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Coordinates: 53°07′N 20°22′E / 53.117°N 20.367°E / 53.117; 20.367
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| image_flag = POL Mława flag.svg
| image_flag = POL Mława flag.svg
| image_shield = POL Mława COA.svg
| image_shield = POL Mława COA.svg
| pushpin_map = Poland#Poland Masovian Voivodeship
| pushpin_map = Poland
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|53|07|N|20|22|E|region:PL_type:city|display=it}}
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Mława in Poland##Location of Mława in [[Masovian Voivodeship]]
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| coordinates = {{coord|53|07|N|20|22|E|region:PL_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_name = {{POL}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
| subdivision_name = {{POL}}
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Masovian Voivodeship|name=Masovian}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of Polish counties|County]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Masovian Voivodeship|name=Masovian}}
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mława County|Mława]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of Polish counties|County]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Gmina]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mława County]]
| subdivision_name3 = Mława <small>(urban gmina)</small>
| subdivision_type3 = [[Gmina]]
| subdivision_name3 = Mława <small>(urban gmina)</small>
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Sławomir Kowalewski
| leader_name = Piotr Jankowski
| established_title = First mentioned
| established_title = First mentioned
| established_date = 1426
| established_date = 1426
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| elevation_min_m = 135
| elevation_min_m = 135
| elevation_max_m = 180
| elevation_max_m = 180
| area_total_km2 = 35.5
| area_total_km2 = 34.8
| population_as_of = 2012
| population_as_of = 2021
| population_total = 31047<ref>[https://www.polskawliczbach.pl/Mlawa Liczba ludności - Mlawa] 2021r. www.polskawliczbach.pl</ref>
| population_total = 30957
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
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| blank1_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank1_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank1_info = [[Humid continental climate#Mild/cool summer subtype|Dfb]]
| blank1_info = [[Humid continental climate#Mild/cool summer subtype|Dfb]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Voivodeship road]]s
| website = {{URL|http://www.mlawa.um.gov.pl}}
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[File:DW544-PL.svg|32px]] [[File:DW563-PL.svg|32px]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.mlawa.pl}}
}}
}}
'''Mława''' ({{IPAc-pl|'|m|ł|a|w|a}}; {{lang-yi|מלאווע}} ''Mlave'') is a town in north-eastern [[Poland]] with 30,957 inhabitants in 2012. It is the capital of [[Mława County]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wolframalpha.com/entities/cities/mlawa,_poland/2d/qe/j0/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130209105825/http://www.wolframalpha.com/entities/cities/mlawa,_poland/2d/qe/j0/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-02-09 |title=Wolfram&#124;Alpha: City Data for Mlawa, Poland: demographics, maps |publisher=Wolframalpha.com |access-date=2012-05-30 }}</ref> The town is situated in the [[Masovian Voivodeship]] (since 1999), previously it was part of the [[Ciechanów Voivodeship]] (since 1975).
'''Mława''' ({{IPAc-pl|'|m|ł|a|w|a}}; {{lang-yi|מלאווע}} ''Mlave'') is a town in north-eastern [[Poland]] with 30,403 inhabitants in 2020. It is the capital of [[Mława County]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wolframalpha.com/entities/cities/mlawa,_poland/2d/qe/j0/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130209105825/http://www.wolframalpha.com/entities/cities/mlawa,_poland/2d/qe/j0/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-02-09 |title=Wolfram&#124;Alpha: City Data for Mlawa, Poland: demographics, maps |publisher=Wolframalpha.com |access-date=2012-05-30 }}</ref> It is situated in the [[Masovian Voivodeship]].


During the [[invasion of Poland]] in 1939, the [[battle of Mława]] was fought to the north of the city.
During the [[invasion of Poland]] in 1939, the [[battle of Mława]] was fought to the north of the city.
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[[File:Wschodnia pierzeja rynku mławskiego.jpg|thumb|left|Mława in the early 20th century]]
[[File:Wschodnia pierzeja rynku mławskiego.jpg|thumb|left|Mława in the early 20th century]]


The first mention of Mława comes from July 2, 1426, when three princes of [[Mazovia]] - Siemowit V, Trojden II and Władysław I came here to a session of a local court. It is not known if Mława had already been an urban center, as there are no sources which would prove it. Three years later, Mława was incorporated as a town<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/mlawa/3,local-history/ |title=Local history - Information about the town - Mława - Virtual Shtetl |publisher=Sztetl.org.pl |date=1939-09-04 |access-date=2012-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184353/http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/mlawa/3,local-history/ |archive-date=2013-10-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was a [[royal city in Poland|royal town]], located in the [[Płock Voivodeship (1495–1793)|Płock Voivodeship]] in the [[Greater Poland Province of the Polish Crown]].<ref>Adolf Pawiński, ''Mazowsze'', Warszawa 1895, p. 37 (in Polish)</ref> In 1521 during the [[Polish–Teutonic War (1519–1521)|Polish-Teutonic War]], the town was captured and looted by the [[Teutonic Knights]]. In 1659 the town was burned by the [[Sweden|Swedish troops]], and in 1795, following the [[Third Partition of Poland]], Mława became part of the [[Kingdom of Prussia]].
The first mention of Mława comes from July 2, 1426, when three princes of [[Mazovia]] - Siemowit V, Trojden II and Władysław I came here to a session of a local court. It is not known if Mława had already been an urban center, as there are no sources which would prove it. Three years later, Mława was incorporated as a town<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/mlawa/3,local-history/ |title=Local history - Information about the town - Mława - Virtual Shtetl |publisher=Sztetl.org.pl |date=1939-09-04 |access-date=2012-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184353/http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/mlawa/3,local-history/ |archive-date=2013-10-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was a [[royal city in Poland|royal town]], located in the [[Płock Voivodeship (1495–1793)|Płock Voivodeship]] in the [[Greater Poland Province, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Greater Poland Province]].<ref>Adolf Pawiński, ''Mazowsze'', Warszawa 1895, p. 37 (in Polish)</ref> In 1521 during the [[Polish–Teutonic War (1519–1521)|Polish-Teutonic War]], the town was captured and looted by the [[Teutonic Knights]]. In 1659 the town was burned by the [[Sweden|Swedish troops]], and in 1795, following the [[Third Partition of Poland]], Mława became part of the [[Kingdom of Prussia]].


