Crime in Ivory Coast: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
Reverted 1 edit by Tylerlovesenglish (talk): This is a name not a phrase |
||
| (34 intermediate revisions by 26 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> |
|||
{{Orphan|date=May 2020}} |
|||
{{Infobox country |
{{Infobox country |
||
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Côte d'Ivoire |
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Côte d'Ivoire |
||
| Line 14: | Line 13: | ||
| largest_city = [[Abidjan]] |
| largest_city = [[Abidjan]] |
||
| official_languages = [[French language|French]] |
| official_languages = [[French language|French]] |
||
| population_estimate = 23,740,424.<ref name="CIA World Factbook">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov |
| population_estimate = 23,740,424.<ref name="CIA World Factbook">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cote-divoire/ |title=Côte d'Ivoire |website=The World Factbook |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |access-date=18 February 2017 }}</ref> |
||
| population_estimate_year = 2018 |
| population_estimate_year = 2018 |
||
| population_estimate_rank = 54th |
| population_estimate_rank = 54th |
||
| Line 33: | Line 32: | ||
| today = |
| today = |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| ⚫ | '''Crime in [[Cote d'Ivoire]]''' is prevalent and versatile across the [[West Africa]]n country. The most common forms of [[crime]] include [[child labour]], [[arms trafficking]], [[terrorism]] and [[human rights abuse]]. Other less common, but still evident types of crime include [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] and synthetic [[illegal drug trade|drug trade]], [[sex trafficking]], [[Environmental crime|fauna and flora crimes]], cybercrime.<ref name=":0" /> |
||
| ⚫ | The [[European Union]] funded Enhancing Africa's Response to Transnational Organised Crime (ENACT) programme created a ten-point index score based on national criminality and resilience to crime.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Enhancing Africa’s Response to Transnational Organised Crime / Organised Crime Index Africa 2019 [ebook]|year=2019| publisher=European Union|website=[[globalinitiative.net]]|url=https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/enact_report.pdf|accessdate=2021-04-16}}</ref> [[Ivory Coast|Cote d'Ivoire]] has the fourth highest Criminality Score (6.23) in [[Africa]] and the second highest Criminality Score in West Africa, after [[Nigeria]] (7.70). Ivory Coast is part of the 37% of countries in Africa that have a high crime, but a low resilience to crime index score along with [[Egypt]], [[Tanzania]], [[Sudan]] and the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]].<ref name=":0" /> |
||
| ⚫ | '''Crime in [[Cote d'Ivoire]]''' is prevalent and versatile across the West |
||
| ⚫ | Embedded actors throughout the [[Government of Ivory Coast|state]] and [[political corruption]] prevents progress in reducing crime rates.<ref name=":0" /> Many initiatives have been taken to reduce crime, especially in arms trafficking and child labour, by organisations such and the [[United Nations]] and [[UNICEF]].<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicef.org/protection/cotedivoire_39995.html|title=Child trafficking in Côte d'Ivoire: Efforts under way to reverse a tragic trend|website=UNICEF|access-date=2020-02-08|archive-date=2019-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306114816/https://www.unicef.org/protection/cotedivoire_39995.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
||
| ⚫ | The [[European Union]] funded Enhancing Africa's Response to Transnational Organised Crime (ENACT) programme created a ten-point index score based on national criminality and resilience to crime.<ref name=":0">Enhancing Africa’s Response to Transnational Organised Crime |
||
| ⚫ | Embedded actors throughout the state and political corruption prevents progress in reducing crime rates |
||
== Organised crime == |
== Organised crime == |
||
{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
||
|+Organised |
|+Organised crime Africa - Cote d'Ivoire 2019 African rankings<ref name=":0" /> |
||
! |
! |
||
!Overall |
!Overall crime |
||
!Criminal |
!Criminal markets |
||
!Criminal |
!Criminal actors |
||
!Resilience to |
!Resilience to crime |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|Rank |
|Rank |
||
| Line 54: | Line 53: | ||
|#19 |
|#19 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|Index |
|Index score |
||
|6.23 |
|6.23 |
||
|5.95 |
|5.95 |
||
| Line 62: | Line 61: | ||
== Trafficking == |
== Trafficking == |
||
=== Child labour === |
=== Child labour === |
||
Ivory Coast is a major [[human trafficking|trafficking]] hub for important and export of child labourers.<ref name=":11" /> Children below the minimum working age of 16 often work in agriculture, mining, domestic work and sex work.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/resources/reports/child-labor/cote-divoire|title=Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor - Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} U.S. Department of Labor|website=www.dol.gov|access-date=2020-02-08}}</ref> Girls most commonly work as [[Domestic worker|domestic servants]], while boys perform [[forced labour]] on [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]] and coffee farms where they are exploited and abused.<ref name=":11" /> |
|||
By law, children must attend school from the ages of 6 to 16.<ref name=":12" /> However, children are often |
By law, children must attend school from the ages of 6 to 16.<ref name=":12" /> However, children are often [[kidnap]]ped, sold into [[slavery]] by their families or trafficked from poorer neighbouring countries such as [[Burkina Faso]] and [[Mali]] to more affluent areas of Ivory Coast.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|url=http://endslaverynow.org/blog/articles/the-chocolate-slaves-of-the-ivory-coast/|title=The "Chocolate Slaves" of the Ivory Coast - End Slavery Now|website=endslaverynow.org|access-date=2020-02-08}}</ref> A major cause of child labour in Cote d'Ivoire is lack of education; parents sell their children into work instead of allowing them to attend school, restricting them from an education.<ref name=":11" /> |
||
{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
||
|+ |
|+ |
||
Children ages 5–14 in |
Children ages 5–14 in Ivory Coast - work and education<ref name=":12" /> |
||
!Children |
!Children |
||
!% |
!% |
||
| Line 78: | Line 76: | ||
|1,682,754 |
|1,682,754 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|Attending |
