Djebelemur: Difference between revisions

Djebelemur; Temporal range: Late Early or Early Middle Eocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Primates
Suborder:	Strepsirrhini
Infraorder:	incertae sedis
Family:	Djebelemuridae
Genus:	Djebelemur; Hartenberger and Marandat, 1992
Species
	Djebelemur martinezi Hartenberger and Marandat, 1992;

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Djebelemur is an extinct genus of early strepsirrhine primate from the late early or early middle Eocene from the Chambi locality in Tunisia. Although they probably lacked a toothcomb, a specialized dental structure found in living lemuriforms (lemurs and lorisoidss), they are thought to be a related stem group. The one recognized species, Djebelemur martinezi, was very small, approximately 100 g (3.5 oz).

Djebelemur is one of two genera of djebelemurids, the other including 'Anchomomys' milleri, a fossil primate formerly thought to be related to other members of the genus Anchomomys, a group of Eocene European adapiform primates. Following its discovery and description in 1992, Djebelemur was thought to be either a relative of European adapiforms or an early simian, mostly due to the fragmentary nature of the lower jaw and two isolated upper molars that may not belong with the jaw. By 2006, it was viewed as a stem lemuriform.

Etymology

The name "Djebelemur" derives from the mountainous outcrops in which the first specimens were found, with djebel translating to "mountain" in Arabic. The species was named in honor of geologist C. Martinez, who was the guide and host for the field party that made the discovery.^[1]

Evolutionary history

The fragmentary remains of Djebelemur martinezi are morphologically similar to those of 'Anchomomys' milleri,^[a] a fossil primate originally described as a type of cercamoniines (early adapiform found in the northern continents).^[4] Despite significant differences in age, with D. martinezi dating to the late early or early middle Eocene (~52–46 million years ago)^[5]^[6] and ‘A.’ milleri dating to the late Eocene (36 million years ago),^[7] they form a clade^[8] and are both grouped under the family Djebelemuridae.^[9]

Both djebelemurids appear to be a primitive sister group to lemuriforms and the more closely related Plesiopithecus, all of which form an Afro-Arabian clade that excludes the adapids or notharctids from the northern continents.^[4]^[8] Both are considered stem lemuriforms because despite sharing a number of traits, it is suspected that they lacked a toothcomb, a dental feature unique to lemuriforms.^[2]

General phylogeny of strepsirrhines^[10]

Primates

Haplorhines

	Simians (monkeys, apes, & humans)

	Tarsiers

†Omomyids

Strepsirrhines

†Adapiforms

†Azibiids

†Djebelemurids

	†Plesiopithecus

	Lemuriforms (lemurs, lorises, and galagos)

Holarctic clade

Afro-Arabian
clade

An Afro-Arabian clade of early strepsirrhines is thought to have given rise modern lemurs, lorises, and galagos. Azibiid taxonomy is still disputed.

The confirmed presence of djebelemurids in Eocene Africa is important because proves that lemuriforms evolved their toothcomb in Africa and differentiated there.^[4] This Afro-Arabian clade of stem lemuriforms are thought to have arrived in Africa too early to have descended from the Holarctic adapiforms. All dental similarities between the Afro-Arabian clade and European anchomomyins may be due to convergent evolution because the traits appear in the early Eocene (Ypresian stage) in the relatively poor fossil record of Africa long before they appear in the fossil-rich deposits of Europe during the mid-Lutetian.^[8] This ancient stem lineage of lemuriform primates in Africa possibly descended from an early Asian branch of adapiforms^[11] such as a primitive branch of cercamoniines predating Donrussellia (one of the oldest European adapiforms).^[12]

Taxonomy

Djebelemur martinezi was first described in 1992 by Hartenberger and Marandat. The description was based on a lower jaw fragment and two isolated upper molars found in Tunisia at the Chambi locality, which dates to the late early or early middle Eocene.^[5]^[6] It was described as an adapiform, possibly related to the cercamoniine branch,^[4] while informally suggesting that it might merit its own subfamily, "Djebelemurinae".^[2] This interpretation was based on their support of the hypothesis favored by paleoanthropologist Philip D. Gingerich and others that simians (monkeys, apes, and humans) were descended from African adapids, which in turn were descended from the adapids of Europe.^[4]^[6] They based their assumptions of simian relations on the two isolated upper molars, which are now seen as being incompatible with the lower dentition on the jaw. The upper molars were highly bunodont (having cusps that are separate and rounded)—a trait seen in simians—whereas the lower molars were crested.^[6]^[13] No definitive upper teeth for Djebelemur are known, but could yield surprises if found.^[13]

