Mass transit in New York City: Difference between revisions
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#REDIRECT [[Transportation in New York City]] |
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[[file:Grand Central Terminal Inside New York City Long.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Inside [[Grand Central Terminal]], the second busiest rail station in the United States behind [[Pennsylvania Station (New York City)|Pennsylvania Station]], also in New York City.]] |
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[[New York City]]'s [[public transport]]ation network is the most extensive in North America. About one in every three users of mass transit in the [[United States]] and two-thirds of the nation's rail riders are residents of New York City, or its suburbs. Data from the 2000 [[U.S. Census]] reveals that New York is the only locality in the United States where more than half of all households do not own a car (the figure is even higher in [[Manhattan]], over 75 percent). While nearly 90 percent of Americans drive to their jobs, mass transit is the primary form of travel for New Yorkers.<ref>{{cite web|first=Margy|last=Waller|title=Auto-Mobility: Subsidizing America's Commute?|url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2005/10/transportation-waller|date=2005-10-01|accessdate=2013-11-26}}</ref> New York's uniquely high rate of public transit makes it one of the most energy efficient cities in the country. |
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==Ridership== |
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[[File:Times Square – 42nd Street NYC Subway Station entrance at night.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Entrance to the [[Times Square – 42nd Street (New York City Subway)|Times Square – 42nd Street]] station on 42nd Street]] |
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The [[Metropolitan Transportation Authority (New York)|Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] (MTA) operates most of New York City's transit systems. Using census data, the MTA reported in August 2006 that ridership on its buses, subways and commuter trains in recent years has grown faster than population growth, indicating that more New Yorkers are choosing to use mass transit, despite the poor service of some areas in New York City by mass transit.<ref>http://web.mta.info/mta/planning/sbs/docs/intro_to_brt_phase2.pdf</ref> The MTA attributed the ridership gains to the introduction of the [[MetroCard (New York City)|MetroCard]] in 1993, and the replacement of more than 2,800 rolling stock since 2000. |
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From 1995 to 2005, the authority said, ridership on city buses and subways grew by 36%, compared with a population gain in the city of 7%. In the suburbs, it said, a 14% increase in ridership on Metro-North and the Long Island Rail Road outpaced a suburban population gain of 6%.<ref>{{cite news |title=M.T.A. Ridership Grows Faster Than Population |first=Thomas J. |last=Lueck |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/24/nyregion/24mbrfs-005.html |newspaper=New York Times |date=2006-08-24 |accessdate=2010-02-24}}</ref> With dramatic [[Effects of 2000s energy crisis|increases in fuel prices]] in 2008, as well as increased [[Tourism in New York City|tourism]] and residential growth, ridership on buses and subways grew 3.1% up to about 2.37 billion trips a year compared to 2007. This is the highest ridership since 1965.<ref>{{cite news |title=Subway and Bus Ridership Sets Record |first=Sewell |last=Chan |url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/02/20/subways-and-buses-reach-new-ridership-record/ |newspaper=New York Times |date=2009-02-20 |accessdate=2010-02-24}}</ref> |
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In 2013, ridership on the New York City Subway was 1.7 billion,<ref name="mta facts">http://www.mta.info/nyct/facts/ridership/</ref> the highest ridership since 1946, despite [[Hurricane Sandy]]-related subway closures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wnyc.org/story/285845-nyc-subway-ridership-at-62-year-high-despite-sandy-disruptions/|title=NYC Subway Ridership At 62 Year High, Despite Sandy Disruptions|work=WNYC|accessdate=2 March 2015}}</ref> Ridership in city buses was 803 million.<ref name="mta facts"/> |
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===Transit culture=== |
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[[Image:NYC subway riders with their newspapers.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Riders on the New York City Subway]] |
