Principality of Arbanon: Difference between revisions
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|country = Albania |
|country = Albania |
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|era = Medieval |
|era = Medieval |
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|status = Autonomous Principality |
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|status = Principality<ref>Clements' encyclopedia of world governments, Volume 10 Author John Clements Publisher Political Research, inc., 1992 p. 31 "By 1190, Byzantium's power had so receded that the archon Progon succeeded in establishing the first Albanian state of the Middle Ages, a principality"</ref><ref>The history of Albania: a brief survey Author Kristo Frashëri Publisher s.n., 1964 p.42"The territories of this principality extended over the present- day districts of central Albania. Its capital was at Kruja. The first ruler of the Principality of Arberia was Archon Progon (1190-1198) about whose life and doings we know.."</ref> |
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|status_text = |
|status_text = Autonomous Principality |
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|empire = |
|empire = Byzantine Empire |
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|government_type = Principality |
|government_type = Principality |
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|year_start = 1190 |
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|year_end = 1255 |
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|s1 = Kingdom of Albania |
|s1 = Kingdom of Albania |
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|flag_s1 = Image-Blason Sicile Péninsulaire.svg |
|flag_s1 = Image-Blason Sicile Péninsulaire.svg |
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|image_s1 = <!--- Use: [[Image:Sin escudo.svg|20px|Image missing]] ---> |
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|image_flag = Flag of the Principality of Arber.JPG |
|image_flag = Flag of the Principality of Arber.JPG |
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|latd= |latm= |latNS= |longd= |longm= |longEW= |
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|national_motto = |
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|common_languages = Albanian |
|common_languages = Albanian |
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|religion = [[Eastern Orthodox]] |
|religion = [[Eastern Orthodox]] |
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|<!--- Titles and names of the first and last leaders and their deputies ---> |
|<!--- Titles and names of the first and last leaders and their deputies ---> |
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|leader1 = [[Progon]] |
|leader1 = [[Progon of Kruja|Progon]] (first) |
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|leader2 = [[ |
|leader2 = [[Golem of Kruja|Golem]] (last) |
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|year_leader1 = fl. 1190-1198 |
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|year_leader2 = fl. 1253-1255 |
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|title_leader = [[Prince]] (''[[archon]]''<ref>Ducellier 1981, p. 63</ref>) |
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|year_leader1 = 1190-1198 |
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|year_leader2 = 1253-1255 |
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|year_leader3 = |
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|title_leader = [[Prince]]<ref name="Ducellier1981">{{cite book|last=Ducellier|first=Alain|title=La façade maritime de l'Albanie au Moyen âge|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Nn5pAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=15 March 2012|year=1981|publisher=Ècole des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales|page=48}}</ref> |
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|representative1 = <!--- Name of representative of head of state (eg. colonial governor) ---> |
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|title_representative = <!--- Default: "Governor"---> |
|title_representative = <!--- Default: "Governor"---> |
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|deputy1 = <!--- Name of prime minister ---> |
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|title_deputy = <!--- Default: "Prime minister" ---> |
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|<!--- Legislature ---> |
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|legislature = <!--- Name of legislature ---> |
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|house1 = <!--- Name of first chamber ---> |