In 1994, paleoanthropologist Marc Godinot described Djebelemur as an early simian, along with Algeripithecus,^[14] once considered a basal simian, but now considered to be a distant stem lemuriform (lemurs and lorisoids).^[15] Godinot saw similarities between Djebelemur and early simians, as well as cercamoniines,^[16] but also noted issues of premolar and molar compaction that set it apart from European adapiforms.^[4] In 1997, Hartenberger continued to favor adapiform affinities,^[16] while in 1998, Godinot considered affinities with lemuriforms ("crown strepsirrhines") while still favoring simian affinities,^[8] particularly with oligopithecids.^[6] By 2006, Godinot accepted Djebelemur as a stem lemuriform, admitting that he was misled by the lack of a toothcomb—a distinguishing dental feature of living lemuriform primates—despite other dental similarities. He also noted that the lower molars of lemuriforms and simians can be difficult to distinguish.^[6] As of 2010, Djebelemur is still considered a stem lemuriform in the family Djebelemuridae, although its infraorder is unnamed.^[9]

Anatomy and physiology

Djebelemur martinezi was a tiny primate, weighing approximately 100 g (3.5 oz).^[16] It was thought to lack a toothcomb since its canine teeth were only moderately reduced.^[17]

Notes

^ In 2006, Godinot noted that ‘Anchomomys’ milleri requires a new generic designation because it does not belong in the genus Anchomomys, which contains cercamoniine adapiforms found in Europe.^[2] Both djebelemurids share more characteristics—and therefore share a close phylogenetic relationship—with African lemuriforms than Eocene European cercamoniines.^[3]

References

^ Hartenberger & Marandat 1992, p. 10.
^ ^a ^b ^c Godinot 2006, p. 452.
^ Godinot 2006, p. 453.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Godinot 2010, p. 325.
^ ^a ^b Godinot 2010, p. 320.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Godinot 2006, p. 447.
^ Simons 1997, p. 180.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Seiffert et al. 2005, p. 11400.
^ ^a ^b Godinot 2010, p. 324.
^ Tabuce et al. 2009, pp. 4091–4092.
^ Godinot 2006, pp. 461–462.
^ Godinot 2006, pp. 454–455.
^ ^a ^b Godinot 2010, p. 326.
^ Godinot & Mahboubi 1994, p. 358.
^ Tabuce et al. 2009, p. 4087.
^ ^a ^b ^c Gebo 2002, p. 35.
^ Tabuce et al. 2009, p. 4092.

Literature cited

Gebo, D.L. (2002). "Chapter 4: Adapiformes: Phylogeny and adaptation". In Hartwig, W.C. (ed.). The Primate Fossil Record. Cambridge University Press. pp. 21–43. ISBN 0-521-66315-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Godinot, M.; Mahboubi, M. (1994). "Les petits primates simiiformes de Glib Zegdou (Eocène inférieur à moyen d'Algérie)". Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences. Série 2. Sciences de la terre et des planètes. (in French). 319 (3): 357–364. ISSN 1251-8050. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1159/000095391, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1159/000095391 instead.
Godinot, M. (2010). "Chapter 19: Paleogene Prosimians". In Werdelin, L.; Sanders, W.J (eds.). Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25721-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1007/BF02437474, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1007/BF02437474 instead.
Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1073/pnas.0505310102, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1073/pnas.0505310102 instead.
Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1073/pnas.94.1.180, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1073/pnas.94.1.180 instead.
Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1339, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1098/rspb.2009.1339 instead.