|Attending school |
||
|63.5% |
|63.5% |
||
| --- |
| --- |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|Working and |
|Working and attending school |
||
|21.5 |
|21.5 |
||
| --- |
| --- |
||
|} |
|} |
||
Previously, trafficking children between the war-torn borders of |
Previously, trafficking children between the [[war]]-torn borders of Ivory Coast had been easy, as there was little surveillance. The decrease in violence between the neighbouring nations has allowed countries to work together to better prevent trafficking between countries.<ref name=":11" /> |
||
In the last decade, projects including [[United States Department of Labor|U.S. Department of Labor]] funded projects and [[World Cocoa Foundation]]'s Cocoa Action have aimed to eliminate child labour in |
In the last decade, projects including [[United States Department of Labor|U.S. Department of Labor]] funded projects and [[World Cocoa Foundation]]'s Cocoa Action have aimed to eliminate [[child labour]] in Ivory Coast and other African countries.<ref name=":12" /> UNICEF and their partners aimed to aid victims, form partnerships with the Ivorian government and increase law enforcement to aid the problem.<ref name=":11" /> |
||
In 2018, |
In 2018, Ivory Coast improved their efforts to eliminate child labour. The government drafted a National Labour Inspection Strategy, as well as developed a 3-year National Action Plan to fight child labour.<ref name=":12" /> The Minister of Interior and Security passed a law making trafficking of migrants illegal. In addition, the [[First Lady of Ivory Coast|First Lady of the Ivory Coast]], with the help of many [[Non-governmental organization]]s, opened [[child protection]] centres for rescued victims of child labour, where they receive housing, education, [[counselling]], medical attention and [[vocational training]].<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14">2019 Trafficking in Persons Report. (2019). [ebook] U.S. Embassy. Available at: https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/2019-TIP-Report-Narratives-A-C.pdf [Accessed 8 Feb. 2020].</ref> |
||
In 2019, the criminal law enforcement upped their action. They trained 33 labour inspectors to investigate, prosecute and convict child labour traffickers.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" /> Training for criminal inspectors and financial still lack for the 8.5 million workers in |
In 2019, the criminal law enforcement upped their action. They trained 33 labour inspectors to investigate, prosecute and convict child labour traffickers.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" /> Training for criminal inspectors and financial still lack for the 8.5 million workers in Ivory Coast.<ref name=":12" /> However, the small increase in trained inspectors has allowed hundreds of children to be rescued from forced labour.<ref name=":11" /> The U.S. Embassy in Ivory Coast also made the following prioritised recommendations to the government to further improve the trafficking situation:<ref name=":14" /> |
||
* Further train law enforcement and judicial official to effectively investigate, prosecute and convict trafficking cases in accordance to the 2016 trafficking laws |
* Further train law enforcement and judicial official to effectively investigate, prosecute and convict trafficking cases in accordance to the 2016 trafficking laws |
||
| Line 105: | Line 103: | ||
==== Cocoa production ==== |
==== Cocoa production ==== |
||
{{main|Cocoa production in Ivory Coast}} |
|||
The most common form of child labour in Ivory Coast occurs on cocoa farms.<ref name=":12" /> It produce 2/5 of the world's cocoa and receives 60% of their revenue from cocoa crops.<ref name=":13" /> 2.1 million children in West Africa, including Ivory Coast, work in dangerous conditions harvesting cocoa.<ref name=":13" /> Children, usually boys, work to burn and clear fields, cut down trees, spray [[pesticide]]s and use sharp tools to break open cocoa pods - all of which are determined to be hazardous activities by national law or regulation.<ref name=":12" /> They are often beaten if they work too slowly or try to escape.<ref name=":13" /> |
|||
=== Arms |
=== Arms trafficking === |
||
Cote d'Ivoire is a common cross border trafficking hub for smuggling legal and illegal small arms between countries.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/about-us/highlights/2019/highlight-bp-west-africa.html|title=Small Arms Survey - New case studies reveal intricacies of arms trafficking routes and actors in West Africa and the Sahel|website=www.smallarmssurvey.org|access-date=2020-02-03}}</ref> Major routes for arms trafficking occur at two |
Cote d'Ivoire is a common cross border trafficking hub for smuggling legal and illegal [[small arms]] between countries.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/about-us/highlights/2019/highlight-bp-west-africa.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203092717/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/about-us/highlights/2019/highlight-bp-west-africa.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 3, 2020|title=Small Arms Survey - New case studies reveal intricacies of arms trafficking routes and actors in West Africa and the Sahel|website=www.smallarmssurvey.org|access-date=2020-02-03}}</ref> Major routes for arms trafficking occur at two [[Tri-border|tri-borders]]. The first arises between Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast and Mali, while the other involves the borders of [[Ghana]], Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">Mangan, F. and Nowak, M. (2019). ''The West Africa–Sahel Connection Mapping Cross-border Arms Trafficking''. [ebook] Geneva. Available at: <nowiki>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200118171901/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/T-Briefing-Papers/SAS-BP-West-Africa-Sahel-Connection.pdf smallarmssurvey.org]</nowiki> [Accessed 5 Feb. 2020].</ref> Weapons seized in various countries including Burkina Faso, northern [[Nigeria]] and central Mali can be traced back to stocks originating from Ivory Coast.<ref name=":2" /> Other routes for arms trafficking occur between Cote d'Ivoire and [[Liberia]].<ref name=":2" /> |
||
[[File:Map of West AFrica.gif|thumb|right|350px|<div align="center">[[Geopolitical]] [[State (polity)|States]] of West Africa;<br /> |
[[File:Map of West AFrica.gif|thumb|right|350px|<div align="center">[[Geopolitical]] [[State (polity)|States]] of West Africa;<br /> |
||
| Line 136: | Line 135: | ||
]] |
]] |
||