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|stat_year1 = <!--- year of the statistic, specify either area, population or both ---> |
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|stat_area1 = <!--- area in square kílometres (w/o commas or spaces), area in square miles is calculated ---> |
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|footnotes = <!--- Accepts wikilinks ---> |
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{{histalbania}} |
{{histalbania}} |
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The '''Principality of Arbër''' |
The '''Principality of Arbër''', also known as '''Arbanon''' or '''Arbëria''', was the first [[Albanian Principalities|Albanian state]] during the [[Middle Ages]]. The state was established by ''archon'' [[Progon of Kruja|Progon]] in the north of Albania, around Kruja, in ca 1190.<ref name=Frasheri42>Frashëri 1964, p. 42 ''"The territories of this principality extended over the present- day districts of central Albania. Its capital was at Kruja. The first ruler of the Principality of Arberia was Archon Progon (1190-1198) about whose life and doings we know.."''</ref> Progon, the founder, was suceeded by his sons Gjin and Dhimiter, the latter which attained the height of the realm. After the death of Dhimiter, the last of the [[Progon family]], the principality came under [[Gregory Kamonas]], and later [[Golem of Kruja|Golem]]. The Principality was dissolved on 1255. |
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==Status== |
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==Background and first notices== |
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According to some, Progon's realm was the first [[Albanian Principalities|Albanian state]] during the [[Middle Ages]].<ref name=Clements31>Clements 1992, p. 31 ''"By 1190, Byzantium's power had so receded that the archon Progon succeeded in establishing the first Albanian state of the Middle Ages, a principality"''</ref><ref name="PickardÇeliku2008">Pickard-Çeliku 2008, p. 16</ref><ref name="Norris1993">Norris 1993, p. 35</ref> |
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In the beginning the name ''[[Arbanon]]'' was applied to a region in the mountainous area to the west of Lake Ochrida and the upper valley of the river Shkumbin in 11th century AD.<ref>Studies in late Byzantine history and prosopography Volume 242 of Collected studies Variorum reprints ; CS242 Volume 242 of Variorum reprint Author Donald MacGillivray Nicol Edition illustrated Publisher Variorum Reprints, 1986ISBN 0860781909, 9780860781905 page. 160</ref>. There are very few sources about the creation of the principality with this name. In 1166 in a ceremony held in [[Kotor]], an Andrea ''prior Arbanensis'' is mentioned among the participants<ref>Acta et diplomata res Albaniae mediae aetatis illustrantia: Collegerunt et digesserunt dr Ludovicus de Thalóczy, dr Constantinus Jireček et dr Emilianus de Sufflay Acta et diplomata res Albaniae mediae aetatis illustrantia: Collegerunt et digesserunt dr Ludovicus de Thalóczy, dr Constantinus Jireček et dr Emilianus de Sufflay, Emil von Sufflay Volume 1 of Acta et diplomata res Albaniae mediae aetatis illustrantia, Lajos Thallóczy Editors Lajos Thallóczy, Konstantin Jireček, Emil von Sufflay Publisher typis A. Holzhausen, 1913 p.31</ref><ref>Anamali, Skënder and Prifti, Kristaq. Historia e popullit shqiptar në katër vëllime. Botimet Toena, 2002, ISBN 9992716223p.197</ref> accompanied by Lazarus ''Episcopis Arbanensis''.<ref>Acta et diplomata res Albaniae mediae aetatis illustrantia: Collegerunt et digesserunt dr Ludovicus de Thalóczy, dr Constantinus Jireček et dr Emilianus de Sufflay Acta et diplomata res Albaniae mediae aetatis illustrantia: Collegerunt et digesserunt dr Ludovicus de Thalóczy, dr Constantinus Jireček et dr Emilianus de Sufflay, Emil von Sufflay Volume 1 of Acta et diplomata res Albaniae mediae aetatis illustrantia, Lajos Thallóczy Editors Lajos Thallóczy, Konstantin Jireček, Emil von Sufflay Publisher typis A. Holzhausen, 1913 p.31</ref><ref>Anamali, Skënder and Prifti, Kristaq. Historia e popullit shqiptar në katër vëllime. Botimet Toena, 2002, ISBN 9992716223 p.215</ref> A year later in 1167, [[Pope Alexander III]], in a letter directed to Lazarus, congratulates him for returning his bishopric to Catholic faith and invites him to acknowledge the archbishop of [[Dubrovnik|Ragusa]] as his superior. After some resistance from local officials, the bishopric of Albania was put under the direct dependence of the Pope, as documented in a Papal letter dated in 1188 .