In 1807 it was included in the short-lived Polish [[Duchy of Warsaw]]. After [[Napoleonic Wars]], in the 1815 [[Congress of Vienna]] Mława (along with the entire province) was incorporated into the [[Russian Partition]] of Poland, as part of the initially autonomous [[Congress Poland]], where it remained until [[World War I]]. Since the town was located along the pre-1914 imperial Russian-German border, Mława was a place of heavy fighting between the two opposing armies.
In 1807 it was included in the short-lived Polish [[Duchy of Warsaw]]. After [[Napoleonic Wars]], in the 1815 [[Congress of Vienna]] Mława (along with the entire province) was incorporated into the [[Russian Partition]] of Poland, as part of the initially autonomous [[Congress Poland]]. During the [[January Uprising]], on February 20, 1864, it was the site of a clash between Polish insurgents and Russian troops.<ref>{{cite book|last=Zieliński|first=Stanisław|title=Bitwy i potyczki 1863-1864. Na podstawie materyałów drukowanych i rękopiśmiennych Muzeum Narodowego w Rapperswilu|year=1913|language=pl|publisher=Fundusz Wydawniczy [[Polish Museum, Rapperswil|Muzeum Narodowego w Rapperswilu]]|location=Rapperswil|page=251}}</ref> Since the town was located along the pre-1914 imperial Russian-German border, Mława was a place of heavy fighting between the two opposing armies during [[World War I]], and was occupied by Germany.
[[File:Town square in Mlawa Poland under German occupation WWI.jpg|thumb|left|Town square in Mława under German occupation during World War I]]
[[File:Town square in Mlawa Poland under German occupation WWI.jpg|thumb|left|Town square in Mława under German occupation during World War I]]


After the war, in 1918, Poland regained independence and the town was reintegrated with Poland. During the [[Polish-Soviet War]], it was fiercely defended by Poles on August 9-10, 1920, captured by Russians on August 10, and afterwards recaptured by Poles.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kowalski|first=Andrzej|year=1995|title=Miejsca pamięci związane z Bitwą Warszawską 1920 r.|journal=Niepodległość i Pamięć|language=pl|publisher=[[Museum of Independence|Muzeum Niepodległości w Warszawie]]|issue=2/2 (3)|page=142|issn=1427-1443}}</ref> Within interwar Poland, the town was assigned to the [[Warsaw Voivodeship (1919–39)]]. The government of the [[Second Polish Republic]] constructed several fortifications there due to proximity of the German border.<ref>Richard M. Watt, ''[https://www.amazon.com/Bitter-Glory-Poland-Fate-1918-1939/dp/0781806739#reader_0781806739 Bitter Glory: Poland and Its Fate, 1918–1939]'' Hippocrene Books, 1998. {{ISBN|0781806739}}.</ref><ref>Witold Kaczynski, [http://www.fortyfikacje.net/strona/pozycja_mlawa.htm Pozycja Mława. Zarys historyczny.]</ref>
After the war, in 1918, Poland regained independence and the town was reintegrated with Poland. During the [[Polish-Soviet War]], it was fiercely defended by Poles on August 9–10, 1920, captured by Russians on August 10, and afterwards recaptured by Poles.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kowalski|first=Andrzej|year=1995|title=Miejsca pamięci związane z Bitwą Warszawską 1920 r.|journal=Niepodległość i Pamięć|language=pl|publisher=[[Museum of Independence|Muzeum Niepodległości w Warszawie]]|issue=2/2 (3)|page=142|issn=1427-1443}}</ref> Within interwar Poland, the town was assigned to the [[Warsaw Voivodeship (1919–39)]]. The government of the [[Second Polish Republic]] constructed several fortifications there due to proximity of the German border.<ref>Richard M. Watt, ''[https://www.amazon.com/Bitter-Glory-Poland-Fate-1918-1939/dp/0781806739#reader_0781806739 Bitter Glory: Poland and Its Fate, 1918–1939]'' Hippocrene Books, 1998. {{ISBN|0781806739}}.</ref><ref>Witold Kaczynski, [http://www.fortyfikacje.net/strona/pozycja_mlawa.htm Pozycja Mława. Zarys historyczny.]</ref>