Major actors in small arms trafficking include low level transporters, members from regional and capital trafficking hubs and government forces.<ref name=":2" /> Low level transporters do not usually belong larger trafficking groups. They often travel unarmed on motorbikes through unmanned and uncontrolled border crossings carrying small amounts of illegal arms.<ref name=":2" /> Organised trafficking rings involving members from capital and regional trafficking hubs control the lower level transporters and inform about routes the transporters should take when moving goods from one location to another.<ref name=":2" /> Government forces |
Major actors in small arms trafficking include low level transporters, members from regional and capital trafficking hubs and government forces.<ref name=":2" /> Low level transporters do not usually belong larger trafficking groups. They often travel unarmed on motorbikes through unmanned and uncontrolled border crossings carrying small amounts of illegal arms.<ref name=":2" /> Organised trafficking rings involving members from capital and regional trafficking hubs control the lower level transporters and inform about routes the transporters should take when moving goods from one location to another.<ref name=":2" /> Government forces have the ability to rent and divert military-grade weapons, such as AK-pattern [[assault rifle]]s, to outlawed and illegitimate users.<ref name=":2" /> Other actors involved in the illicit transport of small arms include criminals, tribal networks and corrupt political officials.<ref name=":1" /> |
||
Arms trafficking can be seen as a valid and appropriate career for demobilised fighters, as it provides an opportunity to extricate from unemployment. Such workers are dependent on connections and communication from cross border friendships, family and ethnic ties about movement of security forces.<ref name=":2" /> |
Arms trafficking can be seen as a valid and appropriate career for demobilised fighters, as it provides an opportunity to extricate oneself from unemployment. Such workers are dependent on connections and communication from cross border friendships, family and ethnic ties about movement of security forces.<ref name=":2" /> |
||
High-profile individuals and groups such as terrorist groups and criminals have the ability to move illegal arms across national borders for their personal use.<ref name=":2" /> The terrorist organisation [[Al-Mourabitoun|al-Murabitoun]] trafficked |
High-profile individuals and groups such as terrorist groups and other criminals have the ability to move illegal arms across national borders for their personal use.<ref name=":2" /> The terrorist organisation [[Al-Mourabitoun (militant group)|al-Murabitoun]] trafficked assault rifles through Burkina Faso and Mali into Ivory Coast to be used in the [[Grand-Bassam shootings]] in 2016.<ref name=":2" /> Kidnapping for ransom and extortion increases the power held by criminals and terrorists to traffic illicit arms.<ref name=":2" /> |
||
In 2007, an estimated legal and illegal 400,000 guns were owned by |
In 2007, an estimated legal and illegal 400,000 guns were owned by [[civilian]]s. While in 2017, the estimated total number had increased in 1,049,000.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/cote-d-ivoire|title=Guns in Côte d'Ivoire — Firearms, gun law and gun control|website=www.gunpolicy.org|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref> Licit and illicit import of small firearms grosses Cote d'Ivoire an annual $76,182,943.<ref name=":3" /> |
||
[[File:059 French Foreign Legion.JPG|thumb|left|Armed Ivorians next to a [[French Foreign Legion]] armoured car, 2004]] |
[[File:059 French Foreign Legion.JPG|thumb|left|Armed [[Ivorians]] next to a [[French Foreign Legion]] armoured car, 2004]] |
||
In 2001, |
In 2001, Ivory Coast signed the [[United Nations]] Arms Programme of Action (UNPoA) to prevent and eradicate the trade of illegal arms and weapons.<ref name=":3" /> Despite this agreement, armed violence persisted across the country.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.grip.org/en/node/801|title=Arms trafficking in Western Africa: Côte d'Ivoire and Mali at the core {{!}} Grip|website=www.grip.org|access-date=2020-02-06}}</ref> Due to this violence, in 2004 the United Nations places Cote d'Ivoire under an [[arms embargo]], banning the trade of any arms.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2013/03/arms-proliferation-and-abuse-shatter-communities-c-te-divoire/|title=Arms proliferation and abuse shatter communities in Côte d'Ivoire|website=www.amnesty.org|language=en|access-date=2020-02-06}}</ref> After the imposed embargo, violence with illegal arms between conflicting parties continued for over a decade.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/document/?indexNumber=AFR31%2f002%2f2013&language=en|title=Document|website=www.amnesty.org|language=en|access-date=2020-02-06}}</ref> Many violations to the ban occurred, where brokers from France and Belarus provided former authorities with large amounts of firearms and weapons.<ref name=":4" /> Armed violence and hostilities escalated post 2011 presidential elections, catalysing [[human rights]] abuse in the country.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> From 2011–2012, Ivory Coast had the highest rate of violent deaths in West Africa, with many deaths perpetrated by large amounts of political tension.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> Thousands of citizens were killed, based on ethnicity and political affiliation, with illegal weapons.<ref name=":5" /> Citizens can form an [[informant]] network to report suspicious behaviour of arms trafficking to the government and [[law enforcement]].<ref name=":2" /> |
||
=== Sex |
=== Sex trafficking === |
||
{{main|Prostitution in Ivory Coast}} |
|||
Ivory Coast has a prospering [[sex industry]] despite the outlawing of sex trafficking according to law No.2016-111.<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|last=Huband|first=M.|date=1991|title=The price of sex|journal=Africa Report|volume=36|issue=6|pages=69–70|issn=0001-9836|pmid=12348299}}</ref> Women and girls from Nigeria are often promised better lives working in restaurants, hairdressers, tailors or [[massage parlour]]s in Ivory Coast and are trafficked through [[Benin]], [[Togo]], Ghana and Burkina Faso to Ivory Coast.<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/08/26/cote-divoire/nigeria-combat-trafficking-prostitution|title=Côte d'Ivoire/Nigeria: Combat Trafficking for Prostitution|date=2010-08-26|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en|access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref> The women and girls are then forced into sex trafficking in order to repay their exorbitant debts of about 1.5-2 million CFA francs (US$3,000-4,000) from the travel to Ivory Coast.<ref name=":16" /> The workers receive about 1,000 CFA francs (US$2) per act or 5,000 CFA francs (US$10) per night.<ref name=":16" /> |