<ref>Anamali, Skënder and Prifti, Kristaq. Historia e popullit shqiptar në katër vëllime. Botimet Toena, 2002, ISBN 9992716223 p.215</ref> We know very little about '''Progon''' who was the first [[Albanians|Albanian]] ruler of the [[Principality of Arbër]] in the 12th century. He gained the possessions of Kruja fortress and the lands surrounding it between 1190 and 1198 and had the title of ''archon'' (mentioned in the [[Gëziq inscription]]). After the castle of Kruja became his possession, Progon proclaimed himself a Prince in 1190. He was succeeded by his son [[Gjin Progoni|Gjin]] who later was succeeded by [[Dhimitër Progoni]]. <ref>Anamali, Skënder and Prifti, Kristaq. Historia e popullit shqiptar në katër vëllime. Botimet Toena, 2002, ISBN 9992716223 p.215</ref><ref>The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest Author John Van Antwerp Fine Edition reprint, illustrated Publisher University of Michigan Press, 1994 ISBN 0472082604, 9780472082605 p.31</ref> |
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Pipa and Repishti conclude that Arbanon was the first sketch of an "Albanian state", and that it retained semi-autonomous status as the western extremity of an empire (under [[Doukas of Epirus]] or [[Laskaris of Nicaea]]).<ref>Pipa-Repishti 1983, pp. 7-8</ref> The titles ''archon'' (held by Progon) and ''panhypersebastos'' (held by Dhimiter) is a sign of Byzantine dependance.<ref name=Abulafia780>Abulafia, p. 780</ref> The [[Gëziq inscription]] mention the Progon family as ''judices'', and notes their dependance on Vladin and [[Đorđe Nemanjić]], the princes of Zeta.<ref name=Abulafia780/> The rulers were connected to the Serbian [[Nemanjić dynasty]],<ref>Nicol 1986, p. 161</ref> through marriage and alliances. Elsie says that Albanians never had a genuine state of their own in the Middle Ages or during the centuries of the European Renaissance.<ref>Elsie 2003, [http://books.google.com/books?id=_sHmTRCEe7kC&pg=PP8 Introduction]: "...Albanians did not succeed in creating a genuine State of their own during the Middle Ages or during the centuries of the European Renaissance."</ref> |
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==Under Dhimitër== |
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Dhimitër Progoni was the third and the last [[Princes of Albania|Prince of]] [[Albania]] from the[[Progon Dynasty]], reigning between 1208 and 1216. He succeeded his brother [[Gjin Progoni|Gjin]] and brought the principality to its climax.<ref>Anamali, Skënder and Prifti, Kristaq. Historia e popullit shqiptar në katër vëllime. Botimet Toena, 2002, ISBN 9992716223 p.198</ref> Western sources of the time attribute him the titles ''judex'' ("judge") and ''princeps Arbanorum''("prince of the Albanians"),<ref>Fontes Fontes, Catholic Church. Pontificia Commissio Codici Iuris Canonici Orientalis Recognoscendo Author Catholic Church. Pontificia Commissio Codici Iuris Canonici Orientalis Recognoscendo Publisher Typis polyglottis Vaticanis, 1943 p. 338 </ref> while Byzantine records refer to him as ''megas archon'' ("grand [[archon]]".<ref>Zogo ve Atatürk Author Tayfun Atmaca Publisher Tayfun Atmaca, 2007 ISBN 975-94215-1-8, 9789759421519 p. 44</ref> Marrying Komnena, the daughter of the [[Serbia]]n Prince [[Stefan Nemanjic]] and granddaughter of the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] Emperor [[Alexios III Angelos]], he also earned the exalted Byzantine title''[[panhypersebastos]]''. |
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==History== |
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Dhimitër's marriage with Nemanjic's daughter did not rule out the risk of a Serbian expansion toward the Albanian domains. However, in 1204, the most serious threat came from the Venetian Duchy of Durrës, a Latin entity formed after the [[Fourth Crusade]] in the former territories of the Byzantine Empire. In search for allies, Dhimitër signed in 1209 a treaty with the Republic of Raguza and began negotiations with Pope [[Innocent III]] regarding his and his subjects’ conversion to [[Catholicism]]. |
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===Background and Early history=== |