[4] In 2006, Godinot noted that ‘Anchomomys’ milleri requires a new generic designation because it does not belong in the genus Anchomomys, which contains cercamoniine adapiforms found in Europe.^[2] Both djebelemurids share more characteristics—and therefore share a close phylogenetic relationship—with African lemuriforms than Eocene European cercamoniines.^[3]

[FOOTNOTEHartenbergerMarandat199210-1] Hartenberger & Marandat 1992, p. 10.

[FOOTNOTEGodinot2006452-2] Godinot 2006, p. 452.

[FOOTNOTEGodinot2006453-3] Godinot 2006, p. 453.

[FOOTNOTEGodinot2010325-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Godinot 2010, p. 325.

[FOOTNOTEGodinot2010320-6] Godinot 2010, p. 320.

[FOOTNOTEGodinot2006447-7] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Godinot 2006, p. 447.

[FOOTNOTESimons1997180-8] Simons 1997, p. 180.

[FOOTNOTESeiffertSimonsRyanAttia200511400-9] Seiffert et al. 2005, p. 11400.

[FOOTNOTEGodinot2010324-10] Godinot 2010, p. 324.

[FOOTNOTETabuceMarivauxLebrunAdaci20094091–4092-11] Tabuce et al. 2009, pp. 4091–4092.

[FOOTNOTEGodinot2006461–462-12] Godinot 2006, pp. 461–462.

[FOOTNOTEGodinot2006454–455-13] Godinot 2006, pp. 454–455.

[FOOTNOTEGodinot2010326-14] Godinot 2010, p. 326.

[FOOTNOTEGodinotMahboubi1994358-15] Godinot & Mahboubi 1994, p. 358.

[FOOTNOTETabuceMarivauxLebrunAdaci20094087-16] Tabuce et al. 2009, p. 4087.

[FOOTNOTEGebo200235-17] Gebo 2002, p. 35.

[FOOTNOTETabuceMarivauxLebrunAdaci20094092-18] Tabuce et al. 2009, p. 4092.

