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Coordinates: 43°34′03″N 8°18′52″W / 43.56761°N 8.31453°W / 43.56761; -8.31453
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{{short description|Lighthouse in Spain}}
{{Short description|Lighthouse in Spain}}
{{Infobox lighthouse
{{Infobox lighthouse
| name = Cabo Prior Lighthouse
| name = Cabo Prior Lighthouse
| image_name = Cabo Prior 13IV2017 15.jpg
| image = Cabo Prior 13IV2017 15.jpg
| image_width =
| image_width =
| caption = Cabo Prior Lighthouse in 2017
| caption = Cabo Prior Lighthouse in 2017
| location = [[Province of A Coruña]], [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], [[Spain]]
| location = [[Province of A Coruña]], [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], [[Spain]]
⚫
| coordinates = {{coord|43.56761|-8.31453|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = Spain Galicia#Spain
⚫
| yearbuilt = 1853
| pushpin_map_caption =
⚫
| yearlit =
| pushpin = lighthouse
⚫
| automated =
⚫
| coordinates = {{coord|43.56761|-8.31453|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
⚫
| yearbuilt = 1853
⚫
| yearlit =
⚫
| automated =
| yeardeactivated =
| yeardeactivated =
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| foundation =
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| shape =
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| height = {{convert|8|m}}
| height = {{convert|8|m}}
| focalheight = {{convert|107|m}}
| focalheight = {{convert|107|m}}
| lens =
| lens =
| currentlens =
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| lightsource =
| lightsource =
| intensity =
| intensity =
| range = {{convert|22|nmi}}
| range = {{convert|22|nmi}}
| characteristic =
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| fogsignal =
| fogsignal =
| racon =
| racon =
| admiralty =
| admiralty =
| canada =
| canada =
| NGA =
| country =
| ARLHS =
| countrynumber =
| USCG =
| countrylink =
⚫
| managingagent = Ferrol Port Authority
| country =
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| heritage =
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| managingagent = Ferrol Port Authority
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'''Cabo Prior Lighthouse''', ({{lang-es|Faro de Cabo Prior}}) is an active 19th century Spanish [[lighthouse]] located on the cabo or cape of the same name in the parish of San Martiño de Covas in the [[Ferrol, Galicia|Ferrol]] municipality <ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Ferrol |volume= 10 | page= 289 }}</ref> of the [[Province of A Coruña]], [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]. The lighthouse has been constructed on a high coastal clifftop, some {{convert|14|km|mi}} northwest of Ferrol. A set of steps descends from the lighthouse down the steep cliff to a [[Scenic viewpoint|viewpoint]] overlooking the [[Atlantic Ocean]].
'''Cabo Prior Lighthouse''' (''[[Artabri|'''Cape Nerium''']]''<ref name="Jones 1949 69">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42530|title=The Geography Of Strabo Vol.2|last=Jones|first=Horace Leonard|date=1949|publisher=|isbn=|location=|pages=69}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/download/Atlas-ClaudiusPtolemaeusGeographia-AncientGeography/EuropaeIiTab.hispania.jpg|title=Atlas - Claudius Ptolemaeus Geographia -AncientGeography - EuropaeIiTab.hispania|last=Ptolemaeus|first=Claudius|date=100-170|website=archive.org|access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabr29unkngoog|quote=ferrol.|title=Encyclopaedia Britannica; Or A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature|last=|first=|date=1823|publisher=Archibald Constable|isbn=|location=|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabr29unkngoog/page/n526 484]|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Prévost 1746 36">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/histoiregnralede01prvo_0#page/n35/mode/2up|title=Histoire générale des voyages, ou nouvelle collection de toutes les relations de voyages par mer et par terre, qui ont été publiées jusqu'à present dans les différentes langues de toutes les nations connues ... Tome premier [-vingtième]|last1=Prévost|first1=abbé|last2=Gmelin|first2=Johann Georg|date=1746|publisher=A Paris, : chez Didot ...|others=John Carter Brown Library|isbn=|location=|pages=36}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/A215135144MC#page/n487/mode/2up|title=Geographia Blauiana [Mapas]|last=Blaeu|first=Joan|date=1659|publisher=Amsterdam : Juan Blaeu|others=Biblioteca de la Universidad de Sevilla|isbn=|location=|pages=524}}</ref> ''as described by [[Strabo]] next to the [[Ferrol, Galicia|Magnus portus Artabrorum]],<ref name="Jones 1949 7–8">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42530|title=The Geography Of Strabo Vol.2|last=Jones|first=Horace Leonard|date=1949|publisher=|isbn=|location=|pages=7–8}}</ref> [[Artabri]] and most [[Ferrol Naval Base|northwestern point in Iberia]] as Strabo says just about the same latitude as the [[Pyrenees]]'' ), ({{lang-es|Faro de Cabo Prior}}) is an active 19th century Spanish [[lighthouse]] located on the cabo or cape of the same name in the parish of San Martiño de Covas in the [[Ferrol, Galicia|Ferrol]] municipality of the [[Province of A Coruña]], [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]. The lighthouse has been constructed on a high coastal clifftop, some {{convert|14|km|mi}} northwest of Ferrol. A set of steps descends from the lighthouse down the steep cliff to a [[Scenic viewpoint|viewpoint]] overlooking the [[Atlantic Ocean]].


