Khutulun: Difference between revisions
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| styles = |
| styles = |
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| titles |
| titles |
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| noble family = |
| noble family = [[Ogedai Dynasty]] |
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| house-type = House |
| house-type = House |
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| father = [[Kaidu (11th century)|Kaidu Khan]] |
| father = [[Kaidu (11th century)|Kaidu Khan]] |
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| mother = |
| mother = |
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| cousin = [[Kublai Khan]] |
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| great-grand father= [[Genghis Khan]] |
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| birth_name = Khotol Tsagaan |
| birth_name = Khotol Tsagaan |
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| birth_date = {{birth year|1260}} |
| birth_date = {{birth year|1260}} |
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| burial_place = |
| burial_place = |
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| religion = |
| religion = |
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| occupation = Mongolian princess and |
| occupation = Mongolian princess and daughter of Kaidu |
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| memorials = |
| memorials = |
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| website = <!-- {{{URL|example.com}} --> |
| website = <!-- {{{URL|example.com}} --> |
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[[File:Kaidu's tamga.png|thumb|upright|[[Tamgha]] of [[Kaidu]], [[House of Ögedei]].]] |
[[File:Kaidu's tamga.png|thumb|upright|[[Tamgha]] of [[Kaidu]], [[House of Ögedei]].]] |
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'''Khutulun''' ({{circa|1260}} – {{circa|1306}}), also known as '''Aigiarne''',<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = Il Milione|last = Polo|first = Marco|publisher = L'Unità – [[Editori Riuniti]]|year = 1982|chapter = [[s:it:Milione/195|De la Grande Turchia]]}}</ref> '''Aiyurug''', '''Khotol Tsagaan''' or '''Ay Yaruq'''<ref>{{Cite book|title = I Mongoli. Espansione, Imperi, Eredità|last1 = Bernardini|first1 = Michele|publisher = Einaudi|year = 2012|isbn = 978-88-06-20596-6|location = Turin|pages = 184|last2 = Guida|first2 = Donatella}}</ref> ({{lit|Moonlight}})<ref name=":0" /> was a Mongol |
'''Khutulun''' ({{circa|1260}} – {{circa|1306}}), also known as '''Aigiarne''',<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = Il Milione|last = Polo|first = Marco|publisher = L'Unità – [[Editori Riuniti]]|year = 1982|chapter = [[s:it:Milione/195|De la Grande Turchia]]}}</ref> '''Aiyurug''', '''Khotol Tsagaan''' or '''Ay Yaruq'''<ref>{{Cite book|title = I Mongoli. Espansione, Imperi, Eredità|last1 = Bernardini|first1 = Michele|publisher = Einaudi|year = 2012|isbn = 978-88-06-20596-6|location = Turin|pages = 184|last2 = Guida|first2 = Donatella}}</ref> ({{lit|Moonlight}})<ref name=":0" /> was a Mongol noblewoman, the most famous daughter of [[Kaidu]], a cousin of [[Kublai Khan]]. Both [[Marco Polo]]<ref name=":0" /> and [[Rashid-al-Din Hamadani|Rashid al-Din Hamadani]] wrote accounts of their encounters with her. |
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==Life== |
==Life== |
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Khutulun was born about 1260.<ref name="weatherford">[[Jack Weatherford]] – [http://www.laphamsquarterly.org/roundtable/wrestler-princess The Wrestler Princess] in ''[[Lapham’s Quarterly]]''</ref> By 1280, her father Kaidu became the most powerful ruler of Central Asia, reigning in the realms from western [[Mongolia]] to [[Oxus]], and from the [[Central Siberian Plateau]] to [[India]]. |
Khutulun was born about 1260.<ref name="weatherford">[[Jack Weatherford]] – [http://www.laphamsquarterly.org/roundtable/wrestler-princess The Wrestler Princess] in ''[[Lapham’s Quarterly]]''</ref> By 1280, her father [[Kaidu]] became the most powerful ruler of Central Asia, reigning in the realms from western [[Mongolia]] to [[Oxus]], and from the [[Central Siberian Plateau]] to [[India]]. |
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In historical chronicles, Khutulun was described as a strong warrior princess who participated in the Mongol military campaigns in [[Central Asia]]. She was trained in shooting, wrestling and riding since her childhood. Later, when grew up, she became such a skilled wrestler that she defeated elite male warriors in traditional wrestling competitions. Khutulun was a hero, chronicled by many medieval authors, one of whom was [[Marco Polo]]. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Bakalov |first1=Georgi |title=Middle ages and the modern times, p. 114: "Nomadic societas and Byzantine empire"|language=bg |date=2011 |publisher=Sofia University "St Kliment Ohridski" |isbn=978-954-07-2935-0}}</ref> |