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@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 }}
-'''Djebelemur''' is an extinct [[genus]] of early [[Strepsirrhini|strepsirrhine]] [[primate]] from the late early
+'''''Djebelemur''''' is an extinct [[genus]] of early [[Strepsirrhini|strepsirrhine]] [[primate]] from the late early
-or early middle [[Eocene]] from the Chambi locality in [[Tunisia]].  They are thought to be related to the living [[toothcomb]]ed primates, the [[lemur]]s and [[Lorisiformes|lorisiform]]s.  Only one species is recognized: '''''Djebelemur martinezi'''''.
+or early middle [[Eocene]] from the Chambi locality in [[Tunisia]].  Although they probably lacked a [[toothcomb]], a specialized dental structure found in living lemuriforms ([[lemur]]s and [[Lorisiformes|lorisoids]]s), they are thought to be a related [[stem group]].  The one recognized species, '''''Djebelemur martinezi''''', was very small, approximately {{convert|100|g|oz|abbr=on}}.
+''Djebelemur'' is one of two genera of djebelemurids, the other including ''[['Anchomomys' milleri]]'', a [[List of fossil primates|fossil primate]] formerly thought to be related to other members of the genus ''[[Anchomomys]]'', a group of Eocene European [[Adapiformes|adapiform]] primates.  Following its discovery and description in 1992, ''Djebelemur'' was thought to be either a relative of European adapiforms or an early [[simian]], mostly due to the fragmentary nature of the lower jaw and two isolated upper [[Molar (tooth)|molars]] that may not belong with the jaw.  By 2006, it was viewed as a stem lemuriform.
-== Evolutionary history and taxonomy ==
-''Djebelemur martinezi'' was first described in 1992 by Hartenberger and Marandat.  The description was based on a lower jaw fragment and two isolated upper [[Molar (tooth)|molars]] found in [[Tunisia]] at the Chambi locality, which dates to the late early or early middle [[Eocene]] (~52–46 million years ago).{{Sfn|Godinot|2010|p=320}}{{Sfn|Godinot|2006|p=447}}  It was described as an [[Adapidae|adapid]], possibly related to the [[Cercamoniinae|cercamoniine]] branch,{{Sfn|Godinot|2010|p=325}} while informally suggesting that it might merit its own subfamily, "Djebelemurinae".{{Sfn|Godinot|2006|p=452}}  This interpretation was based on their support of the hypothesis favored by paleoanthropologist [[Philip D. Gingerich]] and others that [[simian]]s (monkeys, apes, and humans) were descended from African adapids, which in turn were descended from the adapids of Europe.{{Sfn|Godinot|2010|p=325}}{{Sfn|Godinot|2006|p=447}}  They based their assumptions of simian relations on the two isolated upper molars, which are now seen as being incompatible with the lower dentition on the jaw.  The upper molars were highly bunodont (having cusps that are separate and rounded)—a trait seen in simians—whereas the lower molars were crested.{{Sfn|Godinot|2006|p=447}}{{Sfn|Godinot|2010|p=326}}  No definitive upper teeth for ''Djebelemur'' are known, but could yield surprises if found.{{Sfn|Godinot|2010|p=326}}
+== Etymology ==
-In 1994, paleoanthropologist [[Marc Godinot]] described ''Djebelemur'' as an early simian, along with ''[[Algeripithecus]]'',{{Sfn|Godinot|Mahboubi|1994|p=358}} once considered a [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] simian, but now considered to be a distant stem lemuriform ([[lemur]]s and [[Lorisiformes|lorisoids]]).{{Sfn|Tabuce|Marivaux|Lebrun|Adaci|2009|p=4087}}  Godinot saw similarities between ''Djebelemur'' and early simians, as well as cercamoniines,{{Sfn|Gebo|2002|p=35}} but also noted issues of [[premolar]] and molar compaction that set it apart from European [[Adapiformes|adapiforms]].{{Sfn|Godinot|2010|p=325}}  In 1997, Hartenberger continued to favor adapiform affinities,{{Sfn|Gebo|2002|p=35}} while in 1998, Godinot considered affinities with [[Crown group|crown]] strepsirrhines while still favoring simian affinities,{{Sfn|Seiffert|Simons|Ryan|Attia|2005|p=11400}} particularly with [[Oligopithecidae|oligopithecids]].{{Sfn|Godinot|2006|p=447}}  By 2006, Godinot accepted ''Djebelemur'' as a stem lemuriform, admitting that he was misled by the lack of a [[toothcomb]]—a distinguishing dental feature of living lemuriform primates—despite other dental similarities.  He also noted that the lower molars of lemuriforms and simians can be difficult to distinguish.{{Sfn|Godinot|2006|p=447}}  As of 2010, ''Djebelemur'' is still considered a stem lemuriform in the family [[Djebelemuridae]], although its infraorder is unnamed.{{Sfn|Godinot|2010|p=324}}