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In the beginning the name ''[[Arbanon]]'' was applied to a region in the mountainous area to the west of [[Ohrid Lake]] and the upper valley of the river Shkumbin in 11th century AD.<ref>Nicol 1986, p. 160</ref> There are scarce sources about Arbanon. In 1166, ''prior Arbanensis'' Andrea and ''episcopis Arbanensis'' Lazarus participated in a ceremony held in [[Kotor]]<ref name=TJS31>Thalóczy-Jireček-Sufflay 1913, p. 31</ref><ref name=Kristaq197>Kristaq 2002, p. 197</ref> (then under the [[Serbian Grand Principality]]). A year later in 1167, [[Pope Alexander III]], in a letter directed to Lazarus, congratulates him for returning his bishopric to Catholic faith and invites him to acknowledge the archbishop of [[Dubrovnik|Ragusa]] as his superior. After some resistance from local officials, the bishopric of Arbanon was put under the direct dependence of the Pope, as documented in a Papal letter dated in 1188.<ref name=Kristaq215>Kristaq 2002, p. 215</ref> Little is known about ''archon'' '''Progon''' who was the first ruler of Kruja and its surroundings,<ref>Fine, p. 51</ref> between 1190 and 1198. The Kruja fortress stayed in the possession of the [[Progon family]], and Progon was succeeded by his sons [[Gjin Progoni|Gjin]], and later [[Dhimitër Progoni|Dhimitër]].<ref name=Kristaq215/> |
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===Reign of Dhimitër Progoni=== |
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==Succession== |
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Dhimitër Progoni was the third and last lord of the Progon family, reigning between 1208 and 1216. He succeeded his brother [[Gjin Progoni|Gjin]] and brought the principality to its climax.<ref>Kristaq 2002, p. 198</ref> Contemporary Western sources attribute the titles ''judex'' ("judge") and ''princeps Arbanorum'' ("prince of the Albanians") to him,<ref>Fontes 1943, p. 338</ref> while Byzantine records refer to him as ''megas archon'' ("grand lord").<ref>Atmaca 2007, p. 44</ref> In 1208, Dhimitër married [[Komnena Nemanjić]], the daughter of [[Serbian Grand Principality|Serbian Grand Prince]], later [[Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)|King]] [[Stefan Nemanjić]] (r. 1196-1228). A brief alliance was established between the two countries amidst conflicts with the [[Republic of Venice]]. Dhimitër’s marriage with Nemanja’s daughter did not rule out the risk of a Serbian expansion toward the Albanian domains. However, in 1204, the most serious threat came from the Venetian Duchy of [[Dyrrhachium]], a [[Latins#Middle Ages|Latin]] entity formed after the [[Fourth Crusade]] in the former territories of the Byzantine Empire. In search for allies, Dhimitër signed a treaty with the [[Republic of Ragusa]] in 1209 and began negotiations with [[Pope Innocent III]] regarding his and his subjects’ conversion to [[Catholicism]]. This is considered a tactful move, which Dhimitër undertook to establish ties with Western Europe against Venice. |
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Dhimitër had no son to succeed him. His wife, Komnena, married an Albanian noble, [[Grigor Kamona]], who became the ruler of principality.<ref>The history of Albania: a brief survey Author Kristo Frashëri Publisher s.n., 1964 p.43 ''After the death of Dhimiter in 1216, a native noble by the name of Grigor Kamona was elected as ruler of Arberia.''</ref> [[Grigor Kamona]] saw a decadence of the principality and was succeeded by his son-in-law, [[Gulam of Albania|Gulam]]. Under Gulam's rule, the principality ended. |
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===Reign of Komnena Nemanjić and Gregory Kamonas=== |
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==Princes== |
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After Dhimitër died in 1215, the power was left to Komnena,<ref>Nicol 1957, p. 48</ref> who soon married [[Greeks in Albania|Greek-Albanian]] [[Gregory Kamonas]], who took power of Kruja, strengthening relations with Serbia, which had been weakened after a Serbian assault on [[Scutari]].<ref>Abulafia, p. 156</ref> According to Frasheri, Kamonas was elected.<ref>Frasheri 1964, p. 43 ''After the death of Dhimiter in 1216, a native noble by the name of Grigor Kamona was elected as ruler of Arberia.''</ref>Komnena had a daughter with Kamonas that married [[Golem of Kruja|Golem]].<ref>[http://books.google.com/?id=J7pnAAAAMAAJ&q=gregorios+kamonas The Genealogist, Volumes 1-2]</ref> |
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===Progon Dynasty=== |
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*[[Progon of Kruja|Progon]] (1190–1198) |
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===Reign of Golem=== |