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Khutulun insisted that any man who wished to marry her must defeat her in wrestling. Winning horses from competitions and the wagers of would-be suitors, it is said that she gathered a herd numbering ten thousand. However, this is likely a fabrication by Marco Polo as he is the only source that mentions Kutulun’s wrestling skills but another historian that mentions her, Rashid Al-Din, does not. Moreover, Marco Polo was known to exaggerate or fabricate details of his journeys. There is some reason to believe he never visited China at all. <ref name="weatherford"/><ref>Morris Rossabi. "Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times". Ed. Univ of California Press, 2009. {{ISBN|9780520945364}}. p. 105 https://books.google.cl/books?id=4JmcCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA105</ref> |
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Sources vary about her husband's identity. Some chronicles say her husband was a handsome man who failed to assassinate her father and was taken prisoner; others refer to him as Kaidu's companion from the [[Choros (clan)|Choros]] clan. Rashid al-Din wrote that Khutulun fell in love with [[Ghazan]], Mongol ruler in [[Ilkhanate|Persia]]. |
Sources vary about her husband's identity. Some chronicles say her husband was a handsome man who failed to assassinate her father and was taken prisoner; others refer to him as Kaidu's companion from the [[Choros (clan)|Choros]] clan. [[Rashid al-Din Hamadani|Rashid al-Din]] wrote that Khutulun fell in love with [[Ghazan]], Mongol ruler in [[Ilkhanate|Persia]]. However this has been proven to be a confusion with the media protrayal of her. Instead she never married and defeated every man that tried to fight her for a wedding, taking their horse after their defeat. She died with 10k horse under her name. |
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Of all Kaidu's children, Khutulun was the favorite, and the one from whom he most sought advice and political support. According to some accounts, he tried to name her as his successor to the khanate before he died in 1301. However, his choice was declined due to her male relatives. When Kaidu died, Khutulun guarded his tomb with the assistance of her brother Orus. She was challenged by her other brothers including [[Chapar Khan|Chapar]] and relative [[Duwa]] because she resisted their succession. She died in 1306. |
Of all Kaidu's children, Khutulun was the favorite, and the one from whom he most sought advice and political support. According to some accounts, he tried to name her as his successor to the khanate before he died in 1301. However, his choice was declined due to her male relatives. When [[Kaidu]] died, Khutulun guarded his tomb with the assistance of her brother Orus. She was challenged by her other brothers including [[Chapar Khan|Chapar]] and relative [[Duwa]] because she resisted their succession. She died in 1306. |
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==In popular culture== |
==In popular culture== |
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[[Carlo Gozzi]] wrote [[Turandot (Gozzi)|his own version]] 50 years later, a stage play in which she was a "tigerish woman" of "unrelenting pride". [[Friedrich Schiller]] translated and adapted the play into German as ''Turandot, Prinzessin von China'' in 1801. |
[[Carlo Gozzi]] wrote [[Turandot (Gozzi)|his own version]] 50 years later, a stage play in which she was a "tigerish woman" of "unrelenting pride". [[Friedrich Schiller]] translated and adapted the play into German as ''Turandot, Prinzessin von China'' in 1801. |
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The most famous version of ''Turandot'' is [[Giacomo Puccini]]'s [[Turandot|operatic version]], which he was working on when he died in 1924. |
The most famous version of ''Turandot'' is [[Giacomo Puccini]]'s unfinished [[Turandot|operatic version]], which he was working on when he died in 1924. |
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There are many stories and novels about Khutulun presented by Mongolian writers, such as ''Khotolon'' by Purev Sanj, ''Kaidu's wonderful daughter Khutulun'' by Ch.Janchivdorj, ''Khotol Tsagaan'' by [[Oyungerel Tsedevdamba]], ''The Story of Kaidu Khan'' by Batjargal Sanjaa, and ''[[Princess Khutulun (novel)|Princess Khutulun]]'' by [[Baatarsuren Shuudertsetseg|B. Shuudertsetseg]]. |
