Ficus maxima: Difference between revisions
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==Common names== |
==Common names== |
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''Ficus maxima'' is known as |
''Ficus maxima'' is known as ''amate'' in Mexico,<ref name = Kashanipour>{{cite journal | quotes = no | last = Kashanipour | first = Ryan Amir | authorlink = | coauthors = R. Jon McGee | year = 2004 | title = Northern Lacandon Maya Medicinal Plant Use in the Communities of Lacanja Chan Sayab and Naha’, Chiapas, Mexico | journal = Journal of Ecological Anthropology | volume = 8 | issue = | pages = 47-66 | doi = | url = http://shell.cas.usf.edu/~jea/PDFs/kashanipour.pdf }}</ref> ''caxinguba'' in [[Brazil]],<ref name = Diaz1997>{{cite journal | quotes = no | last = Diaz M | first = Gaspar | authorlink = | coauthors = Alberto C. Arruda; Mara S. P. Arruda; Adolfo H. Müller | year = 1997 | title = Methoxyflavones from ''Ficus maxima'' | journal = Phytochemistry | volume = 45 | issue = 8 | pages = 1697-1699 | doi = 10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00729-7 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TH7-3SB1JWN-2P&_user=1111158&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000051676&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1111158&md5=31f63fad0894f8734d9b8b08032c077b }}</ref>, ''matapal'' in [[Trinidad and Tobago]]<ref name = Homer1998>{{cite journal | quotes = no | last = Homer | first = Floyd | authorlink = | coauthors = Kishore Lal; Winston Johnson | year = 1998 | title = Forest species regeneration and management options in the Melajo Nature Reserve, Trinidad and Tobago | journal = Environmental Conservation | volume = 25 | issue = | pages = 53-64 | doi = | url = http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=38273 }}</ref> and ''amäk wäm'' among the [[Lacandon|Lacandon Maya]] in [[Chiapas]], [[Mexico]]<ref name = Kashanipour/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 03:49, 28 June 2008
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| Species: | F. maxima
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Ficus bopiana Rusby | |
Ficus maxima is a tree in the family Moraceae which is native to Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean and South America south to Paraguay.
Description
Ficus maxima is a tree which may reach 20 m (65 ft) tall.[2] It is monoecious; each tree bears both male and female components.[3] Figs are borne singly, 1-2 cm (0.4-0.8 in) in diameter (sometimes up to 2.5 cm [1 in]).[2]
Taxonomy
With about 750 species, Ficus (Moraceae) is one of the largest angiosperm genera. (Frodin ranked it as the 31st largest.)[4] Ficus maxima is classified in the subgenus Pharmacosycea.[5]
In 1768, Scottish botanist Philip Miller described Ficus maxima, citing Linneaus' Hortus Cliffortianus (1738) and Hans Sloane's Catalogus plantarum quæ in insula Jamaica (1696). Sloane's illustration of this plant[1] (published in his 1725 A voyage to the islands Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S. Christophers and Jamaica) depicted it with figs borne singly, a characteristic of the Ficus subgenus Pharmacosycea. A closer examination of Sloane's description led Cornelis Berg to conclude that the illustration depicted a member of the subgenus Urostigma, almost certainly F. aurea, and that the illustration of singly borne figs was probably artistic license. Berg located the plant collection upon which Sloane's illustration was based and concluded that Miller's F. maxima was, in fact, F. aurea.[5]
In their 1914 Flora of Jamaica, William Fawcett and Alfred Barton Rendle linked Sloane's illustration to the species that was then known as F. suffocans Griseb. (a member of the subgenus Pharmacosycea). Gordon DeWolf agreed with their conclusion and used the name F. maxima for that species in the 1960 Flora of Panama.[6] Since this use has become widespread, Berg proposed that the name Ficus maxima be conserved in the way DeWolf had used it with a new type (Krukoff's 1934 collection from Amazonas, Brazil).[5] This proposal was accepted by the nomenclatural committee.[7]
Reproduction
Figs have an obligate mutualism with fig wasp (Agaonidae); figs are only pollinated by fig wasps, and fig wasps can only reproduce in fig flowers. Generally, each fig species depends on a single species of wasp for pollination. The wasps are similarly dependent on their fig species in order to reproduce. Ficus maxima is pollinated by Tetrapus americanus.[3]
Uses
Ficus maxima is used by the Lacandon Maya to treat snakebite. Leaves are moistened by chewing and applied to the bite.[8]
Common names
Ficus maxima is known as amate in Mexico,[8] caxinguba in Brazil,[9], matapal in Trinidad and Tobago[10] and amäk wäm among the Lacandon Maya in Chiapas, Mexico[8]
References
- ^ "Ficus maxima Mill. Synonyms". Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2008-06-27.
- ^ a b Flora de Nicaragua database. Tropicos. Template:Es
- ^ a b Jousselin, Emmanuelle (2004). "Flower specialization in a passively pollinated monoecious fig: A question of style and stigma?" (PDF). International Journal of Plant Sciences. 165 (4): 587–593. doi:10.1086/386558.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|quotes=ignored (help) - ^ Frodin, David G. (2004). "History and concepts of big plant genera". Taxon. 53 (3): 753–776. doi:10.2307/4135449.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|month=(help); Unknown parameter|quotes=ignored (help) - ^ a b c Berg, Cornelis C. (2003). "(1587–1590) Proposals to conserve the names Ficus citrifolia against F. caribaea, F. maxima with a conserved type, F. aurea against F. ciliolosa, and F. americana against F. perforata (Moraceae)". Taxon. 52 (2): 368–370.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|quotes=ignored (help) - ^ DeWolf, Gordon P., Jr. 1960. Ficus (Tourn.) L. In Lorin I. Nevling, Jr., Flora of Panama. Part IV. Fascicle II. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 47 (2):81-203
- ^ Brummitt, R.K. (2005). "Report of the Committee for Spermatophyta: 56". Taxon. 54 (2): 527–536.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|quotes=ignored (help) - ^ a b c Kashanipour, Ryan Amir (2004). "Northern Lacandon Maya Medicinal Plant Use in the Communities of Lacanja Chan Sayab and Naha', Chiapas, Mexico" (PDF). Journal of Ecological Anthropology. 8: 47–66.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|quotes=ignored (help) - ^ Diaz M, Gaspar (1997). "Methoxyflavones from Ficus maxima". Phytochemistry. 45 (8): 1697–1699. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00729-7.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|quotes=ignored (help) - ^ Homer, Floyd (1998). "Forest species regeneration and management options in the Melajo Nature Reserve, Trinidad and Tobago". Environmental Conservation. 25: 53–64.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|quotes=ignored (help)
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