In the [[Invasion of Poland|opening stages]] of [[World War II]], the advancing [[Wehrmacht|German army]] faced strong resistance from the [[Polish Land Forces|Polish Army]] in the [[battle of Mława]] otherwise known as the Defence of the Mława between September 1 and September 3, 1939. The ''[[Einsatzgruppen|Einsatzgruppe V]]'' entered the town on September 10, 1939, and carried out first mass arrests among local [[Poles]], who were afterwards imprisoned in the local prison.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2009|title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|page=112}}</ref> Also on September 10, the Germans expelled 69 [[Jews]] from the town.<ref>Wardzyńska, p. 123</ref> The Germans carried out mass searches of Polish offices, courthouses and organizations,<ref>Wardzyńska, p. 111</ref> and mass arrests of local Polish [[intelligentsia]], including local officials, teachers and priests, as part of the ''[[Intelligenzaktion]]'', continued in the following months, many were afterwards murdered in the [[Soldau concentration camp]].<ref>Wardzyńska, p. 224, 228, 230-231</ref> Local disabled people were murdered in [[Ościsłowo, Masovian Voivodeship|Ościsłowo]], on February 20, 1940.<ref>Wardzyńska, p. 236</ref> Shortly after the beginning of the [[occupation of Poland]], Mława was annexed to [[Nazi Germany]] on 26 October 1939 and administered as part of [[Zichenau (region)|Regierungsbezirk Zichenau]].
In the [[Invasion of Poland|opening stages]] of [[World War II]], the advancing [[Wehrmacht|German army]] faced strong resistance from the [[Polish Land Forces|Polish Army]] in the [[battle of Mława]] otherwise known as the Defence of the Mława between September 1 and September 3, 1939. The ''[[Einsatzgruppen|Einsatzgruppe V]]'' entered the town on September 10, 1939, and carried out first mass arrests among local [[Polish people|Poles]], who were afterwards imprisoned in the local prison.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2009|title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|page=112}}</ref> Also on September 10, the Germans expelled 69 [[Jews]] from the town.<ref>Wardzyńska, p. 123</ref> The Germans carried out mass searches of Polish offices, courthouses and organizations,<ref>Wardzyńska, p. 111</ref> and mass arrests of local Polish [[intelligentsia]], including local officials, teachers and priests, as part of the ''[[Intelligenzaktion]]'', continued in the following months, many were afterwards murdered in the [[Soldau concentration camp]].<ref>Wardzyńska, p. 224, 228, 230-231</ref> Local disabled people were murdered in [[Ościsłowo, Masovian Voivodeship|Ościsłowo]], on February 20, 1940.<ref>Wardzyńska, p. 236</ref> Shortly after the beginning of the [[occupation of Poland]], Mława was annexed to [[Nazi Germany]] on 26 October 1939 and administered as part of [[Zichenau (region)|Regierungsbezirk Zichenau]]. The Germans established and operated two [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labour]] camps in the town.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100000022|title=Arbeitserziehungslager Mielau|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=10 September 2021|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100000047|title=Straf- bzw. Arbeitserziehungslager Mielau|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=10 September 2021|language=de}}</ref>


[[File:Ul. Działdowska 7 i 9 ( ul. Chrobrego 8 i 10 ) we wrześniu 1939.jpg|thumb|left|Historic townhouses destroyed during the [[invasion of Poland]] in 1939 and dismantled by the Germans in 1940]]
[[File:Ul. Działdowska 7 i 9 ( ul. Chrobrego 8 i 10 ) we wrześniu 1939.jpg|thumb|left|Historic townhouses destroyed during the [[invasion of Poland]] in 1939 and dismantled by the Germans in 1940]]
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Jews who had survived the ghetto were liquidated to [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]]. The last deportation was on December 10, 1942.
Jews who had survived the ghetto were liquidated to [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]]. The last deportation was on December 10, 1942.


Prior to the arrival of the Soviets in 1945, Mława was the location of the German massacre of 364 prisoners of the forced labour camp adjacent to the ''Truppenübungsplatz "Mielau"''.<ref>Janusz Dębski, [http://kuriermlawski.pl/138819,Uroczystosci-na-68-rocznice-mordu-na-Kalkowce.html#axzz3AIHq0utl Uroczystości na 68 rocznicę mordu na Kalkówce] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814000122/http://kuriermlawski.pl/138819,Uroczystosci-na-68-rocznice-mordu-na-Kalkowce.html#axzz3AIHq0utl |date=2014-08-14 }} Mazowieckie Media, ''Kurier Mławski.pl'' 2013-01-17.</ref> In 1945 the town was restored to Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which remained in power until the [[Fall of Communism]] in the 1980s.
Prior to the arrival of the Soviets in 1945, Mława was the location of the German massacre of 364 prisoners of the forced labour camp adjacent to the ''Truppenübungsplatz "Mielau"''.<ref>Janusz Dębski, [http://kuriermlawski.pl/138819,Uroczystosci-na-68-rocznice-mordu-na-Kalkowce.html#axzz3AIHq0utl Uroczystości na 68 rocznicę mordu na Kalkówce] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814000122/http://kuriermlawski.pl/138819,Uroczystosci-na-68-rocznice-mordu-na-Kalkowce.html#axzz3AIHq0utl |date=2014-08-14 }} Mazowieckie Media, ''Kurier Mławski.pl'' 2013-01-17.</ref> In 1945 the town was restored to Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which remained in power until the [[Fall of Communism]] in the 1980s. From 1975 to 1998, it was administratively located in the [[Ciechanów Voivodeship]].