==History==
==History==
[[File:Cabo Prior 2006 03.jpg|thumb|left|Detail of the tower from 2006]]
[[File:Cabo Prior 2006 03.jpg|thumb|left|Detail of the tower from 2006]]
Even though it wasn't till the 19th century that the modern lighthouse was built, the geographers of antiquity already took noticed of this [[Cape|granite-protuberance]] off the [[Ferrol, Galicia|most northwestern point of Iberia]]<ref name="Jones 1949 69"/><ref name="Prévost 1746 36"/> which not just then, as described by [[Strabo]] and other [[Pomponius Mela|classical geographers]], was used as a reference point to bring to an end the Iberian peninsula in the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic north]]<ref name="Jones 1949 7–8"/> but still are in use today in [[Spanish Navy|navigation charts]] and modern [http://www.turismo.gal/recurso/-/detalle/3124/cabo-prior?langId=en_US maps] ''.''
Although the modern lighthouse was not built until the 19th century, the geographers of antiquity took notice of the [[Cape (geography)|granite protuberance]] off the northwesternmost point of Iberia<ref name="Jones 1949 69">{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Horace Leonard |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42530 |title=The Geography Of Strabo Vol.2 |date=1949 |pages=69}}</ref><ref name="Prévost 1746 36">{{Cite book |last1=Prévost |first1=abbé |url=https://archive.org/stream/histoiregnralede01prvo_0#page/n35/mode/2up |title=Histoire générale des voyages, ou nouvelle collection de toutes les relations de voyages par mer et par terre, qui ont été publiées jusqu'à present dans les différentes langues de toutes les nations connues ... Tome premier [-vingtième] |last2=Gmelin |first2=Johann Georg |date=1746 |publisher=A Paris, : chez Didot ... |others=John Carter Brown Library |pages=36}}</ref> which, as described by [[Strabo]] and other [[Pomponius Mela|classical geographers]], was used even then as a reference point for the end of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] in the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic north]].<ref name="Jones 1949 7–8">{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Horace Leonard |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42530 |title=The Geography Of Strabo Vol.2 |date=1949 |pages=7–8}}</ref> It is still used today by the [[Spanish Navy]] and in modern [http://www.turismo.gal/recurso/-/detalle/3124/cabo-prior?langId=en_US maps] ''.''


