. ^ Musson & Robinson (Steam), p. 430.
  29. ^ D. a. Stansfield (1984). Thomas Beddoes, M.D., 1760–1808: Chemist, Physician, Democrat. Springer. p. 157. ISBN 978-90-277-1686-6.
  30. ^ Progressive Enlightenment: The Origins of the Gaslight Industry, 1780–1820. MIT Press. 2012. pp. 87–8. ISBN 978-0-262-01675-9.
  31. ^ Annual Register, 1829. 1830. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
  32. ^ Discovering Water: James Watt, Henry Cavendish, and the Nineteenth Century 'Water Controversy'. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 2004. pp. 96–100. ISBN 978-0-7546-3177-4.
  33. ^ "Fellows Details". Royal Society. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
  34. ^ James Watt, our Scottish forebear: The story of the ancestors and descendants of James Watt. Ancestral Publications. 2000. ISBN 9781875961184.
  35. ^ "Andrew Watt + Margaret Redfern – Our Family Tree". www.ourfamtree.org. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
  36. ^ "Margaret Redfern, sister of surgeon William Redfern" (PDF). Retrieved 10 July 2020.
  37. ^ "redfern family in ireland/eng - Genealogy.com". www.genealogy.com. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
Attribution

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lee, Sidney, ed. (1899). "Watt, James (1736-1819)". Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 60. London: Smith, Elder & Co.

Professional and academic associations
Preceded by Secretary of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
1789–91 		Succeeded by
William Simmons
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