In 1991, between 26 and 27 June, the town saw the a [[Mława riot|series of violent devastations and looting incidents]] when a group of youth estimated at 200 individuals, including young females, invaded the homes of the local [[Romani people|Roma]] residents causing them to flee.<ref name="Napierski">{{cite web |url=http://www.stowarzyszenie.romowie.net/index.php/czytnik-aktualnosci/items/wywiad-z-romanem-kwiatkowskim-w-glosie-mlawy.html |title=Mławski incydent dał nam doświadczenie na przyszłość |publisher=Stowarzyszenie Romow w Polsce (Roma Society of Poland, homepage) |work=Wywiad z Romanem Kwiatkowskim (Prezesem Stowarzyszenia Romów w Polsce) w "Głosie Mławy" (Interview with Roman Kwiatkowski, President of the Roma Society of Poland) for the "Voice of Mlawa" magazine |date=30 June 2011 |format=reprint |access-date=13 August 2014 |author=Krzysztof Napierski |trans-title=The Mlawa incident gave us experience for the future}}</ref> Not a single Roma person was injured in the riot,<ref name="Napierski"/> but the material losses were substantial affecting up to 40% of residences.<ref name="Napierski"/> Many perpetrators were arrested on-site; a number of them sentenced to jail after a trial.<ref name="Napierski"/> The violence was described as motivated by racism and jealousy.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/25/world/poles-vent-their-economic-rage-on-gypsies.html?src=pm |title=Poles Vent Their Economic Rage on Gypsies |date=July 25, 1991 |work=The New York Times |access-date=26 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20610FD3C5D0C7A8EDDAE0894D9494D81 |title=Hooligans and the Neighbors' Cow |date=July 29, 1991 |work=New York Times |access-date=26 January 2011}}</ref> The incident that triggered the riot was the killing of a Polish pedestrian struck along with his companion in a [[Hit and run car accident|hit-and-run]] by a Romani male driver.<ref name="Napierski"/> The event triggered major discussions around the status of the [[Romani people in Poland]], [[economic disparity]], and the direction of the ongoing transitional political, social and economic reforms as the country adjusts after the end of the [[Polish People's Republic|PRL era]].
In 1991, between 26 and 27 June, the town saw the a [[Mława riot|series of violent devastations and looting incidents]] when a group of youth estimated at 200 individuals, including young females, invaded the homes of the local [[Romani people|Roma]] residents causing them to flee.<ref name="Napierski">{{cite web |url=http://www.stowarzyszenie.romowie.net/index.php/czytnik-aktualnosci/items/wywiad-z-romanem-kwiatkowskim-w-glosie-mlawy.html |title=Mławski incydent dał nam doświadczenie na przyszłość |publisher=Stowarzyszenie Romow w Polsce (Roma Society of Poland, homepage) |work=Wywiad z Romanem Kwiatkowskim (Prezesem Stowarzyszenia Romów w Polsce) w "Głosie Mławy" (Interview with Roman Kwiatkowski, President of the Roma Society of Poland) for the "Voice of Mlawa" magazine |date=30 June 2011 |format=reprint |access-date=13 August 2014 |author=Krzysztof Napierski |trans-title=The Mlawa incident gave us experience for the future}}</ref> Not a single Roma person was injured in the riot,<ref name="Napierski"/> but the material losses were substantial affecting up to 40% of residences.<ref name="Napierski"/> Many perpetrators were arrested on-site; a number of them sentenced to jail after a trial.<ref name="Napierski"/> The violence was described as motivated by racism and jealousy.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/25/world/poles-vent-their-economic-rage-on-gypsies.html?src=pm |title=Poles Vent Their Economic Rage on Gypsies |date=July 25, 1991 |work=The New York Times |access-date=26 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20610FD3C5D0C7A8EDDAE0894D9494D81 |title=Hooligans and the Neighbors' Cow |date=July 29, 1991 |work=New York Times |access-date=26 January 2011}}</ref> The incident that triggered the riot was the killing of a Polish pedestrian struck along with his companion in a [[Hit and run car accident|hit-and-run]] by a Romani male driver.<ref name="Napierski"/> The event triggered major discussions around the status of the [[Romani people in Poland]], [[economic disparity]], and the direction of the ongoing transitional political, social and economic reforms as the country adjusts after the end of the [[Polish People's Republic|PRL era]].


==Sights==
==Climate==
Mława has an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Cfb'') using the {{convert|-3|C|F|0}} isotherm or a [[humid continental climate]] (Köppen climate classification: ''Dfb'') using the {{convert|0|C|F|0}} isotherm.<ref name="kottek2006">{{cite journal|last1=Kottek|first1=Markus|last2=Grieser|first2=Jürgen|last3=Beck|first3=Christoph|last4=Rudolf|first4=Bruno |last5=Rubel|first5=Franz|title=World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated|journal=Meteorologische Zeitschrift|date=2006|volume=15|issue=3|pages=259–263|doi=10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130|bibcode=2006MetZe..15..259K|url=https://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/files/40083/metz_Vol_15_No_3_p259-263_World_Map_of_the_Koppen_Geiger_climate_classification_updated_55034.pdf}}</ref><ref name=Peel>{{cite journal |author1=Peel, M. C. |author2=Finlayson B. L. |author3=McMahon, T. A. |name-list-style=amp |year=2007 |title=Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification |journal=Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1633–1644 |doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 |issn=1027-5606|url=https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |doi-access=free }}</ref>
{{multiple image |align=right |caption_align=center |perrow=2 |total_width=370 |header=Historic sights of Mława (examples)