|||
A major concern for |
A major concern for Ivory Coast and the sex trafficking industry is the prevalence of [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]]. It has the 6th highest rate of HIV/AIDS cases in Africa.<ref name=":15" /> 50% of the [[prostitute]]s in Abidjan are infected with HIV/AIDS.<ref name=":15" /> The disease is spread via [[sexual intercourse]] without [[condom]]s. Even workers aware of the risks associated with [[unprotected sex]] face difficulties convincing male clients to use protection, putting them more at risk of being infected with HIV/AIDS if they wish to stay in business.<ref name=":15" /> |
||
Ivory Coast, working with neighbouring countries, have increased their efforts to investigate, combat and [[prosecute]] sex traffickers and their networks.<ref name=":16" /> In 2019, 146 cases were investigated, 56 suspects were prosecuted and 47 sex traffickers were convicted.<ref name=":14" /> Law No.2016-111 declared 5–10 years imprisonment and a fine of 5-10 million CFA francs ([[US$]]8,790-$17,590) for the conviction of adult sex trafficking and 20–30 years imprisonment and 10-50 million CFA francs (US$17,590-$87,930) fine for those convicted of child sex trafficking.<ref name=":14" /> |
|||
== Human |
== Human rights abuses == |
||
=== 2010/11 post-electoral crisis === |
|||
| ⚫ | Leading up to the 2010 [[election]], the country had been largely divided by ethnicity, [[religion in Ivory Coast|religion]] and economy following a large amount of migration from poorer neighbouring countries such Burkina Faso to the relatively prosperous Ivory Coast. [[President of Ivory Coast|President]] [[Laurent Gbagbo]] disliked the level of immigration.<ref name=":17">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-11916590|title=Q&A: Ivory Coast crisis|date=2011-04-13|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-02-16|language=en-GB}}</ref> Much hostility arose between the northerners and the southwestern civilians, leading to discrimination against the former.<ref name=":17" /> |
||
Upon the November 2010 election, it was declared [[Alassane Ouattara]] won the election with 54.1% of votes against Gbagbo.<ref name=":19">Crisis in Côte d'Ivoire. (2011). Retrieved 18 February 2020, from http://www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/index.php/crises/crisis-in-ivory-coast</ref> However, despite orders from the [[African Union]], [[European Union]] and the [[United Nations]], Gbagbo refused to step down from power.<ref name=":17" /> Gbagbo claimed polls in northern regions of Ivory Coast to be rigged by pro-Outtara forces.<ref name=":17" /> The former president attempted to declare the results as invalid as they were not released before December 1.<ref name=":17" /> |
|||
=== 2010/11 Post Electoral Crisis === |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | Leading up to the 2010 election, the country had been largely divided by ethnicity, religion and economy following large |
||
| ⚫ | Tension rose and violence broke out between Gbagbo and Ouattara loyalists. In particular, there was strong hostility between the southwestern [[Bété people|Bété]] [[ethnic group]] Gbagbo supporters and northern Muslim Ouattara supporters.<ref name=":19" /> Gbagbo forces and supporters attacked northerners, Muslims, West African [[immigrant]]s and United Nations staff using weapons such as [[mortar (weapon)|mortars]] and heavy [[machine gun]]s.<ref name=":20" /> Ouattara forces burnt villages in the west of Ivory Coast, attacked, [[rape]]d and killed civilians and Gbagbo supporters during the conflict.<ref name=":20" /> Prolonged fighting in [[Abidjan]] and surrounding towns prompted the United Nations and [[French Armed Forces|French troops]] to launch air strikes and other [[military operation]]s on 4 April against Gbagbo and his forces to prevent the use of heavy weapons in the conflict and to protect the civilian population.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":20" /> It is estimated that 3,000 people were declared dead from this conflict, 150 women were raped and over a million civilians were [[internally displaced person|displaced]] or fled from their home.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/cote-divoire|title=World Report 2019: Rights Trends in Côte d'Ivoire|date=2019-01-04|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en|access-date=2020-02-16}}</ref><ref name=":17" /> |
||
On April 10, 2011 United Nations Operations in Cote d'Ivoire, the [[French military]] and military forces loyal to Alassane Ouattara arrested Laurent Gbagbo.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|url=https://www.csis.org/programs/africa-program/archives/crisis-c%C3%B4te-divoire|title=The Crisis in Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} Center for Strategic and International Studies|website=www.csis.org|language=en|access-date=2020-02-16}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite web|url=http://www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/index.php/crises/crisis-in-ivory-coast|title=Crisis in Côte d'Ivoire|website=www.responsibilitytoprotect.org|access-date=2020-02-16}}</ref><ref name=":17" /> The [[International Criminal Court]] declared Gbagbo and Ouattara to be investigated for multiple accounts of [[Human Rights Violations|human rights violations]] upon the failure to protect Ivory Coast's civilians.<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":21" /> |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | Tension rose and violence broke out between Gbagbo and Ouattara loyalists. In particular, there was strong hostility between |
||
| ⚫ | In August 2018, President Ouattarra released 800 prisoners involved in the 2010-11 post-electoral crisis, including military officers, former cabinet members and Simone and Laurent Gbagbo. He announced immediate [[amnesty]] for those held in custody since the crisis.<ref>Cote d’Ivoire 2018 Human Rights Report. (2018). [ebook] United States Department of State. Available at: https://ci.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/Cote-dIvoire-HRR-2018-English.pdf [Accessed 16 Feb. 2020].</ref> |
||