In [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times, around the 1st century BC, parts of [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]] with its rough waters were well regarded by mariners, both [[Phoenicia]]n<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/americabeinglate00mont#page/18/mode/2up|title=America: being the latest, and most accurate description of the Nevv VVorld; : containing the original of the inhabitants, and the remarkable voyages thither. The conquest of the vast empires of Mexico and Peru, and other large provinces and territories, with the several European plantations in those parts. Also their cities, fortresses, towns, temples, mountains, and rivers. Their habits, customs, manners, and religions. Their plants, beasts, birds, and serpents. With an appendix, containing, besides several other considerable additions, a brief survey of what hath been discover'd of the unknown South-Land and the Arctick region.|last1=Montanus|first1=Arnoldus|last2=Ogilby|first2=John|last3=Middleton|first3=John fmo RPJCB|last4=Underwood|first4=John|last5=Brown University. fmo RPJCB|date=1671|publisher=London : printed by the author, and are to be had at his house in White Fryers|others=John Carter Brown Library|isbn=|location=|pages=18–19}}</ref> and [[Roman Empire|Roman]] as good place to trade in metals (like Silver, Gold, [[San Cibrao|Tin]] and Iron<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42530|title=The Geography Of Strabo Vol.2|last=Jones|first=Horace Leonard|date=1949|publisher=|isbn=|location=|pages=45}}</ref> ) as well as [[Rapa das Bestas of Sabucedo|wild horses]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42530|title=The Geography Of Strabo Vol.2|last=Jones|first=Horace Leonard|date=1949|publisher=|isbn=|location=|pages=107}}</ref> The rough and unpredictable dangers of the Atlantic,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42530|title=The Geography Of Strabo Vol.2|last=Jones|first=Horace Leonard|date=1949|publisher=|isbn=|location=|pages=157–159}}</ref> says [[Strabo]], made it difficult for traders but lucky for them nearby there was a magnificent natural port<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/galiciaswitzerla00meakuoft|title=Galicia, the Switzerland of Spain|last=Meakin|first=Annette M. B.|date=1909|publisher=London, Methuen|others=Robarts - University of Toronto|isbn=|location=|pages=22}}</ref> with a good size bay to protect themselves and their wooden made vessels, in the land of the [[Ferrol, Galicia|Artabri (or Arrotrebae)]], the [[Ferrol, Galicia|Portus Magnus Artabrorum]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/pomponiimelaedeo00mela|title=Pomponii Melae De orbis situ libri tres, : accuratissime emendati|last1=Mela|first1=Pomponius|last2=Vadianus|first2=Joachim|last3=Camers|first3=Joannes|date=1522|publisher=Basileae, : apud Andream Cratandrum|others=John Carter Brown Library|isbn=|location=|pages=162–163}}</ref> (Formed not just by the bay of [[Ferrol, Galicia|Ferrol]] but [[Ria|the three rias]] of [[Ferrol, Galicia|Ferrol]], [[Betanzos]] and [[A Coruña|Corunna]]).
In [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times, around the 1st century BC, parts of Iberia with their rough waters were well regarded by mariners, both [[Phoenicia]]n<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/americabeinglate00mont#page/18/mode/2up|title=America: being the latest, and most accurate description of the Nevv VVorld; : containing the original of the inhabitants, and the remarkable voyages thither. The conquest of the vast empires of Mexico and Peru, and other large provinces and territories, with the several European plantations in those parts. Also their cities, fortresses, towns, temples, mountains, and rivers. Their habits, customs, manners, and religions. Their plants, beasts, birds, and serpents. With an appendix, containing, besides several other considerable additions, a brief survey of what hath been discover'd of the unknown South-Land and the Arctick region.|last1=Montanus|first1=Arnoldus|last2=Ogilby|first2=John|last3=Middleton|first3=John fmo RPJCB|last4=Underwood|first4=John|last5=Brown University. fmo RPJCB|date=1671|publisher=London : printed by the author, and are to be had at his house in White Fryers|others=John Carter Brown Library|pages=18–19}}</ref> and [[Roman Empire|Roman]], as a good place to trade in metals (like silver, gold, tin and iron<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42530|title=The Geography Of Strabo Vol.2|last=Jones|first=Horace Leonard|date=1949|pages=45}}</ref> ) and wild horses.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42530|title=The Geography Of Strabo Vol.2|last=Jones|first=Horace Leonard|date=1949|pages=107}}</ref> The rough and unpredictable dangers of the Atlantic,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42530|title=The Geography Of Strabo Vol.2|last=Jones|first=Horace Leonard|date=1949|pages=157–159}}</ref> says [[Strabo]], made it difficult for traders, though fortunately there was a magnificent natural port nearby<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/galiciaswitzerla00meakuoft|title=Galicia, the Switzerland of Spain|last=Meakin|first=Annette M. B.|date=1909|publisher=London, Methuen|others=Robarts - University of Toronto|pages=22}}</ref> with a sizeable bay to protect them and their wooden made vessels. This was the land of the [[Artabri]] (or Arrotrebae), the Portus Magnus Artabrorum<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/pomponiimelaedeo00mela|title=Pomponii Melae De orbis situ libri tres, : accuratissime emendati|last1=Mela|first1=Pomponius|last2=Vadianus|first2=Joachim|last3=Camers|first3=Joannes|date=1522|publisher=Basileae, : apud Andream Cratandrum|others=John Carter Brown Library|pages=162–163}}</ref> (Formed by the bay of [[Ferrol, Galicia|Ferrol]] and the three [[ria]]s of Ferrol, [[Betanzos]] and [[A Coruña]]).