+The name "''Djebelemur''" derives from the mountainous outcrops in which the first specimens were found, with ''djebel'' translating to "mountain" in [[Arabic language|Arabic]].  The species was named in honor of [[Geology|geologist]] C. Martinez, who was the guide and host for the field party that made the discovery.{{Sfn|Hartenberger|Marandat|1992|p=10}}
+== Evolutionary history ==
+The fragmentary remains of ''Djebelemur martinezi'' are morphologically similar to those of ''[['Anchomomys' milleri]]'',{{efn|In 2006, Godinot noted that ''‘Anchomomys’ milleri'' requires a new generic designation because it does not belong in the genus ''[[Anchomomys]]'', which contains cercamoniine adapiforms found in Europe.{{Sfn|Godinot|2006|p=452}}  Both djebelemurids share more characteristics—and therefore share a close phylogenetic relationship—with African lemuriforms than Eocene European cercamoniines.{{Sfn|Godinot|2006|p=453}}}} a fossil primate originally described as a type of [[Cercamoniinae|cercamoniines]] (early [[Adapiformes|adapiform]] found in the northern continents).{{Sfn|Godinot|2010|p=325}}  Despite significant differences in age, with ''D. martinezi'' dating to the late early or early middle [[Eocene]] (~52–46 million years ago){{Sfn|Godinot|2010|p=320}}{{Sfn|Godinot|2006|p=447}} and ''‘A.’ milleri'' dating to the late Eocene (36 million years ago),{{Sfn|Simons|1997|p=180}} they form a [[Cladistics|clade]]{{Sfn|Seiffert|Simons|Ryan|Attia|2005|p=11400}} and are both grouped under the family [[Djebelemuridae]].{{Sfn|Godinot|2010|p=324}}
+Both djebelemurids appear to be a primitive [[sister group]] to lemuriforms and the more closely related ''[[Plesiopithecus]]'', all of which form an Afro-Arabian clade that excludes the [[Adapidae|adapids]] or [[Notharctidae|notharctids]] from the northern continents.{{Sfn|Godinot|2010|p=325}}{{Sfn|Seiffert|Simons|Ryan|Attia|2005|p=11400}}  Both are considered stem lemuriforms because despite sharing a number of traits, it is suspected that they lacked a [[toothcomb]], a dental feature unique to lemuriforms.{{Sfn|Godinot|2006|p=452}}
 {{cladogram|title=General phylogeny of strepsirrhines{{Sfn|Tabuce|Marivaux|Lebrun|Adaci|2009|pp=4091–4092}}
@@ Line 29: / Line 34: @@
 |style=font-size:85%|align=center|labelwidth=6.5
 |size=8
-|at1=6|label1=Afro-Arabian<br>clade|bar1=green
+|at1=4|label1=Holarctic clade|bar1=darkred
+|at2=6|label2=Afro-Arabian<br>clade|bar2=green
 |cladogram={{Clade|style=font-size:100%; line-height:90%; width:45em;
 |label1=[[Primates]]
@@ Line 45: / Line 51: @@
    |label2= [[Strepsirrhini|Strepsirrhines]]
    |2={{Cladex
-      |1=†[[Adapiformes|Adapiforms]] (Holarctic adapiforms)
+      |1=†[[Adapiformes|Adapiforms]]|barbegin1=darkred|barend1=darkred
       |2={{Cladex
          |1=†[[Azibiidae|Azibiids]]|barbegin1=green
@@ Line 52: / Line 58: @@
             |2={{Cladex
                |1=†''[[Plesiopithecus]]''|bar1=green
-               |2=Crown strepsirrhines (lemurs, lorises, and galagos)|barend2=green
+               |2=Lemuriforms (lemurs, lorises, and galagos)|barend2=green
                }}
             }}
@@ Line 61: / Line 67: @@
 }}
 }}
+The confirmed presence of djebelemurids in Eocene Africa is important because proves that lemuriforms evolved their toothcomb in Africa and differentiated there.{{Sfn|Godinot|2010|p=325}}  This Afro-Arabian clade of stem lemuriforms are thought to have arrived in Africa too early to have descended from the Holarctic adapiforms.  All dental similarities between the Afro-Arabian clade and European anchomomyins may be due to [[convergent evolution]] because the traits appear in the early Eocene ([[Ypresian]] stage) in the relatively poor fossil record of Africa long before they appear in the fossil-rich deposits of Europe during the mid-[[Lutetian]].{{Sfn|Seiffert|Simons|Ryan|Attia|2005|p=11400}}  This ancient [[Stem group|stem]] lineage of lemuriform primates in Africa possibly descended from an early Asian branch of adapiforms{{Sfn|Godinot|2006|pp=461–462}} such as a primitive branch of [[Cercamoniinae|cercamoniines]] predating ''[[Donrussellia]]'' (one of the oldest European adapiforms).{{Sfn|Godinot|2006|pp=454–455}}