On April 10, 2011 United Nations Operations in Cote d'Ivoire, the French military and military forces loyal to Alassane Ouattara arrested Laurent Gbagbo.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|url=https://www.csis.org/programs/africa-program/archives/crisis-c%C3%B4te-divoire|title=The Crisis in Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} Center for Strategic and International Studies|website=www.csis.org|language=en|access-date=2020-02-16}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite web|url=http://www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/index.php/crises/crisis-in-ivory-coast|title=Crisis in Côte d'Ivoire|website=www.responsibilitytoprotect.org|access-date=2020-02-16}}</ref><ref name=":17" /> The International Criminal Court declared Gbagbo and Ouattara to be investigated for multiple accounts of [[Human Rights Violations|human rights violations]] upon the failure to protect Cote d'Ivoire's civilians.<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":21" /> |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | In August 2018, President Ouattarra released 800 prisoners involved in the 2010-11 post-electoral crisis, including military officers, former cabinet members and Simone and Laurent Gbagbo. He announced immediate amnesty for those held in custody since the crisis.<ref>Cote d’Ivoire 2018 Human Rights Report. (2018). [ebook] United States Department of State. Available at: |
||
| ⚫ | |||
== Terrorism == |
== Terrorism == |
||
Ivory Coast is one of several West African countries under [[Islamist terror]] threat.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35798502|title=Gunmen kill beach-goers in Ivory Coast|date=2016-03-14|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-02-07|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smartraveller.gov.au/destinations/africa/cote-divoire-ivory-coast|title=Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) Travel Advice & Safety {{!}} Smartraveller|website=www.smartraveller.gov.au|access-date=2020-02-07}}</ref> In 2016, there were three terrorist related events that took place in West Africa in five months.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2016/03/20/471161418/ivory-coast-struggles-to-keep-economy-afloat-after-terror-attack|title=Ivory Coast Struggles To Keep Economy Afloat After Terror Attack|website=NPR.org|language=en|access-date=2020-02-07}}</ref> Due civil war and increased tensions between the predominately [[Islam in Ivory Coast|Muslim]] north regions and mainly [[Christianity in Ivory Coast|Christian]] south regions, threats of terrorism have become an increased concern.<ref name=":7" /> Ivory Coast's main terrorist threat is [[Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb]] (AQ-M) and its associated groups, who mainly exercise their power in the [[Sahel]] region of West Africa. As a neighbouring country of the Sahel region, Ivory Coast and its northern border area in particular is at particular risk.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/cote-d-ivoire/terrorism|title=Terrorism - Côte d'Ivoire travel advice|website=GOV.UK|language=en|access-date=2020-02-07}}</ref> |
|||
=== |
=== Grand-Bassam shootings === |
||
{{main|Grand-Bassam shootings}} |
|||
On 13 March 2016 [[Grand-Bassam]] attacked by three [[Islamist]] gunmen.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2016/sc12279.doc.htm|title=Security Council Press Statement on Terrorist Attack in Grand Bassam, Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} Meetings Coverage and Press Releases|website=www.un.org|access-date=2020-02-07}}</ref> The [[mass shooting]] occurred at a beach resort near L'Etoile du Sud hotel, about 40 km from the country's economic capital Abidjan.<ref name=":7" /> 16 people were killed, including four [[western world|westerners]], ([[French people|French]], and [[Germans|German]]) and two soldiers.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":10" /> The [[French government]] collaborated with the Ivorian government to identify and help the victims and their families.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gh.ambafrance.org/Cote-d-Ivoire-Terrorist-attack-in-Grand-Bassam-Statement-by-Jean-Marc-Ayrault|title=Côte d'Ivoire - Terrorist attack in Grand-Bassam - Statement by Jean-Marc Ayrault|website=La France au Ghana|language=en|access-date=2020-02-07|archive-date=2020-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815042731/https://gh.ambafrance.org/Cote-d-Ivoire-Terrorist-attack-in-Grand-Bassam-Statement-by-Jean-Marc-Ayrault|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
|||
[[File:Grand-Bassam banner.jpg|thumb|430x430px|Grand-Bassam beachside]] |
[[File:Grand-Bassam banner.jpg|thumb|430x430px|Grand-Bassam beachside]] |
||
Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, partnered with [[Al-Mourabitoun|al-Murabitoun]] claimed responsibility for the attack.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":10" /> The motivation for the attack was reported to be to boost the |
[[Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb]], partnered with [[Al-Mourabitoun|al-Murabitoun]] claimed responsibility for the attack.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":10" /> The motivation for the attack was reported to be to boost the [[terrorist]] group's media profile and to exemplify their recently improved operational capabilities.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9" /> |
||
After the attack, the flourishing tourism industry at the time was negatively affected. The Ivorian government nominated $1 million to assist the hotel, transport and tourism industry in Grand |
After the attack, the flourishing [[tourism in Ivory Coast|tourism]] industry at the time was negatively affected. The Ivorian government nominated $1 million to assist the hotel, transport and tourism industry in Grand-Bassam to help compensate for the economic loses caused by the attack.<ref name=":8" /> The Ivory Coast's National Security Council also took emergency measures to strengthen security in the country<ref name=":7" /> |
||
== See also == |
== See also == |
||
| Line 186: | Line 186: | ||
{{Côte d'Ivoire topics}} |
{{Côte d'Ivoire topics}} |
||
{{Navboxes |
|||
| title= Article Related to Africa |
|||
| list= |
|||
{{Countries of Africa}} |
|||
{{African Union}} |
|||
{{La Francophonie}} |
|||
}} |
|||
{{Navboxes |
|||
| title = Articles Related to Crime |
|||
| list = |
|||
{{Types of crime}} |
|||
{{International Criminal Law}} |
|||
{{Law}} |
|||
{{Criminal procedure (investigation)}} |
|||
}} |
|||
{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
||
[[Category:Crime| |
[[Category:Crime in Ivory Coast| ]] |
||
[[Category:Criminal law]] |
|||
[[Category:Criminology]] |
|||
[[Category:Morality]] |
|||