| image1=Mława kościół Św Trójcy front.JPG
{{Weather box
| image2=Park miejski w Mławie.jpg
| location = Mława (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1961–present)
| image3=Budynek bankowy w Mławie ul3Maja.jpg
| metric first = y
| image4=Mława, Żeromskiego 4.jpg
| single line = y
| caption1=Holy Trinity Church
| Jan record high C = 11.2
| caption2=Józef Piłsudski Park
| Feb record high C = 15.7
| caption3=Old bank building
| Mar record high C = 22.3
| caption4=Typical [[Art Nouveau]] townhouse
| Apr record high C = 28.8
| May record high C = 31.3
| Jun record high C = 34.1
| Jul record high C = 36.6
| Aug record high C = 35.9
| Sep record high C = 34.7
| Oct record high C = 25.6
| Nov record high C = 17.6
| Dec record high C = 14.9
| year record high C = 36.6
| Jan high C = 0.1
| Feb high C = 1.6
| Mar high C = 6.3
| Apr high C = 13.7
| May high C = 19.0
| Jun high C = 22.1
| Jul high C = 24.4
| Aug high C = 24.1
| Sep high C = 18.5
| Oct high C = 12.1
| Nov high C = 5.6
| Dec high C = 1.5
| year high C = 12.4
| Jan mean C = -2.3
| Feb mean C = -1.2
| Mar mean C = 2.3
| Apr mean C = 8.4
| May mean C = 13.4
| Jun mean C = 16.6
| Jul mean C = 18.7
| Aug mean C = 18.3
| Sep mean C = 13.4
| Oct mean C = 8.0
| Nov mean C = 3.1
| Dec mean C = -0.7
| year mean C = 8.2
| Jan low C = -4.7
| Feb low C = -3.9
| Mar low C = -1.2
| Apr low C = 3.4
| May low C = 7.9
| Jun low C = 11.2
| Jul low C = 13.4
| Aug low C = 13.0
| Sep low C = 8.8
| Oct low C = 4.6
| Nov low C = 1.0
| Dec low C = -2.9
| year low C = 4.2
| Jan record low C = -31.2
| Feb record low C = -27.2
| Mar record low C = -21.9
| Apr record low C = -6.5
| May record low C = -5.0
| Jun record low C = 0.5
| Jul record low C = 3.7
| Aug record low C = 3.0
| Sep record low C = -3.3
| Oct record low C = -8.8
| Nov record low C = -19.1
| Dec record low C = -26.8
| year record low C = -31.2
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 35.0
| Feb precipitation mm = 29.4
| Mar precipitation mm = 32.0
| Apr precipitation mm = 32.6
| May precipitation mm = 56.7
| Jun precipitation mm = 67.6
| Jul precipitation mm = 75.6
| Aug precipitation mm = 56.9
| Sep precipitation mm = 55.1
| Oct precipitation mm = 43.6
| Nov precipitation mm = 37.9
| Dec precipitation mm = 39.4
| year precipitation mm = 561.9
| Jan snow depth cm = 8.5
| Feb snow depth cm = 8.0
| Mar snow depth cm = 4.7
| Apr snow depth cm = 0.8
| May snow depth cm = 0.1
| Jun snow depth cm = 0.0
| Jul snow depth cm = 0.0
| Aug snow depth cm = 0.0
| Sep snow depth cm = 0.0
| Oct snow depth cm = 0.1
| Nov snow depth cm = 1.8
| Dec snow depth cm = 4.9
| year snow depth cm =
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 17.60
| Feb precipitation days = 14.90
| Mar precipitation days = 13.57
| Apr precipitation days = 11.87
| May precipitation days = 12.90
| Jun precipitation days = 13.03
| Jul precipitation days = 13.40
| Aug precipitation days = 13.10
| Sep precipitation days = 11.67
| Oct precipitation days = 13.17
| Nov precipitation days = 15.33
| Dec precipitation days = 17.33
| year precipitation days = 167.87
| unit snow days = 0 cm
| Jan snow days = 18.4
| Feb snow days = 16.4
| Mar snow days = 7.7
| Apr snow days = 0.8
| May snow days = 0.0
| Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 0.0
| Oct snow days = 0.1
| Nov snow days = 3.6
| Dec snow days = 11.5
| year snow days = 58.5
| Jan humidity = 90.1
| Feb humidity = 86.9
| Mar humidity = 79.3
| Apr humidity = 69.4
| May humidity = 70.0
| Jun humidity = 72.0
| Jul humidity = 73.0
| Aug humidity = 72.9
| Sep humidity = 79.7
| Oct humidity = 85.5
| Nov humidity = 91.5
| Dec humidity = 92.0
| year humidity = 80.2
| Jan sun = 38.7
| Feb sun = 58.7
| Mar sun = 118.2
| Apr sun = 183.5
| May sun = 241.8
| Jun sun = 234.8
| Jul sun = 238.7
| Aug sun = 227.9
| Sep sun = 151.6
| Oct sun = 96.0
| Nov sun = 36.1
| Dec sun = 26.9
| year sun = 1652.9
| source 1 = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management<ref name=IMGWtavg>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211203115527/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE
| archive-date = 3 December 2021
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE
| title = Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 14 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWtmin>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115043924/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE
| title = Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 14 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWtmax>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115044916/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE
| title = Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 14 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWprecip>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220109045820/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA
| archive-date = 9 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA
| title = Miesięczna suma opadu
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 14 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWprecipdays>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115051112/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01
| title = Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 14 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsnowdepth>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115054936/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB
| title = Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 14 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsnowdays>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220121044246/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0
| archive-date = 21 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0
| title = Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 14 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsun>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115055331/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL
| title = Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 14 February 2022}}</ref>
| source 2 = Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)<ref name=recordhigh>
{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=353200270&par=tmax&max_empty=3
| title = Mława Absolutna temperatura maksymalna
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 14 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=recordlow>
{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=353200270&par=tmin&max_empty=3
| title = Mława Absolutna temperatura minimalna
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 14 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=relativehumidity>
{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=353200270&par=rh&max_empty=3
| title = Mława Średnia wilgotność
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 14 February 2022}}</ref>
}}
}}