There are many stories and novels about Khutulun presented by Mongolian writers, such as ''Khotolon'' by Purev Sanj, ''Kaidu's wonderful daughter Khutulun'' by Ch.Janchivdorj, ''Khotol Tsagaan'' by [[Oyungerel Tsedevdamba]], ''The Story of Kaidu Khan'' by Batjargal Sanjaa, and ''[[Princess Khutulun (novel)|Princess Khutulun]]'' by [[Baatarsuren Shuudertsetseg|B. Shuudertsetseg]]. |
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Khutulun is portrayed by [[Claudia Kim]] in the [[Netflix]] series [[Marco Polo (TV series)|''Marco Polo'']].<ref>{{Cite web| last = Barrett-Ibarria| first = Sofia| title = Netflix's 'Marco Polo' Stars Joan Chen, Zhu Zhu, & Claudia Kim on Playing History's Most Powerful Women | work = Bustle| accessdate = 2015-03-24| date = 2014-12-12| url = http://www.bustle.com/articles/51933-netflixs-marco-polo-stars-joan-chen-zhu-zhu-claudia-kim-on-playing-historys-most-powerful}}</ref> |
Khutulun is portrayed by [[Claudia Kim]] in the [[Netflix]] series [[Marco Polo (2014 TV series)|''Marco Polo'']].<ref>{{Cite web| last = Barrett-Ibarria| first = Sofia| title = Netflix's 'Marco Polo' Stars Joan Chen, Zhu Zhu, & Claudia Kim on Playing History's Most Powerful Women | work = Bustle| accessdate = 2015-03-24| date = 2014-12-12| url = http://www.bustle.com/articles/51933-netflixs-marco-polo-stars-joan-chen-zhu-zhu-claudia-kim-on-playing-historys-most-powerful}}</ref> |
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Khutulun was the name chosen for a popular racehorse in Australia 2011–2019, which was bought by Grand Syndicates for just A$16,000 and eventually won nearly A$500,000 in prize money. |
Khutulun was the name chosen for a popular racehorse in Australia 2011–2019, which was bought by Grand Syndicates for just A$16,000 and eventually won nearly A$500,000 in prize money. |
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On 3 December 2021, [[Shuuder Productions]] and [[Voo Broadcasting]] released the film [[Princess Khutulun ( |
On 3 December 2021, [[Shuuder Productions]] and [[Voo Broadcasting]] released the film [[Princess Khutulun (film)|''Princess Khutulun'']]. The movie is based on the novel ''Khotol Tsagaan Gunj'' by Mongolian author [[Baatarsuren Shuudertsetseg]] and takes place during the Yuan Dynasty.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History in Yuan Dynasty first shown in 'Khutulun Princess' film|url=https://www.montsame.mn/en/read/285274|access-date=2022-01-19|website=MONTSAME News Agency|language=en}}</ref> Actress [[Tsedoo Munkhbat]] played the starring role. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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[[Category:Women in 13th-century warfare]] |
[[Category:Women in 13th-century warfare]] |
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[[Category:Women |
[[Category:Women from the Mongol Empire]] |
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[[Category:Women in war in East Asia]] |
[[Category:Women in war in East Asia]] |
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[[Category:Borjigin]] |
[[Category:Borjigin]] |
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[[Category:Female generals]] |
[[Category:Female generals]] |
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[[Category:13th-century Mongol women]] |
[[Category:13th-century Mongol women]] |
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[[Category:13th-century Mongols]] |
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[[Category:14th-century Mongol women]] |
[[Category:14th-century Mongol women]] |
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[[Category:14th-century Mongols]] |
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Latest revision as of 13:41, 2 September 2024
Khutulun | |
|---|---|
| Full name | Aigiarne |
| Native name | Aiyurug |
| Born | Khotol Tsagaan 1260 |
| Died | 1306 (aged 45–46) |
| Family | Ogedai Dynasty |
| Spouse(s) | Ghazan Khan |
| Father | Kaidu Khan |
| Occupation | Mongolian princess and daughter of Kaidu |
Khutulun (c. 1260 – c. 1306), also known as Aigiarne,[1] Aiyurug, Khotol Tsagaan or Ay Yaruq[2] (lit. 'Moonlight')[1] was a Mongol noblewoman, the most famous daughter of Kaidu, a cousin of Kublai Khan. Both Marco Polo[1] and Rashid al-Din Hamadani wrote accounts of their encounters with her.
Leben
[edit]Khutulun was born about 1260.[3] By 1280, her father Kaidu became the most powerful ruler of Central Asia, reigning in the realms from western Mongolia to Oxus, and from the Central Siberian Plateau to India.