+=== Taxonomy ===
+''Djebelemur martinezi'' was first described in 1992 by Hartenberger and Marandat.  The description was based on a lower jaw fragment and two isolated upper [[Molar (tooth)|molars]] found in [[Tunisia]] at the Chambi locality, which dates to the late early or early middle Eocene.{{Sfn|Godinot|2010|p=320}}{{Sfn|Godinot|2006|p=447}}  It was described as an adapiform, possibly related to the cercamoniine branch,{{Sfn|Godinot|2010|p=325}} while informally suggesting that it might merit its own subfamily, "Djebelemurinae".{{Sfn|Godinot|2006|p=452}}  This interpretation was based on their support of the hypothesis favored by paleoanthropologist [[Philip D. Gingerich]] and others that [[simian]]s (monkeys, apes, and humans) were descended from African adapids, which in turn were descended from the adapids of Europe.{{Sfn|Godinot|2010|p=325}}{{Sfn|Godinot|2006|p=447}}  They based their assumptions of simian relations on the two isolated upper molars, which are now seen as being incompatible with the lower dentition on the jaw.  The upper molars were highly bunodont (having cusps that are separate and rounded)—a trait seen in simians—whereas the lower molars were crested.{{Sfn|Godinot|2006|p=447}}{{Sfn|Godinot|2010|p=326}}  No definitive upper teeth for ''Djebelemur'' are known, but could yield surprises if found.{{Sfn|Godinot|2010|p=326}}
+In 1994, paleoanthropologist [[Marc Godinot]] described ''Djebelemur'' as an early simian, along with ''[[Algeripithecus]]'',{{Sfn|Godinot|Mahboubi|1994|p=358}} once considered a [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] simian, but now considered to be a distant stem lemuriform ([[lemur]]s and [[Lorisiformes|lorisoids]]).{{Sfn|Tabuce|Marivaux|Lebrun|Adaci|2009|p=4087}}  Godinot saw similarities between ''Djebelemur'' and early simians, as well as cercamoniines,{{Sfn|Gebo|2002|p=35}} but also noted issues of [[premolar]] and molar compaction that set it apart from European [[Adapiformes|adapiforms]].{{Sfn|Godinot|2010|p=325}}  In 1997, Hartenberger continued to favor adapiform affinities,{{Sfn|Gebo|2002|p=35}} while in 1998, Godinot considered affinities with lemuriforms ("[[Crown group|crown]] strepsirrhines") while still favoring simian affinities,{{Sfn|Seiffert|Simons|Ryan|Attia|2005|p=11400}} particularly with [[Oligopithecidae|oligopithecids]].{{Sfn|Godinot|2006|p=447}}  By 2006, Godinot accepted ''Djebelemur'' as a stem lemuriform, admitting that he was misled by the lack of a [[toothcomb]]—a distinguishing dental feature of living lemuriform primates—despite other dental similarities.  He also noted that the lower molars of lemuriforms and simians can be difficult to distinguish.{{Sfn|Godinot|2006|p=447}}  As of 2010, ''Djebelemur'' is still considered a stem lemuriform in the family [[Djebelemuridae]], although its infraorder is unnamed.{{Sfn|Godinot|2010|p=324}}
 ==Anatomy and physiology==
-''Djebelemur martinezi'' was a tiny primate, weighing approximately {{convert|100|g|oz|abbr=on}}.{{Sfn|Gebo|2002|p=35}}
+''Djebelemur martinezi'' was a tiny primate, weighing approximately {{convert|100|g|oz|abbr=on}}.{{Sfn|Gebo|2002|p=35}}  It was thought to lack a toothcomb since its [[Canine tooth|canine teeth]] were only moderately reduced.{{Sfn|Tabuce|Marivaux|Lebrun|Adaci|2009|p=4092}}
+== Notes ==
+{{notes}}
 == References ==
@@ Line 87: / Line 102: @@
 * <!-- {{Sfn|Godinot|2006}} -->{{cite doi|10.1159/000095391}}
 * <!-- {{Sfn|Godinot|2010}} -->{{cite book | editor1-last = Werdelin | editor1-first = L. | editor2-last = Sanders | editor2-first = W.J | title = Cenozoic Mammals of Africa | publisher = University of California Press | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-0-520-25721-4 | contribution = Chapter 19: Paleogene Prosimians | last1 = Godinot | first1 = M. | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- {{Sfn|Hartenberger|Marandat|1992}} -->{{cite doi|10.1007/BF02437474}}
 * <!-- {{Sfn|Seiffert|Simons|Ryan|Attia|2005}} -->{{cite doi|10.1073/pnas.0505310102}}
+* <!-- {{Sfn|Simons|1997}} -->{{cite doi|10.1073/pnas.94.1.180}}
 * <!-- {{Sfn|Tabuce|Marivaux|Lebrun|Adaci|2009}} -->{{cite doi|10.1098/rspb.2009.1339}}
 {{refend}}