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Over 5 million people ride the transit network each weekday, and the system is a major venue for commerce, entertainment and political activism. Much of the city relies on the subway as its main source of transportation and New York City is home to two of only five 24-hour subway systems in the United States. Campaigning at subway stations is a staple of New York elections akin to candidate appearances at small town diners during presidential campaigns in the rest of the country. Each week, more than 100 musicians and ensembles – ranging in genre from [[European classical music|classical]] to Cajun, [[Bluegrass music|bluegrass]], [[Music of Africa|African]], [[South American]] and [[jazz]] – give over 150 performances sanctioned by New York City Transit at 25 locations throughout the subway system, many under the [[Music Under New York]] program.<ref>http://web.mta.info/mta/aft/munyfacts1.htm</ref> There are many more who are unauthorized performers, called [[buskers]], ranging from professionals putting on an impromptu show to panhandlers seeking donations by way of a song. |
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One outcome of the city's extensive mass transit use is a robust local newspaper industry. The readership of many New York dailies consists in large part by transit riders who read during their commutes. The three-day transit strike in December 2005 briefly depressed circulation figures, underscoring the relationship between the city's commuting culture and newspaper readership.<ref>{{cite news |title=Since Riders Had No Subways, Commuter Papers Struggled, Too |first=Sara |last=Ivry |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/26/business/media/26commute.html |newspaper=New York Times |date=2005-12-26 |accessdate=2010-02-24}}</ref> |
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The subways of New York have been venues for beauty pageants and guerrilla theater. The MTA's annual [[Miss Subways]] contest ran from 1941 to 1976 and again in 2004 (under the revised name "Ms. Subways"). |
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The subways and commuter rail systems also have some artworks in their stations, commissioned under the [[MTA Arts & Design]] umbrella. |
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==Fare collection== |
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[[File:nycsubtick.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Commuters purchasing the [[MetroCard]].]] |
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The [[Metropolitan Transportation Authority (New York)|MTA]]-operated New York City subway and bus systems formerly used [[Token coin|tokens]] or coins for fare collection. The use of tokens on these systems was discontinued in 2003. |
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The [[MetroCard (New York City)|MetroCard]] is the current payment method for MTA-operated subway and bus systems, as well as for several other transporation systems in the metropolitan area. It is a thin, plastic card on which the customer electronically loads [[fare]]s. Payment may be made at automated machines that accept money, credit cards, and debit cards. Variable pay schemes are available; cards with more pre-paid rides offer greater discounts. The MetroCard was introduced to enhance the technology of the transit system and eliminate the burden of carrying and collecting tokens. |
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In 2006, New York City's two main transportation systems, [[New York City Subway]] and [[Port Authority Trans-Hudson|PATH]], announced plans to introduce [[smart cards]] for paying fares. In February 2006, the [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]] unveiled a $73 million smart card system in the [[World Trade Center (PATH station)|World Trade Center PATH station]]. The PATH "[[SmartLink (smart card)|SmartLink]]" card contains an antenna attached to a computer chip, which can be read by turnstiles without requiring passengers to swipe cards, similar to the [[Transport for London|TfL]] [[Oyster card]]. The SmartLink card will eventually replace the magnetic-strip QuickCard accepted at PATH turnstiles. The MTA-owned subway and [[New York City Bus|bus]] [[MTA Bus|networks]] will eventually use this same technology. A consortium of New York metropolitan transit agencies, including the Port Authority and [[New Jersey Transit]], will test different versions and introduce a single standard. In the future, all New York City area transit systems will use the same "contactless" payment system, but this is not expected to be completed within the near future. |
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==Modes of transit== |
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===Major operators=== |
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====Metropolitan Transportation Authority==== |
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The [[Metropolitan Transportation Authority (New York)|Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] (MTA) is a New York State public benefit corporation tasked with providing mass transit in the New York City metropolitan area through its various subsidiary agencies. |