[[Category:Ivory Coast]] |
|||
Latest revision as of 16:45, 5 September 2024
Republic of Côte d'Ivoire République de Côte d'Ivoire (French) | |
|---|---|
.svg) | |
_-_CIV_-_UNOCHA.svg) | |
| Capital | Yamoussoukro (political) Abidjan (economic) 6°51′N 5°18′W / 6.850°N 5.300°W |
| Largest city | Abidjan |
| Official languages | French |
| Population | |
• 2018 estimate | 23,740,424.[1] (54th) |
• Density | 63.9/km2 (165.5/sq mi) (139th) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2020 estimate |
• Total | $126.863 billion[2] |
• Per capita | $4,705[2] |
| ISO 3166 code | CI |
.svg)
Crime in Cote d'Ivoire is prevalent and versatile across the West African country. The most common forms of crime include child labour, arms trafficking, terrorism and human rights abuse. Other less common, but still evident types of crime include cannabis and synthetic drug trade, sex trafficking, fauna and flora crimes, cybercrime.[3]
The European Union funded Enhancing Africa's Response to Transnational Organised Crime (ENACT) programme created a ten-point index score based on national criminality and resilience to crime.[3] Cote d'Ivoire has the fourth highest Criminality Score (6.23) in Africa and the second highest Criminality Score in West Africa, after Nigeria (7.70). Ivory Coast is part of the 37% of countries in Africa that have a high crime, but a low resilience to crime index score along with Egypt, Tanzania, Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo.[3]
Embedded actors throughout the state and political corruption prevents progress in reducing crime rates.[3] Many initiatives have been taken to reduce crime, especially in arms trafficking and child labour, by organisations such and the United Nations and UNICEF.[4][5]
Organised crime
[edit]| Overall crime | Criminal markets | Criminal actors | Resilience to crime | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | #8 | #4 | #12 | #19 |
| Index score | 6.23 | 5.95 | 6.50 | 4.54 |
Trafficking
[edit]Child labour
[edit]Ivory Coast is a major trafficking hub for important and export of child labourers.[5] Children below the minimum working age of 16 often work in agriculture, mining, domestic work and sex work.[6] Girls most commonly work as domestic servants, while boys perform forced labour on cocoa and coffee farms where they are exploited and abused.[5]
By law, children must attend school from the ages of 6 to 16.[6] However, children are often kidnapped, sold into slavery by their families or trafficked from poorer neighbouring countries such as Burkina Faso and Mali to more affluent areas of Ivory Coast.[7] A major cause of child labour in Cote d'Ivoire is lack of education; parents sell their children into work instead of allowing them to attend school, restricting them from an education.[5]
| Children | % | Population |
|---|---|---|
| Working | 31.5% | 1,682,754 |
| Attending school | 63.5% | --- |
| Working and attending school | 21.5 | --- |
Previously, trafficking children between the war-torn borders of Ivory Coast had been easy, as there was little surveillance. The decrease in violence between the neighbouring nations has allowed countries to work together to better prevent trafficking between countries.[5]
In the last decade, projects including U.S. Department of Labor funded projects and World Cocoa Foundation's Cocoa Action have aimed to eliminate child labour in Ivory Coast and other African countries.[6] UNICEF and their partners aimed to aid victims, form partnerships with the Ivorian government and increase law enforcement to aid the problem.[5]
In 2018, Ivory Coast improved their efforts to eliminate child labour. The government drafted a National Labour Inspection Strategy, as well as developed a 3-year National Action Plan to fight child labour.[6] The Minister of Interior and Security passed a law making trafficking of migrants illegal. In addition, the First Lady of the Ivory Coast, with the help of many Non-governmental organizations, opened child protection centres for rescued victims of child labour, where they receive housing, education, counselling, medical attention and vocational training.[6][8]
In 2019, the criminal law enforcement upped their action. They trained 33 labour inspectors to investigate, prosecute and convict child labour traffickers.[6][8] Training for criminal inspectors and financial still lack for the 8.5 million workers in Ivory Coast.[6] However, the small increase in trained inspectors has allowed hundreds of children to be rescued from forced labour.[5] The U.S. Embassy in Ivory Coast also made the following prioritised recommendations to the government to further improve the trafficking situation:[8]
- Further train law enforcement and judicial official to effectively investigate, prosecute and convict trafficking cases in accordance to the 2016 trafficking laws
- Increase funding for non-government organisations supporting child protection centres
- Increase funding for anti-trafficking police units
- Revise existing identification procedures for child labour and trafficking victims
- Improve data collection in regards to child labour of all sorts
Cocoa production
[edit]The most common form of child labour in Ivory Coast occurs on cocoa farms.[6] It produce 2/5 of the world's cocoa and receives 60% of their revenue from cocoa crops.[7] 2.1 million children in West Africa, including Ivory Coast, work in dangerous conditions harvesting cocoa.[7] Children, usually boys, work to burn and clear fields, cut down trees, spray pesticides and use sharp tools to break open cocoa pods - all of which are determined to be hazardous activities by national law or regulation.[6] They are often beaten if they work too slowly or try to escape.[7]
Arms trafficking
[edit]Cote d'Ivoire is a common cross border trafficking hub for smuggling legal and illegal small arms between countries.[9] Major routes for arms trafficking occur at two tri-borders. The first arises between Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast and Mali, while the other involves the borders of Ghana, Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast.[9][10] Weapons seized in various countries including Burkina Faso, northern Nigeria and central Mali can be traced back to stocks originating from Ivory Coast.[10] Other routes for arms trafficking occur between Cote d'Ivoire and Liberia.[10]
| * Benin * Burkina Faso * Cape Verde * Ivory Coast * The Gambia | * Ghana * Guinea * Guinea-Bissau * Liberia * Mali | * Niger * Nigeria * Senegal * Sierra Leone * Togo |