==Main sights==
[[file:MOs810 WG 23 2023 Prusy Dolne (kościół Świętej Trójcy, Mława).jpg|thumb|Holy Trinity Church]]
[[file:Park miejski w Mławie.jpg|thumb|Józef Piłsudski Park]]
[[file:Budynek bankowy w Mławie ul3Maja.jpg|thumb|Old bank building]]

Among the historic sights of Mława are the [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] town hall, [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]]-[[Baroque Revival architecture|Baroque Revival]] Holy Trinity Church, the Józef Piłsudski Park, Baroque Saint Lawrence Church and many [[Art Nouveau]] townhouses
Among the historic sights of Mława are the [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] town hall, [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]]-[[Baroque Revival architecture|Baroque Revival]] Holy Trinity Church, the Józef Piłsudski Park, Baroque Saint Lawrence Church and many [[Art Nouveau]] townhouses


Line 91: Line 333:
==International relations==
==International relations==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}}
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}}

===Twin towns — Sister cities===
Mława is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:
Mława is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:


*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Moscufo]], [[Italy]]
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Moscufo]], [[Italy]]
*{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Nasaud]], [[Romania]]
*{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Nasaud|Năsăud]], [[Romania]]
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Saverne]], [[France]]
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Saverne]], [[France]]
*{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Barañáin]], [[Spain]]
*{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Barañáin]], [[Spain]]
Line 102: Line 343:
*{{flagicon|LIT}} [[Raseiniai]], [[Lithuania]]
*{{flagicon|LIT}} [[Raseiniai]], [[Lithuania]]


==Notable people==
==People==
*[[Victor Alter]] (1890–1943), socialist activist
*[[Eva Kotchever]] - Polish feminist writer, was born in Mława
*[[Tekla Bądarzewska-Baranowska|Tekla Bądarzewska]] (1829–1861), composer and pianist
*[[Isaac Isaacs]] - Australian judge and politician who served as the 3rd Chief Justice of Australia and the 9th Governor-General, father born in Mława
*[[Hanna Rudzka-Cybisowa]] (1897–1988), artist and teacher
*[[Joseph Opatoshu]] - Yiddish novelist and short story writer
*[[Eva Kotchever]] (1891–1943), feminist writer, was born in Mława
*[[Barbara Rogowska]] - Polish comedian actress and comic
*[[Joseph Opatoshu]] (1886–1954), Yiddish novelist and short story writer
*[[Józef Skrobiński]] - Film director and painter
*[[Barbara Rogowska]] (born 1953), comedian actress and comic
*[[Józef Unszlicht]] - Co-founder of the [[Cheka]]
*[[Grzegorz Skawiński]] (born 1954), pop-rock musician, guitarist, singer, composer and record producer
*[[Józef Skrobiński]] (1910–1979), film director and painter
*[[Iwona Sobotka]] (born 1981), opera singer and Grand Prix Winner of the [[Queen Elizabeth Music Competition]]
*[[Józef Unszlicht]] (1879–1938), revolutionary activist, co-founder of the [[Cheka]]


==See also==
==See also==
Line 129: Line 374:
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Mlawa}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Masovian Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Masovian Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Mława County]]
[[Category:Mława County]]
[[Category:Płock Governorate]]
[[Category:Warsaw Voivodeship (1919–1939)]]
[[Category:Holocaust locations in Poland]]
[[Category:Holocaust locations in Poland]]

Latest revision as of 15:21, 12 September 2024

Mława
Mława ratusz
Mława ratusz
Flag of Mława
Flag
Coat of arms of Mława
Coat of arms
Mława is located in Poland
Mława
Mława
Coordinates: 53°07′N 20°22′E / 53.117°N 20.367°E / 53.117; 20.367
Land Polen
Voivodeship Masovian
CountyMława
GminaMława (urban gmina)
First mentioned1426
Town rights1429
Regierung
 • MayorPiotr Jankowski
Area
 • Total34.8 km2 (13.4 sq mi)
Highest elevation
180 m (590 ft)
Lowest elevation
135 m (443 ft)
Population
 (2021)
 • Total31,047[1]
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
06-500 to 06-501
Area code+48 023
Car platesWML
ClimateDfb
Voivodeship roads
Websitewww.mlawa.pl

Mława ([ˈmwava]; Yiddish: מלאווע Mlave) is a town in north-eastern Poland with 30,403 inhabitants in 2020. It is the capital of Mława County.[2] It is situated in the Masovian Voivodeship.