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Dhimitër had no son to succeed him. His wife, Komnena, remarried and had a daughter with Gregory Kamonas. The daughter married [[Golem of Kruja|Golem]], who was the lord of Kruja and Elbasan in ca 1254.<ref name=GEN>[http://books.google.com/books?id=J7pnAAAAMAAJ&q=gregorios+kamonas&dq=gregorios+kamonas The Genealogist], page 40: "''Golem'... Lord of Kruja and Elbasan circa 1254... married the daughter of Gregorios Kamonas''"</ref><ref>Nicol 1986, p. 161</ref> During the conflicts between [[Michael II Komnenos Doukas]] of [[Despotate of Epirus|Epirus]] and Emperor [[John III Doukas Vatatzes]], Golem and [[Theodore Petraliphas]], who were initially Michael's allies, defected to John III in 1252.<ref name=TH>[http://books.google.com/books?id=v_0LdWboHXwC&pg=PA73 George Akropolites: the history], page 73: "'' Goulamos defected to the Emperor''"</ref><ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=3zXFCs9EfEYC&pg=PA134</ref> He is last mentioned in the sources among other local leaders, in a meeting with [[George Akropolites]] in [[Durrës]] in 1256. |
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==Possessions== |
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The Kruja fortress, founded by the Byzantines, was the seat of Progon. Progon gained possession of the surroundings of the fortress which became hereditary. With the marriage of Komnena with Kamonas, Elbasan becomes the second important possession. Nderfandina is known as the most important center of this principality.{{cn}} For this was spoken clearly by the emblem of Arber found carved on a stone in the Catholic Church of Saint Maria.{{cn}} |
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==Rulers== |
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*[[Progon of Kruja|Progon]] (between 1190–1198) |
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*[[Gjin Progoni]] (1198–1208) |
*[[Gjin Progoni]] (1198–1208) |
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*[[Dhimitër Progoni]] (1208–1216) |
*[[Dhimitër Progoni]] (1208–1216) |
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*[[Gregory Kamonas]] (between 1216–1252) |
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*[[Golem of Kruja|Golem]] (fl. 1252–1255) |
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===Others=== |
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*[[Grigor Kamona]] (1216–1253?) |
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*[[Gulam of Albania|Gulam]] (1253?–1255) |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist|2}} |
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==Sources== |
==Sources== |
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{{refbegin|2}} |
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*''History of Albanian People''. Albanian Academy of Science. ISBN 99927-1-623-1 |
*''History of Albanian People''. Albanian Academy of Science. ISBN 99927-1-623-1 |
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*Kristo Frashëri (1964), The history of Albania: a brief survey. Publisher: s.n. |
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*John Clements (1992), Clements' encyclopedia of world governments, Volume 10, Publisher: Political Research, inc. |
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*Donald MacGillivray Nicol (1986), Studies in late Byzantine history and prosopography Volume 242 of Collected studies Variorum reprints ; CS242 Volume 242 of Variorum reprint. Illustrated edition. Variorum Reprints, ISBN 0860781909, 9780860781905 |
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*Donald MacGillivray Nicol (1957), The despotate of Epiros, Blackwell |
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*Thalóczy-Jireček-Sufflay (1913), Acta et diplomata res Albaniae mediae aetatis illustrantia: Collegerunt et digesserunt dr Ludovicus de Thalóczy, dr Constantinus Jireček et dr Emilianus de Sufflay, Volume 1, Editors: Lajos Thallóczy, Konstantin Jireček, Emil von Sufflay. Publisher: typis A. Holzhausen |
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*Anamali, Skënder and Prifti, Kristaq. Historia e popullit shqiptar në katër vëllime. Botimet Toena, 2002, ISBN 9992716223 |
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*The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest Author John Van Antwerp Fine Edition reprint, illustrated Publisher University of Michigan Press, 1994 ISBN 0472082604, 9780472082605 |
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*Fontes Fontes, Catholic Church. Pontificia Commissio Codici Iuris Canonici Orientalis Recognoscendo Author Catholic Church. Pontificia Commissio Codici Iuris Canonici Orientalis Recognoscendo Publisher Typis polyglottis Vaticanis, 1943 |
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*Zogo ve Atatürk Author Tayfun Atmaca Publisher Tayfun Atmaca, 2007 ISBN 975-94215-1-8, 9789759421519 |
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*David Abulafia, [http://books.google.com/books?id=bclfdU_2lesC&pg=PA786 The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 1198-c. 1300] |