Major actors in small arms trafficking include low level transporters, members from regional and capital trafficking hubs and government forces.[10] Low level transporters do not usually belong larger trafficking groups. They often travel unarmed on motorbikes through unmanned and uncontrolled border crossings carrying small amounts of illegal arms.[10] Organised trafficking rings involving members from capital and regional trafficking hubs control the lower level transporters and inform about routes the transporters should take when moving goods from one location to another.[10] Government forces have the ability to rent and divert military-grade weapons, such as AK-pattern assault rifles, to outlawed and illegitimate users.[10] Other actors involved in the illicit transport of small arms include criminals, tribal networks and corrupt political officials.[9]
Arms trafficking can be seen as a valid and appropriate career for demobilised fighters, as it provides an opportunity to extricate oneself from unemployment. Such workers are dependent on connections and communication from cross border friendships, family and ethnic ties about movement of security forces.[10]
High-profile individuals and groups such as terrorist groups and other criminals have the ability to move illegal arms across national borders for their personal use.[10] The terrorist organisation al-Murabitoun trafficked assault rifles through Burkina Faso and Mali into Ivory Coast to be used in the Grand-Bassam shootings in 2016.[10] Kidnapping for ransom and extortion increases the power held by criminals and terrorists to traffic illicit arms.[10]
In 2007, an estimated legal and illegal 400,000 guns were owned by civilians. While in 2017, the estimated total number had increased in 1,049,000.[11] Licit and illicit import of small firearms grosses Cote d'Ivoire an annual $76,182,943.[11]
In 2001, Ivory Coast signed the United Nations Arms Programme of Action (UNPoA) to prevent and eradicate the trade of illegal arms and weapons.[11] Despite this agreement, armed violence persisted across the country.[12] Due to this violence, in 2004 the United Nations places Cote d'Ivoire under an arms embargo, banning the trade of any arms.[12][4] After the imposed embargo, violence with illegal arms between conflicting parties continued for over a decade.[13] Many violations to the ban occurred, where brokers from France and Belarus provided former authorities with large amounts of firearms and weapons.[12] Armed violence and hostilities escalated post 2011 presidential elections, catalysing human rights abuse in the country.[4][13] From 2011–2012, Ivory Coast had the highest rate of violent deaths in West Africa, with many deaths perpetrated by large amounts of political tension.[12][4] Thousands of citizens were killed, based on ethnicity and political affiliation, with illegal weapons.[4] Citizens can form an informant network to report suspicious behaviour of arms trafficking to the government and law enforcement.[10]
Sex trafficking
[edit]Ivory Coast has a prospering sex industry despite the outlawing of sex trafficking according to law No.2016-111.[8][14] Women and girls from Nigeria are often promised better lives working in restaurants, hairdressers, tailors or massage parlours in Ivory Coast and are trafficked through Benin, Togo, Ghana and Burkina Faso to Ivory Coast.[8][15] The women and girls are then forced into sex trafficking in order to repay their exorbitant debts of about 1.5-2 million CFA francs (US$3,000-4,000) from the travel to Ivory Coast.[15] The workers receive about 1,000 CFA francs (US$2) per act or 5,000 CFA francs (US$10) per night.[15]
A major concern for Ivory Coast and the sex trafficking industry is the prevalence of HIV/AIDS. It has the 6th highest rate of HIV/AIDS cases in Africa.[14] 50% of the prostitutes in Abidjan are infected with HIV/AIDS.[14] The disease is spread via sexual intercourse without condoms. Even workers aware of the risks associated with unprotected sex face difficulties convincing male clients to use protection, putting them more at risk of being infected with HIV/AIDS if they wish to stay in business.[14]
Ivory Coast, working with neighbouring countries, have increased their efforts to investigate, combat and prosecute sex traffickers and their networks.[15] In 2019, 146 cases were investigated, 56 suspects were prosecuted and 47 sex traffickers were convicted.[8] Law No.2016-111 declared 5–10 years imprisonment and a fine of 5-10 million CFA francs (US$8,790-$17,590) for the conviction of adult sex trafficking and 20–30 years imprisonment and 10-50 million CFA francs (US$17,590-$87,930) fine for those convicted of child sex trafficking.[8]
Human rights abuses
[edit]2010/11 post-electoral crisis
[edit]Leading up to the 2010 election, the country had been largely divided by ethnicity, religion and economy following a large amount of migration from poorer neighbouring countries such Burkina Faso to the relatively prosperous Ivory Coast. President Laurent Gbagbo disliked the level of immigration.[16] Much hostility arose between the northerners and the southwestern civilians, leading to discrimination against the former.[16]
Upon the November 2010 election, it was declared Alassane Ouattara won the election with 54.1% of votes against Gbagbo.[17] However, despite orders from the African Union, European Union and the United Nations, Gbagbo refused to step down from power.[16] Gbagbo claimed polls in northern regions of Ivory Coast to be rigged by pro-Outtara forces.[16] The former president attempted to declare the results as invalid as they were not released before December 1.[16]
Tension rose and violence broke out between Gbagbo and Ouattara loyalists. In particular, there was strong hostility between the southwestern Bété ethnic group Gbagbo supporters and northern Muslim Ouattara supporters.[17] Gbagbo forces and supporters attacked northerners, Muslims, West African immigrants and United Nations staff using weapons such as mortars and heavy machine guns.[18] Ouattara forces burnt villages in the west of Ivory Coast, attacked, raped and killed civilians and Gbagbo supporters during the conflict.[18] Prolonged fighting in Abidjan and surrounding towns prompted the United Nations and French troops to launch air strikes and other military operations on 4 April against Gbagbo and his forces to prevent the use of heavy weapons in the conflict and to protect the civilian population.[16][18] It is estimated that 3,000 people were declared dead from this conflict, 150 women were raped and over a million civilians were displaced or fled from their home.[19][16]