During the invasion of Poland in 1939, the battle of Mława was fought to the north of the city.

History

[edit]
Mława in the early 20th century

The first mention of Mława comes from July 2, 1426, when three princes of Mazovia - Siemowit V, Trojden II and Władysław I came here to a session of a local court. It is not known if Mława had already been an urban center, as there are no sources which would prove it. Three years later, Mława was incorporated as a town[3] It was a royal town, located in the Płock Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province.[4] In 1521 during the Polish-Teutonic War, the town was captured and looted by the Teutonic Knights. In 1659 the town was burned by the Swedish troops, and in 1795, following the Third Partition of Poland, Mława became part of the Kingdom of Prussia.

In 1807 it was included in the short-lived Polish Duchy of Warsaw. After Napoleonic Wars, in the 1815 Congress of Vienna Mława (along with the entire province) was incorporated into the Russian Partition of Poland, as part of the initially autonomous Congress Poland. During the January Uprising, on February 20, 1864, it was the site of a clash between Polish insurgents and Russian troops.[5] Since the town was located along the pre-1914 imperial Russian-German border, Mława was a place of heavy fighting between the two opposing armies during World War I, and was occupied by Germany.

Town square in Mława under German occupation during World War I

After the war, in 1918, Poland regained independence and the town was reintegrated with Poland. During the Polish-Soviet War, it was fiercely defended by Poles on August 9–10, 1920, captured by Russians on August 10, and afterwards recaptured by Poles.[6] Within interwar Poland, the town was assigned to the Warsaw Voivodeship (1919–39). The government of the Second Polish Republic constructed several fortifications there due to proximity of the German border.[7][8]

In the opening stages of World War II, the advancing German army faced strong resistance from the Polish Army in the battle of Mława otherwise known as the Defence of the Mława between September 1 and September 3, 1939. The Einsatzgruppe V entered the town on September 10, 1939, and carried out first mass arrests among local Poles, who were afterwards imprisoned in the local prison.[9] Also on September 10, the Germans expelled 69 Jews from the town.[10] The Germans carried out mass searches of Polish offices, courthouses and organizations,[11] and mass arrests of local Polish intelligentsia, including local officials, teachers and priests, as part of the Intelligenzaktion, continued in the following months, many were afterwards murdered in the Soldau concentration camp.[12] Local disabled people were murdered in Ościsłowo, on February 20, 1940.[13] Shortly after the beginning of the occupation of Poland, Mława was annexed to Nazi Germany on 26 October 1939 and administered as part of Regierungsbezirk Zichenau. The Germans established and operated two forced labour camps in the town.[14][15]

Historic townhouses destroyed during the invasion of Poland in 1939 and dismantled by the Germans in 1940

The town (known as Mielau in German) gave its name to the Truppenübungsplatz "Mielau" military training range built by prisoners of the Soldau concentration camp nearby and nicknamed the New Berlin. The facility was used by the Nazis for repairing and refitting army tanks in Operation Barbarossa, and for testing anti-tank weapons and artillery on an area of 300 square kilometres (120 sq mi). Some fifteen villages around Krzywonoś were completely dismantled to make room for it and 25,000 people were expelled in the area.[16] Similar Nazi German military ranges in occupied Poland included the SS-Truppenübungsplatz Heidelager located in Pustków and the SS-Truppenübungsplatz Westpreußen located in Dziemiany.

Jews who had survived the ghetto were liquidated to Auschwitz. The last deportation was on December 10, 1942.

Prior to the arrival of the Soviets in 1945, Mława was the location of the German massacre of 364 prisoners of the forced labour camp adjacent to the Truppenübungsplatz "Mielau".[17] In 1945 the town was restored to Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which remained in power until the Fall of Communism in the 1980s. From 1975 to 1998, it was administratively located in the Ciechanów Voivodeship.

In 1991, between 26 and 27 June, the town saw the a series of violent devastations and looting incidents when a group of youth estimated at 200 individuals, including young females, invaded the homes of the local Roma residents causing them to flee.[18] Not a single Roma person was injured in the riot,[18] but the material losses were substantial affecting up to 40% of residences.[18] Many perpetrators were arrested on-site; a number of them sentenced to jail after a trial.[18] The violence was described as motivated by racism and jealousy.[19][20] The incident that triggered the riot was the killing of a Polish pedestrian struck along with his companion in a hit-and-run by a Romani male driver.[18] The event triggered major discussions around the status of the Romani people in Poland, economic disparity, and the direction of the ongoing transitional political, social and economic reforms as the country adjusts after the end of the PRL era.