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*{{Citation |last=Elsie |first=Robert |author=Robert Elsie |authorlink=Robert Elsie |title=Early Albania : a reader of historical texts, 11th-17th centuries |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_sHmTRCEe7kC&pg=PP8 |date=2003 |isbn=3447047836 9783447047838 |oclc=52911172}} |
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*{{Citation |last= Nixon |first=N.|author= Nixon N.,|title= Always already European: The figure of Skënderbeg in contemporary Albanian nationalism |url=http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a919640585~db=all~jumptype=rss |accessdate= May 3, 2011 |edition= |series= National Identities|volume=12, March 2010||publisher=Routledge|doi= 10.1080/14608940903542540}}. |
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*{{Citation |last=Schwandner-Sievers |first=Stephanie |author=Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers |coauthors= [[Bernd Jürgen Fischer]], Roderick Bailey, Isa Blumi, Nathalie Clayer, Ger Dujizings, Denisa Costovicova, Annie Lafontaine, [[Fatos Lubonja]], Nicola Mai, [[Noel Malcolm]], Piro Misha, Mariella Pandolfi, Gilles de Rapper, Fabian Schmidt, George Shopflin, Elias G. Skoulidas, Alex Standish and Galia Vatchinova |firstn=Bernd ,lastn=Jürgen Fischer, authorn=Bernd Jürgen Fischer |title=Albanian identities: myth and history |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=oRASDq3rc-YC |date= 2002|publisher= Indiana University Press |location= USA |isbn=0-253-34189-2}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Ducellier|first=Alain|title=La façade maritime de l'Albanie au Moyen âge|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Nn5pAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=15 March 2012|year=1981|publisher=Ècole des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales|page=48}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Norris|first=H. T.|title=Islam in the Balkans: religion and society between Europe and the Arab world|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RGmzir-ITtUC&pg=PA35|accessdate=15 March 2012|year=1993|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|isbn=9780872499775|page=35}} |
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*Arshi Pipa, Sami Repishti, Studies on Kosova, East European Monographs, 1984 |
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{{Albania topics}} |
{{Albania topics}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Arber, Principality of}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Arber, Principality of}} |
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[[Category:1255 disestablishments]] |
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[[Category:States and territories established in 1190]] |
[[Category:States and territories established in 1190]] |
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[[Category:1255 disestablishments]] |
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[[Category:Medieval Albania]] |
[[Category:Medieval Albania]] |
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[[Category:Byzantine Empire successor states in the Balkans]] |
[[Category:Byzantine Empire successor states in the Balkans]] |
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Revision as of 10:54, 15 March 2012
Principality of Arbër Principata e Arbërit | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1190–1255 | |||||||||
|
Flag of the Principality of Arber[citation needed] | |||||||||
 Principality of Arbër at its maximum extension | |||||||||
| Status | Autonomous Principality | ||||||||
| Capital | Kruja | ||||||||
| Common languages | Albanian | ||||||||
| Religion | Eastern Orthodox | ||||||||
| Regierung | Principality | ||||||||
| Prince (archon[1]) | |||||||||
• fl. 1190-1198 | Progon (first) | ||||||||
• fl. 1253-1255 | Golem (last) | ||||||||
| Historical era | Medieval | ||||||||
• Established | 1190 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1255 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| History of Albania |
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| Timeline |
The Principality of Arbër, also known as Arbanon or Arbëria, was the first Albanian state during the Middle Ages. The state was established by archon Progon in the north of Albania, around Kruja, in ca 1190.[2] Progon, the founder, was suceeded by his sons Gjin and Dhimiter, the latter which attained the height of the realm. After the death of Dhimiter, the last of the Progon family, the principality came under Gregory Kamonas, and later Golem. The Principality was dissolved on 1255.