On April 10, 2011 United Nations Operations in Cote d'Ivoire, the French military and military forces loyal to Alassane Ouattara arrested Laurent Gbagbo.[20][18][16] The International Criminal Court declared Gbagbo and Ouattara to be investigated for multiple accounts of human rights violations upon the failure to protect Ivory Coast's civilians.[18][19]
In August 2018, President Ouattarra released 800 prisoners involved in the 2010-11 post-electoral crisis, including military officers, former cabinet members and Simone and Laurent Gbagbo. He announced immediate amnesty for those held in custody since the crisis.[21]
The country continues to face economic and discrimination challenges since the events involving human rights abuses.[20]
Terrorism
[edit]Ivory Coast is one of several West African countries under Islamist terror threat.[22][23] In 2016, there were three terrorist related events that took place in West Africa in five months.[24] Due civil war and increased tensions between the predominately Muslim north regions and mainly Christian south regions, threats of terrorism have become an increased concern.[22] Ivory Coast's main terrorist threat is Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQ-M) and its associated groups, who mainly exercise their power in the Sahel region of West Africa. As a neighbouring country of the Sahel region, Ivory Coast and its northern border area in particular is at particular risk.[25]
Grand-Bassam shootings
[edit]On 13 March 2016 Grand-Bassam attacked by three Islamist gunmen.[26] The mass shooting occurred at a beach resort near L'Etoile du Sud hotel, about 40 km from the country's economic capital Abidjan.[22] 16 people were killed, including four westerners, (French, and German) and two soldiers.[22][26] The French government collaborated with the Ivorian government to identify and help the victims and their families.[27]
Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, partnered with al-Murabitoun claimed responsibility for the attack.[22][26] The motivation for the attack was reported to be to boost the terrorist group's media profile and to exemplify their recently improved operational capabilities.[22][25]
After the attack, the flourishing tourism industry at the time was negatively affected. The Ivorian government nominated $1 million to assist the hotel, transport and tourism industry in Grand-Bassam to help compensate for the economic loses caused by the attack.[24] The Ivory Coast's National Security Council also took emergency measures to strengthen security in the country[22]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Côte d'Ivoire". The World Factbook. CIA Directorate of Intelligence. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
- ^ a b "Côte d'Ivoire". International Monetary Fund.
- ^ a b c d e "Enhancing Africa's Response to Transnational Organised Crime / Organised Crime Index Africa 2019 [ebook]" (PDF). globalinitiative.net. European Union. 2019. Retrieved 2021-04-16.
- ^ a b c d e "Arms proliferation and abuse shatter communities in Côte d'Ivoire". www.amnesty.org. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Child trafficking in Côte d'Ivoire: Efforts under way to reverse a tragic trend". UNICEF. Archived from the original on 2019-03-06. Retrieved 2020-02-08.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor - Côte d'Ivoire | U.S. Department of Labor". www.dol.gov. Retrieved 2020-02-08.
- ^ a b c d "The "Chocolate Slaves" of the Ivory Coast - End Slavery Now". endslaverynow.org. Retrieved 2020-02-08.
- ^ a b c d e f g 2019 Trafficking in Persons Report. (2019). [ebook] U.S. Embassy. Available at: https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/2019-TIP-Report-Narratives-A-C.pdf [Accessed 8 Feb. 2020].
- ^ a b c "Small Arms Survey - New case studies reveal intricacies of arms trafficking routes and actors in West Africa and the Sahel". www.smallarmssurvey.org. Archived from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Mangan, F. and Nowak, M. (2019). The West Africa–Sahel Connection Mapping Cross-border Arms Trafficking. [ebook] Geneva. Available at: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200118171901/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/T-Briefing-Papers/SAS-BP-West-Africa-Sahel-Connection.pdf smallarmssurvey.org] [Accessed 5 Feb. 2020].
- ^ a b c "Guns in Côte d'Ivoire — Firearms, gun law and gun control". www.gunpolicy.org. Retrieved 2020-02-05.
- ^ a b c d "Arms trafficking in Western Africa: Côte d'Ivoire and Mali at the core | Grip". www.grip.org. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b "Document". www.amnesty.org. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d Huband, M. (1991). "The price of sex". Africa Report. 36 (6): 69–70. ISSN 0001-9836. PMID 12348299.
- ^ a b c d "Côte d'Ivoire/Nigeria: Combat Trafficking for Prostitution". Human Rights Watch. 2010-08-26. Retrieved 2020-02-12.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Q&A: Ivory Coast crisis". BBC News. 2011-04-13. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
- ^ a b Crisis in Côte d'Ivoire. (2011). Retrieved 18 February 2020, from http://www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/index.php/crises/crisis-in-ivory-coast
- ^ a b c d e "Crisis in Côte d'Ivoire". www.responsibilitytoprotect.org. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
- ^ a b "World Report 2019: Rights Trends in Côte d'Ivoire". Human Rights Watch. 2019-01-04. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
- ^ a b "The Crisis in Côte d'Ivoire | Center for Strategic and International Studies". www.csis.org. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
- ^ Cote d’Ivoire 2018 Human Rights Report. (2018). [ebook] United States Department of State. Available at: https://ci.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/Cote-dIvoire-HRR-2018-English.pdf [Accessed 16 Feb. 2020].
- ^ a b c d e f g "Gunmen kill beach-goers in Ivory Coast". BBC News. 2016-03-14. Retrieved 2020-02-07.
- ^ "Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) Travel Advice & Safety | Smartraveller". www.smartraveller.gov.au. Retrieved 2020-02-07.
- ^ a b "Ivory Coast Struggles To Keep Economy Afloat After Terror Attack". NPR.org. Retrieved 2020-02-07.
- ^ a b "Terrorism - Côte d'Ivoire travel advice". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2020-02-07.
- ^ a b c "Security Council Press Statement on Terrorist Attack in Grand Bassam, Côte d'Ivoire | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases". www.un.org. Retrieved 2020-02-07.
- ^ "Côte d'Ivoire - Terrorist attack in Grand-Bassam - Statement by Jean-Marc Ayrault". La France au Ghana. Archived from the original on 2020-08-15. Retrieved 2020-02-07.