Climate

[edit]

Mława has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb) using the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm or a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfb) using the 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm.[21][22]

Climate data for Mława (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1961–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 11.2
(52.2) 		15.7
(60.3) 		22.3
(72.1) 		28.8
(83.8) 		31.3
(88.3) 		34.1
(93.4) 		36.6
(97.9) 		35.9
(96.6) 		34.7
(94.5) 		25.6
(78.1) 		17.6
(63.7) 		14.9
(58.8) 		36.6
(97.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 0.1
(32.2) 		1.6
(34.9) 		6.3
(43.3) 		13.7
(56.7) 		19.0
(66.2) 		22.1
(71.8) 		24.4
(75.9) 		24.1
(75.4) 		18.5
(65.3) 		12.1
(53.8) 		5.6
(42.1) 		1.5
(34.7) 		12.4
(54.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) −2.3
(27.9) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		2.3
(36.1) 		8.4
(47.1) 		13.4
(56.1) 		16.6
(61.9) 		18.7
(65.7) 		18.3
(64.9) 		13.4
(56.1) 		8.0
(46.4) 		3.1
(37.6) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		8.2
(46.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.7
(23.5) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		3.4
(38.1) 		7.9
(46.2) 		11.2
(52.2) 		13.4
(56.1) 		13.0
(55.4) 		8.8
(47.8) 		4.6
(40.3) 		1.0
(33.8) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		4.2
(39.6)
Record low °C (°F) −31.2
(−24.2) 		−27.2
(−17.0) 		−21.9
(−7.4) 		−6.5
(20.3) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		0.5
(32.9) 		3.7
(38.7) 		3.0
(37.4) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		−8.8
(16.2) 		−19.1
(−2.4) 		−26.8
(−16.2) 		−31.2
(−24.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 35.0
(1.38) 		29.4
(1.16) 		32.0
(1.26) 		32.6
(1.28) 		56.7
(2.23) 		67.6
(2.66) 		75.6
(2.98) 		56.9
(2.24) 		55.1
(2.17) 		43.6
(1.72) 		37.9
(1.49) 		39.4
(1.55) 		561.9
(22.12)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 8.5
(3.3) 		8.0
(3.1) 		4.7
(1.9) 		0.8
(0.3) 		0.1
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.0) 		1.8
(0.7) 		4.9
(1.9) 		8.5
(3.3)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 17.60 14.90 13.57 11.87 12.90 13.03 13.40 13.10 11.67 13.17 15.33 17.33 167.87
Average snowy days (≥ 0 cm) 18.4 16.4 7.7 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 3.6 11.5 58.5
Average relative humidity (%) 90.1 86.9 79.3 69.4 70.0 72.0 73.0 72.9 79.7 85.5 91.5 92.0 80.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 38.7 58.7 118.2 183.5 241.8 234.8 238.7 227.9 151.6 96.0 36.1 26.9 1,652.9
Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]
Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)[31][32][33]

Main sights

[edit]
Holy Trinity Church
Józef Piłsudski Park
Old bank building

Among the historic sights of Mława are the Baroque town hall, Gothic-Baroque Revival Holy Trinity Church, the Józef Piłsudski Park, Baroque Saint Lawrence Church and many Art Nouveau townhouses

Industrie

[edit]

There is a large LG factory manufacturing TV sets and monitors located in the city. Mława was the first site of deployment for CONVAERO Polska's Bio-Dry™ technology project, where an annual throughput of 96,000 tonnes of MSW shredded is processed to achieve a 25% reduction in moisture and results in an easily separated and recycled end material [34]

Sport

[edit]
Swimming pool in Mława

Mława is home to Mławianka Mława, a men's football team, which played on the second tier in the 2004–2005 season.

International relations

[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Mława is twinned with:

Menschen

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Liczba ludności - Mlawa 2021r. www.polskawliczbach.pl
  2. ^ "Wolfram|Alpha: City Data for Mlawa, Poland: demographics, maps". Wolframalpha.com. Archived from the original on 2013-02-09. Retrieved 2012-05-30.
  3. ^ "Local history - Information about the town - Mława - Virtual Shtetl". Sztetl.org.pl. 1939-09-04. Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2012-05-30.
  4. ^ Adolf Pawiński, Mazowsze, Warszawa 1895, p. 37 (in Polish)
  5. ^ Zieliński, Stanisław (1913). Bitwy i potyczki 1863-1864. Na podstawie materyałów drukowanych i rękopiśmiennych Muzeum Narodowego w Rapperswilu (in Polish). Rapperswil: Fundusz Wydawniczy Muzeum Narodowego w Rapperswilu. p. 251.
  6. ^ Kowalski, Andrzej (1995). "Miejsca pamięci związane z Bitwą Warszawską 1920 r.". Niepodległość i Pamięć (in Polish) (2/2 (3)). Muzeum Niepodległości w Warszawie: 142. ISSN 1427-1443.
  7. ^ Richard M. Watt, Bitter Glory: Poland and Its Fate, 1918–1939 Hippocrene Books, 1998. ISBN 0781806739.
  8. ^ Witold Kaczynski, Pozycja Mława. Zarys historyczny.
  9. ^ Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. p. 112.
  10. ^ Wardzyńska, p. 123
  11. ^ Wardzyńska, p. 111
  12. ^ Wardzyńska, p. 224, 228, 230-231
  13. ^ Wardzyńska, p. 236
  14. ^ "Arbeitserziehungslager Mielau". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  15. ^ "Straf- bzw. Arbeitserziehungslager Mielau". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  16. ^ Praca Zbiorowa (5 June 2012). "Nosarzewo Borowe : Truppenübungsplatz "Mielau"". Polska Niezwykła Mazowieckie (przewodnik) (in Polish). Wydawnictwo Demart publishing. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  17. ^ Janusz Dębski, Uroczystości na 68 rocznicę mordu na Kalkówce Archived 2014-08-14 at the Wayback Machine Mazowieckie Media, Kurier Mławski.pl 2013-01-17.
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