The modern-day lighthouse itself, was built in 1853, and consists of a {{convert|8|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} hexagonal tower, with lantern and gallery, built on the seaward side of a neo-classical one-storey keeper's house. The whitewashed buildings (now painted beige) are complemented by the masonry detailing, and the stone tower.<ref name="rowlett" />
The modern-day lighthouse itself was built in 1853, and consists of an {{convert|8|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} hexagonal tower, with lantern and gallery, built on the seaward side of a neo-classical one-storey keeper's house. The whitewashed buildings (now painted beige) are complemented by the masonry detailing, and the stone tower.<ref name="rowlett" />
A variety of equipment has been used to emit the all-important light during its history. The original 3rd order Sautter optic produced a fixed white light, was enhanced in 1904 with a system using rotating shutters to emit a 4+2 pattern that used an oil vapour lamp. A new optic was installed in 1926, taken from the lighthouse at Salou. The clockwork system was driven by a weight that would last 8 hours.<ref name="ferrol" />
A variety of equipment has been used to emit the all-important light during its history. The original 3rd order Sautter optic produced a fixed white light and was enhanced in 1904 with a system using rotating shutters to emit a 4+2 pattern that used an oil vapour lamp. A new optic was installed in 1926, taken from the lighthouse at Salou. The clockwork system was driven by a weight that would last 8 hours.<ref name="ferrol" />


It was electrified in 1974, with a new 2.25m diameter optic and a 1500 [[Watt]] lamp, with Ruston generators providing electrical power. Also added was an [[electromagnetic]] vibrating [[foghorn]] emitting the Morse P letter every 25 seconds which was audible up to 7 nautical miles.<ref name=ferrol/>
It was electrified in 1974, with a new 2.25m diameter optic and a 1500 [[watt]] lamp, with Ruston generators providing electrical power. Also added was an [[electromagnetic]] vibrating [[foghorn]] emitting the Morse P letter every 25 seconds, which was audible up to 7 nautical miles away.<ref name=ferrol/>


With the withdrawal of the [[lighthouse keeper]]s (torreros) in 1993, the foghorn was taken out of use, and a further upgrade in 1995 meant the light could to be monitored remotely from the port authority control centre. The generators were also replaced at the same time and 1000 Watt halogen lamps were used as a lightsource. In 2007, the lighthouse buildings were renovated and painted beige with new woodwork and shutters.<ref name=ferrol/>
Upon the withdrawal of the [[lighthouse keeper]]s (torreros) in 1993, the foghorn was taken out of use, and a further upgrade in 1995 meant the light could to be monitored remotely from the port authority control centre. The generators were also replaced at the same time and 1000 watt halogen lamps were used as a lightsource. In 2007, the lighthouse buildings were renovated and painted beige with new woodwork and shutters.<ref name=ferrol/>


==Operation==
==Operation==
In conjunction with the Cabo Prioriño Lighthouse which was built around the same time ''(what time)'', it acts as a landfall beacon for the estuary and port at Ferrol, and that of [[Port of A Coruña|A Coruña]].<ref name=tft/>
In conjunction with the Cabo Prioriño Lighthouse, which was built around the same time, it acts as a landfall beacon for the estuary and port at Ferrol, and that of A Coruña.<ref name=tft/>
With a focal height of {{convert|107|m}} above the sea, its light can be seen for 22 [[nautical miles]], producing a [[light characteristic]] of three flashes of white light in a one plus two pattern every fifteen seconds.<ref name=ngall/>
With a focal height of {{convert|107|m}} above the sea, its light can be seen for 22 [[nautical miles]], producing a [[light characteristic]] of three flashes of white light in a one plus two pattern every fifteen seconds.<ref name=ngall/>
It is registered under the international Admiralty number D1692 and has the [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|NGA]] identifier of 113-2460, and is managed and operated by the Ferrol [[Port Authority]].<ref name=rowlett/>
It is registered under the international Admiralty number D1692 and has the [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|NGA]] identifier of 113-2460, and is managed and operated by the Ferrol [[Port Authority]].<ref name=rowlett/>