Status
According to some, Progon's realm was the first Albanian state during the Middle Ages.[3][4][5]
Pipa and Repishti conclude that Arbanon was the first sketch of an "Albanian state", and that it retained semi-autonomous status as the western extremity of an empire (under Doukas of Epirus or Laskaris of Nicaea).[6] The titles archon (held by Progon) and panhypersebastos (held by Dhimiter) is a sign of Byzantine dependance.[7] The Gëziq inscription mention the Progon family as judices, and notes their dependance on Vladin and Đorđe Nemanjić, the princes of Zeta.[7] The rulers were connected to the Serbian Nemanjić dynasty,[8] through marriage and alliances. Elsie says that Albanians never had a genuine state of their own in the Middle Ages or during the centuries of the European Renaissance.[9]
History
Background and Early history
In the beginning the name Arbanon was applied to a region in the mountainous area to the west of Ohrid Lake and the upper valley of the river Shkumbin in 11th century AD.[10] There are scarce sources about Arbanon. In 1166, prior Arbanensis Andrea and episcopis Arbanensis Lazarus participated in a ceremony held in Kotor[11][12] (then under the Serbian Grand Principality). A year later in 1167, Pope Alexander III, in a letter directed to Lazarus, congratulates him for returning his bishopric to Catholic faith and invites him to acknowledge the archbishop of Ragusa as his superior. After some resistance from local officials, the bishopric of Arbanon was put under the direct dependence of the Pope, as documented in a Papal letter dated in 1188.[13] Little is known about archon Progon who was the first ruler of Kruja and its surroundings,[14] between 1190 and 1198. The Kruja fortress stayed in the possession of the Progon family, and Progon was succeeded by his sons Gjin, and later Dhimitër.[13]
Reign of Dhimitër Progoni
Dhimitër Progoni was the third and last lord of the Progon family, reigning between 1208 and 1216. He succeeded his brother Gjin and brought the principality to its climax.[15] Contemporary Western sources attribute the titles judex ("judge") and princeps Arbanorum ("prince of the Albanians") to him,[16] while Byzantine records refer to him as megas archon ("grand lord").[17] In 1208, Dhimitër married Komnena Nemanjić, the daughter of Serbian Grand Prince, later King Stefan Nemanjić (r. 1196-1228). A brief alliance was established between the two countries amidst conflicts with the Republic of Venice. Dhimitër’s marriage with Nemanja’s daughter did not rule out the risk of a Serbian expansion toward the Albanian domains. However, in 1204, the most serious threat came from the Venetian Duchy of Dyrrhachium, a Latin entity formed after the Fourth Crusade in the former territories of the Byzantine Empire. In search for allies, Dhimitër signed a treaty with the Republic of Ragusa in 1209 and began negotiations with Pope Innocent III regarding his and his subjects’ conversion to Catholicism. This is considered a tactful move, which Dhimitër undertook to establish ties with Western Europe against Venice.
Reign of Komnena Nemanjić and Gregory Kamonas
After Dhimitër died in 1215, the power was left to Komnena,[18] who soon married Greek-Albanian Gregory Kamonas, who took power of Kruja, strengthening relations with Serbia, which had been weakened after a Serbian assault on Scutari.[19] According to Frasheri, Kamonas was elected.[20]Komnena had a daughter with Kamonas that married Golem.[21]
Reign of Golem
Dhimitër had no son to succeed him. His wife, Komnena, remarried and had a daughter with Gregory Kamonas. The daughter married Golem, who was the lord of Kruja and Elbasan in ca 1254.[22][23] During the conflicts between Michael II Komnenos Doukas of Epirus and Emperor John III Doukas Vatatzes, Golem and Theodore Petraliphas, who were initially Michael's allies, defected to John III in 1252.[24][25] He is last mentioned in the sources among other local leaders, in a meeting with George Akropolites in Durrës in 1256.
Possessions
The Kruja fortress, founded by the Byzantines, was the seat of Progon. Progon gained possession of the surroundings of the fortress which became hereditary. With the marriage of Komnena with Kamonas, Elbasan becomes the second important possession. Nderfandina is known as the most important center of this principality.[citation needed] For this was spoken clearly by the emblem of Arber found carved on a stone in the Catholic Church of Saint Maria.[citation needed]
Rulers
- Progon (between 1190–1198)
- Gjin Progoni (1198–1208)
- Dhimitër Progoni (1208–1216)
- Gregory Kamonas (between 1216–1252)
- Golem (fl. 1252–1255)
See also
References
- ^ Ducellier 1981, p. 63
- ^ Frashëri 1964, p. 42 "The territories of this principality extended over the present- day districts of central Albania. Its capital was at Kruja. The first ruler of the Principality of Arberia was Archon Progon (1190-1198) about whose life and doings we know.."
- ^ Clements 1992, p. 31 "By 1190, Byzantium's power had so receded that the archon Progon succeeded in establishing the first Albanian state of the Middle Ages, a principality"
- ^ Pickard-Çeliku 2008, p. 16
- ^ Norris 1993, p. 35
- ^ Pipa-Repishti 1983, pp. 7-8
- ^ a b Abulafia, p. 780
- ^ Nicol 1986, p. 161
- ^ Elsie 2003, Introduction: "...Albanians did not succeed in creating a genuine State of their own during the Middle Ages or during the centuries of the European Renaissance."