In historical chronicles, Khutulun was described as a strong warrior princess who participated in the Mongol military campaigns in Central Asia. She was trained in shooting, wrestling and riding since her childhood. Later, when grew up, she became such a skilled wrestler that she defeated elite male warriors in traditional wrestling competitions. Khutulun was a hero, chronicled by many medieval authors, one of whom was Marco Polo. [4]
Sources vary about her husband's identity. Some chronicles say her husband was a handsome man who failed to assassinate her father and was taken prisoner; others refer to him as Kaidu's companion from the Choros clan. Rashid al-Din wrote that Khutulun fell in love with Ghazan, Mongol ruler in Persia. However this has been proven to be a confusion with the media protrayal of her. Instead she never married and defeated every man that tried to fight her for a wedding, taking their horse after their defeat. She died with 10k horse under her name.
Of all Kaidu's children, Khutulun was the favorite, and the one from whom he most sought advice and political support. According to some accounts, he tried to name her as his successor to the khanate before he died in 1301. However, his choice was declined due to her male relatives. When Kaidu died, Khutulun guarded his tomb with the assistance of her brother Orus. She was challenged by her other brothers including Chapar and relative Duwa because she resisted their succession. She died in 1306.
In popular culture
[edit]Khutulun is thought to be the basis for the character of Turandot, who has been the subject of a number of Western works. While in Mongol culture she is remembered as a famous athlete and warrior, in Western artistic adaptations she is depicted as a proud woman who finally succumbs to love.
François Pétis de la Croix's 1710 book of Asian tales and fables contains a story in which Khutulun is called Turandot, a Persian word (Turandokht توراندخت) meaning "Central Asian Daughter", and is the nineteen-year-old daughter of Altoun Khan, the Mongol emperor of China. In Pétis de La Croix's story, however, she does not wrestle her suitors, and they do not wager horses; rather, she has them answer three riddles, and they are executed if they cannot solve them.
Carlo Gozzi wrote his own version 50 years later, a stage play in which she was a "tigerish woman" of "unrelenting pride". Friedrich Schiller translated and adapted the play into German as Turandot, Prinzessin von China in 1801.
The most famous version of Turandot is Giacomo Puccini's unfinished operatic version, which he was working on when he died in 1924.
There are many stories and novels about Khutulun presented by Mongolian writers, such as Khotolon by Purev Sanj, Kaidu's wonderful daughter Khutulun by Ch.Janchivdorj, Khotol Tsagaan by Oyungerel Tsedevdamba, The Story of Kaidu Khan by Batjargal Sanjaa, and Princess Khutulun by B. Shuudertsetseg.
Khutulun is portrayed by Claudia Kim in the Netflix series Marco Polo.[5]
Khutulun was the name chosen for a popular racehorse in Australia 2011–2019, which was bought by Grand Syndicates for just A$16,000 and eventually won nearly A$500,000 in prize money.
On 3 December 2021, Shuuder Productions and Voo Broadcasting released the film Princess Khutulun. The movie is based on the novel Khotol Tsagaan Gunj by Mongolian author Baatarsuren Shuudertsetseg and takes place during the Yuan Dynasty.[6] Actress Tsedoo Munkhbat played the starring role.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Polo, Marco (1982). . Il Milione. L'Unità – Editori Riuniti.
- ^ Bernardini, Michele; Guida, Donatella (2012). I Mongoli. Espansione, Imperi, Eredità. Turin: Einaudi. p. 184. ISBN 978-88-06-20596-6.
- ^ Jack Weatherford – The Wrestler Princess in Lapham’s Quarterly
- ^ Bakalov, Georgi (2011). Middle ages and the modern times, p. 114: "Nomadic societas and Byzantine empire" (in Bulgarian). Sofia University "St Kliment Ohridski". ISBN 978-954-07-2935-0.
- ^ Barrett-Ibarria, Sofia (2014-12-12). "Netflix's 'Marco Polo' Stars Joan Chen, Zhu Zhu, & Claudia Kim on Playing History's Most Powerful Women". Bustle. Retrieved 2015-03-24.
- ^ "History in Yuan Dynasty first shown in 'Khutulun Princess' film". MONTSAME News Agency. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
Further reading
[edit]- Jack Weatherford – The Secret History of the Mongol Queens
- "Warriors: Asian Women in Asian Society" from Colorq.org
- "Heroines: Mongolian Women" from Womeninworldhistory.com
- Rossabi, Morris; Khubilai Khan; pp. 104–105, 252; ISBN 0-520-06740-1
- Polo, Marco. The Book of Sir Marco Polo, The Venetian: Concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East. 2nd ed. Trans. Colonel Henry Yule. Vol. 2. London: John Murray, 1875. 461–464. Print.