==See also==
==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|Spain|Engineering}}}}
{{Portal|Spain|Engineering}}
* [[List of lighthouses in Spain]]
* [[List of lighthouses in Spain]]


Line 70: Line 63:
<ref name=rowlett>{{cite rowlett|esg| accessdate= 30 October 2017}}</ref>
<ref name=rowlett>{{cite rowlett|esg| accessdate= 30 October 2017}}</ref>
<ref name=ngall>{{cite ngall|113|2015 |40}}</ref>
<ref name=ngall>{{cite ngall|113|2015 |40}}</ref>
<ref name=ferrol>{{cite web| url=http://www.farosferrol.com/prior.htm|title= Faros de la Autoridad Portuaria de Ferrol - San Ciprián|publisher= farosferrol.com |language=galician| accessdate=30 October 2017}}</ref>
<ref name=ferrol>{{cite web| url=http://www.farosferrol.com/prior.htm|title= Faros de la Autoridad Portuaria de Ferrol - San Ciprián|publisher= farosferrol.com |language=gl| access-date=30 October 2017}}</ref>


<ref name=tft>{{cite web| url=http://turismoferrolterra.es/en/faros/|title=Lighthouses |publisher=Mancomunidade de Concellos de Ferrol | accessdate=30 October 2017}}</ref>
<ref name=tft>{{cite web| url=http://turismoferrolterra.es/en/faros/|title=Lighthouses |publisher=Mancomunidade de Concellos de Ferrol | access-date=30 October 2017}}</ref>
}}
}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|Cabo Prior lighthouse}}''[[Artabri|'''Cape Nerium''']]''
* [http://www.lighthousesofspain.es/en-us/home Lighthouses of Spain]
* [http://www.lighthousesofspain.es/en-us/home Lighthouses of Spain]


{{Authority control}}
{{commons category|Faro de Cabo Prior}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Cabo Prior Lighthouse}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cabo Prior Lighthouse}}

Latest revision as of 00:00, 3 September 2024

Cabo Prior Lighthouse
Cabo Prior Lighthouse in 2017
Map
StandortProvince of A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
Coordinates43°34′03″N 8°18′52″W / 43.56761°N 8.31453°W / 43.56761; -8.31453
Tower
Constructed1853
Bauwesenstone Edit this on Wikidata
Height8 metres (26 ft)
OperatorFerrol Port Authority
Light
Focal height107 metres (351 ft)
Range22 nautical miles (41 km; 25 mi)
CharacteristicL 0 3 oc 5 7 L 0 3 oc 2 7 L 0 3 oc 5 7 Edit this on Wikidata

Cabo Prior Lighthouse, (Spanish: Faro de Cabo Prior) is an active 19th century Spanish lighthouse located on the cabo or cape of the same name in the parish of San Martiño de Covas in the Ferrol municipality [1] of the Province of A Coruña, Galicia. The lighthouse has been constructed on a high coastal clifftop, some 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) northwest of Ferrol. A set of steps descends from the lighthouse down the steep cliff to a viewpoint overlooking the Atlantic Ocean.

History

[edit]
Detail of the tower from 2006

Although the modern lighthouse was not built until the 19th century, the geographers of antiquity took notice of the granite protuberance off the northwesternmost point of Iberia[2][3] which, as described by Strabo and other classical geographers, was used even then as a reference point for the end of the Iberian Peninsula in the Atlantic north.[4] It is still used today by the Spanish Navy and in modern maps .

In Roman times, around the 1st century BC, parts of Iberia with their rough waters were well regarded by mariners, both Phoenician[5] and Roman, as a good place to trade in metals (like silver, gold, tin and iron[6] ) and wild horses.[7] The rough and unpredictable dangers of the Atlantic,[8] says Strabo, made it difficult for traders, though fortunately there was a magnificent natural port nearby[9] with a sizeable bay to protect them and their wooden made vessels. This was the land of the Artabri (or Arrotrebae), the Portus Magnus Artabrorum[10] (Formed by the bay of Ferrol and the three rias of Ferrol, Betanzos and A Coruña).