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* '''[[New York City Transit Authority|MTA New York City Transit]]''' provides extensive fixed-fare [[New York City Subway|subway]] and bus service (the latter controlled by Regional Bus below) throughout the five boroughs of New York City. The subway system is one of the largest in the world, with over {{convert|720|mi}} of track and {{NYCS const|number|total}} stations. The free (except at St. George and Tompkinsville) [[Staten Island Railway]], part of this system, provides north–south service along the entire length of [[Staten Island]]. |
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* '''[[MTA Regional Bus Operations]]''' provides bus service within New York City, utilizing two public brands: |
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** '''MTA New York City Bus''' for most transit service within New York City. |
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** '''MTA Bus Company''' for routes previously operated by private companies under contract to the [[New York City Department of Transportation]]. |
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* '''[[Long Island Rail Road|MTA Long Island Rail Road]]''' provides extensive commuter service to most of [[Long Island]], with destinations in Kings, Queens, Nassau, and [[Suffolk County, New York|Suffolk]] Counties via two trunk lines and six subsidiary branches. The LIRR operates to and from a single station in Manhattan (New York County), Pennsylvania Station. |
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* '''[[MTA Metro-North Railroad]]''' provides commuter service from [[The Bronx]], [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester County]], [[Putnam County, New York|Putnam County]], [[Dutchess County, New York|Dutchess County]] and southern [[Connecticut]] into [[Grand Central Terminal]]. Three main lines terminate in [[Poughkeepsie (city), New York|Poughkeepsie]], [[Wassaic, New York|Wassaic]], and [[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]]. The lattermost line has connecting branches to [[New Canaan, Connecticut|New Canaan]], [[Danbury, Connecticut|Danbury]] and [[Waterbury, Connecticut|Waterbury]] in [[Connecticut]]. In partnership with [[New Jersey Transit]], Metro-North Railroad also provides commuter services into [[Hoboken, New Jersey]] from [[Port Jervis, New York|Port Jervis]] and [[Spring Valley, New York|Spring Valley]]. |
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====Port Authority of New York and New Jersey==== |
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[[Image:Jersey-city-exchange-place-platform.jpg|thumb|left|250px|PATH train emerging from the [[Uptown Hudson Tubes|Hudson Tubes]] into [[Exchange Place (PATH station)|Exchange Place]] station.]] |
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The [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]] operates three rail systems, two of which are in New York City: |
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* '''[[Port Authority Trans-Hudson|PATH]]''', an electric railroad connecting Manhattan to [[New Jersey]] |
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* '''[[AirTrain JFK]]''', a rapid transit system connecting the terminals and parking areas at [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]] (JFK), [[Jamaica, Queens|Jamaica]], and [[Howard Beach, Queens]] |
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The Port Authority also owns and operates the three major airports in the New York City area and the [[Stewart International Airport]] about 55 miles north. Regional bus service to New Jersey, upstate New York, the Midwest, and Canada travels from the [[Port Authority Bus Terminal]] near [[Times Square]] and the smaller [[George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal]]. |
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====New Jersey Transit==== |
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{{main|New Jersey Transit}} |
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[[New Jersey Transit]] (NJ Transit) provides extensive [[commuter rail]] service from northern and central [[New Jersey]] to [[Pennsylvania Station (New York)|Pennsylvania Station]] in [[Manhattan]]. NJ Transit also has an extensive network of [[bus]] routes radiating in and out of the [[Port Authority Bus Terminal]] and [[George Washington Bridge Bus Station]]. In addition to buses and commuter trains, NJ Transit also operates three [[light rail]] systems in the state. |
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* The [[Northeast Corridor]] Line provides electric rail service between Pennsylvania Station in Manhattan and [[Trenton, New Jersey|Trenton]]. At Trenton, riders can connect to [[Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority|SEPTA]] and [[Amtrak]]. |
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* The [[North Jersey Coast Line]] provides electric rail service between Pennsylvania Station in Manhattan and [[Long Branch, New Jersey|Long Branch]]. Diesel service is provided between Long Branch and [[Bay Head, New Jersey|Bay Head]] or Hoboken and Bay Head. |