- ^ Nicol 1986, p. 160
- ^ Thalóczy-Jireček-Sufflay 1913, p. 31
- ^ Kristaq 2002, p. 197
- ^ a b Kristaq 2002, p. 215
- ^ Fine, p. 51
- ^ Kristaq 2002, p. 198
- ^ Fontes 1943, p. 338
- ^ Atmaca 2007, p. 44
- ^ Nicol 1957, p. 48
- ^ Abulafia, p. 156
- ^ Frasheri 1964, p. 43 After the death of Dhimiter in 1216, a native noble by the name of Grigor Kamona was elected as ruler of Arberia.
- ^ The Genealogist, Volumes 1-2
- ^ The Genealogist, page 40: "Golem'... Lord of Kruja and Elbasan circa 1254... married the daughter of Gregorios Kamonas"
- ^ Nicol 1986, p. 161
- ^ George Akropolites: the history, page 73: " Goulamos defected to the Emperor"
- ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=3zXFCs9EfEYC&pg=PA134
Sources
- History of Albanian People. Albanian Academy of Science. ISBN 99927-1-623-1
- Kristo Frashëri (1964), The history of Albania: a brief survey. Publisher: s.n.
- John Clements (1992), Clements' encyclopedia of world governments, Volume 10, Publisher: Political Research, inc.
- Donald MacGillivray Nicol (1986), Studies in late Byzantine history and prosopography Volume 242 of Collected studies Variorum reprints ; CS242 Volume 242 of Variorum reprint. Illustrated edition. Variorum Reprints, ISBN 0860781909, 9780860781905
- Donald MacGillivray Nicol (1957), The despotate of Epiros, Blackwell
- Thalóczy-Jireček-Sufflay (1913), Acta et diplomata res Albaniae mediae aetatis illustrantia: Collegerunt et digesserunt dr Ludovicus de Thalóczy, dr Constantinus Jireček et dr Emilianus de Sufflay, Volume 1, Editors: Lajos Thallóczy, Konstantin Jireček, Emil von Sufflay. Publisher: typis A. Holzhausen
- Anamali, Skënder and Prifti, Kristaq. Historia e popullit shqiptar në katër vëllime. Botimet Toena, 2002, ISBN 9992716223
- The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest Author John Van Antwerp Fine Edition reprint, illustrated Publisher University of Michigan Press, 1994 ISBN 0472082604, 9780472082605
- Fontes Fontes, Catholic Church. Pontificia Commissio Codici Iuris Canonici Orientalis Recognoscendo Author Catholic Church. Pontificia Commissio Codici Iuris Canonici Orientalis Recognoscendo Publisher Typis polyglottis Vaticanis, 1943
- Zogo ve Atatürk Author Tayfun Atmaca Publisher Tayfun Atmaca, 2007 ISBN 975-94215-1-8, 9789759421519
- David Abulafia, The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 1198-c. 1300
- Elsie, Robert (2003), Early Albania : a reader of historical texts, 11th-17th centuries, ISBN 3447047836 9783447047838, OCLC 52911172
{{citation}}: Check|isbn=value: length (help); More than one of|author=and|last=specified (help) - Nixon, N., Always already European: The figure of Skënderbeg in contemporary Albanian nationalism, National Identities, vol. 12, March 2010, Routledge, doi:10.1080/14608940903542540, retrieved May 3, 2011
{{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help); More than one of|author=and|last=specified (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link). - Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie (2002), Albanian identities: myth and history, USA: Indiana University Press, ISBN 0-253-34189-2
{{citation}}: More than one of|author=and|last=specified (help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|firstn=ignored (help) - Ducellier, Alain (1981). La façade maritime de l'Albanie au Moyen âge. Ècole des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales. p. 48. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
- Norris, H. T. (1993). Islam in the Balkans: religion and society between Europe and the Arab world. University of South Carolina Press. p. 35. ISBN 9780872499775. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
- Arshi Pipa, Sami Repishti, Studies on Kosova, East European Monographs, 1984