The modern-day lighthouse itself was built in 1853, and consists of an 8-metre-high (26 ft) hexagonal tower, with lantern and gallery, built on the seaward side of a neo-classical one-storey keeper's house. The whitewashed buildings (now painted beige) are complemented by the masonry detailing, and the stone tower.[11] A variety of equipment has been used to emit the all-important light during its history. The original 3rd order Sautter optic produced a fixed white light and was enhanced in 1904 with a system using rotating shutters to emit a 4+2 pattern that used an oil vapour lamp. A new optic was installed in 1926, taken from the lighthouse at Salou. The clockwork system was driven by a weight that would last 8 hours.[12]

It was electrified in 1974, with a new 2.25m diameter optic and a 1500 watt lamp, with Ruston generators providing electrical power. Also added was an electromagnetic vibrating foghorn emitting the Morse P letter every 25 seconds, which was audible up to 7 nautical miles away.[12]

Upon the withdrawal of the lighthouse keepers (torreros) in 1993, the foghorn was taken out of use, and a further upgrade in 1995 meant the light could to be monitored remotely from the port authority control centre. The generators were also replaced at the same time and 1000 watt halogen lamps were used as a lightsource. In 2007, the lighthouse buildings were renovated and painted beige with new woodwork and shutters.[12]

Operation

[edit]

In conjunction with the Cabo Prioriño Lighthouse, which was built around the same time, it acts as a landfall beacon for the estuary and port at Ferrol, and that of A Coruña.[13] With a focal height of 107 metres (351 ft) above the sea, its light can be seen for 22 nautical miles, producing a light characteristic of three flashes of white light in a one plus two pattern every fifteen seconds.[14] It is registered under the international Admiralty number D1692 and has the NGA identifier of 113-2460, and is managed and operated by the Ferrol Port Authority.[11]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ferrol" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 289.
  2. ^ Jones, Horace Leonard (1949). The Geography Of Strabo Vol.2. p. 69.
  3. ^ Prévost, abbé; Gmelin, Johann Georg (1746). Histoire générale des voyages, ou nouvelle collection de toutes les relations de voyages par mer et par terre, qui ont été publiées jusqu'à present dans les différentes langues de toutes les nations connues ... Tome premier [-vingtième]. John Carter Brown Library. A Paris, : chez Didot ... p. 36.
  4. ^ Jones, Horace Leonard (1949). The Geography Of Strabo Vol.2. pp. 7–8.
  5. ^ Montanus, Arnoldus; Ogilby, John; Middleton, John fmo RPJCB; Underwood, John; Brown University. fmo RPJCB (1671). America: being the latest, and most accurate description of the Nevv VVorld; : containing the original of the inhabitants, and the remarkable voyages thither. The conquest of the vast empires of Mexico and Peru, and other large provinces and territories, with the several European plantations in those parts. Also their cities, fortresses, towns, temples, mountains, and rivers. Their habits, customs, manners, and religions. Their plants, beasts, birds, and serpents. With an appendix, containing, besides several other considerable additions, a brief survey of what hath been discover'd of the unknown South-Land and the Arctick region. John Carter Brown Library. London : printed by the author, and are to be had at his house in White Fryers. pp. 18–19.
  6. ^ Jones, Horace Leonard (1949). The Geography Of Strabo Vol.2. p. 45.
  7. ^ Jones, Horace Leonard (1949). The Geography Of Strabo Vol.2. p. 107.
  8. ^ Jones, Horace Leonard (1949). The Geography Of Strabo Vol.2. pp. 157–159.
  9. ^ Meakin, Annette M. B. (1909). Galicia, the Switzerland of Spain. Robarts - University of Toronto. London, Methuen. p. 22.
  10. ^ Mela, Pomponius; Vadianus, Joachim; Camers, Joannes (1522). Pomponii Melae De orbis situ libri tres, : accuratissime emendati. John Carter Brown Library. Basileae, : apud Andream Cratandrum. pp. 162–163.
  11. ^ a b Rowlett, Russ. "Lighthouses of Spain: Northern Galicia". The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  12. ^ a b c "Faros de la Autoridad Portuaria de Ferrol - San Ciprián" (in Galician). farosferrol.com. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  13. ^ "Lighthouses". Mancomunidade de Concellos de Ferrol. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  14. ^ List of Lights, Pub. 113: The West Coasts of Europe and Africa, the Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea and Azovskoye More (Sea of Azov) (PDF). List of Lights. United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. 2015. p. 40.
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