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* The [[Raritan Valley Line]] provides diesel rail service between [[High Bridge, New Jersey|High Bridge]], [[Raritan, New Jersey|Raritan]], and [[Pennsylvania Station (Newark)|Newark Penn Station]]. |
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* The [[Pascack Valley Line]] provides diesel rail service between [[Spring Valley, NY]] and [[Hoboken Terminal]]. |
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* The [[Bergen County Line]], [[Main Line (NJ Transit)|Main Line]] and [[Port Jervis Line]] provide diesel rail service between [[Port Jervis, NY]] and Hoboken. NJ Transit has a partnership with [[Metro North Railroad]] in which they provide the facilities necessary for stations within north of [[Suffern, New York]]. |
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* The [[Montclair-Boonton Line]] provides electric rail service between [[Montclair, New Jersey|Montclair]], and Pennsylvania Station, designated as [[Midtown Direct]]. It provides diesel service from [[Hackettstown, New Jersey|Hackettstown]], [[Dover, New Jersey|Dover]], Montclair, and Hoboken. |
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* The [[Morris and Essex Lines]] provide electric rail service between Dover or Gladstone and Penn Station, designated as [[Midtown Direct]]. |
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===Intercity rail=== |
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[[File:LIRR at NY Penn station.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Pennsylvania Station (New York City)|New York Penn Station]] platform]] |
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[[Amtrak]] provides long-distance passenger rail connections from [[Pennsylvania Station (New York City)|New York Penn Station]] to [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]], [[Washington, D.C.]], [[New England]], [[Upstate New York]], [[Montreal]], [[Toronto]], [[Florida]], [[Atlanta]], [[New Orleans]], [[Chicago]] and the [[Midwest]]. For trips of less than 500 miles, Amtrak is often cheaper and easier than air travel, and sometimes faster if travel to and from the airport and security check-in times are included. Amtrak's high-speed [[Acela Express|Acela]] service from New York to Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington uses tilting technology and fast electric locomotives. This route, known as the [[Northeast Corridor]], accounts for about half of Amtrak's ridership and covers its own operating, but not capital, costs. |
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===Other transit=== |
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Other transit in the city includes: |
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* The [[Roosevelt Island Tramway]], an aerial commuter [[tram]] connecting Manhattan to [[Roosevelt Island]]. Connecting "Red Bus" service is available on the Island. |
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* The [[Staten Island Ferry]], a free ferry operated by the [[New York City Department of Transportation]] connecting [[St. George, Staten Island|St. George]] and the [[Staten Island Railway]] in [[Staten Island]] to [[South Ferry, Manhattan|South Ferry]] in [[Manhattan]]. |
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* [[NY Waterway]], [[Liberty Water Taxi]], [[New York Water Taxi]], [[NY Waterway]], and [[SeaStreak]], are privately operated ferry systems with service to [[Hudson County]], [[Brooklyn]], [[Queens]], and the [[Raritan Bayshore]]. |
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* The [[Bee-Line Bus System]], connecting the Bronx and [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester County]]. |
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* [[Nassau Inter-County Express]], a bus system operated by [[Veolia Transportation]] that connects Queens and [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]]. Until 2012, it was operated by the MTA under the brand Long Island Bus. |
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* The Downtown Connection, a free shuttle bus service in [[Lower Manhattan]] operated by the [[Downtown Alliance]]. |
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* [[Coach USA]] and [[Atlantic Express (bus company)#Fixed route service|Atlantic Express]] privately operated commuter bus lines with service to New Jersey. Several private bus companies also operate shuttles to area airports. |
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* [[US Helicopter]], a private scheduled helicopter service operating from the [[Downtown Manhattan Heliport]] and the 34th Street Heliport to area airports and [[Connecticut]]. |
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* Private Transportation operates a bus route (labeled [[B110 (New York City bus)|B110]]) between [[Borough Park, Brooklyn|Borough Park]] and [[Williamsburg, Brooklyn|Williamsburg]] in [[Brooklyn]]. |
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* [[Dollar van]]s operate in the boroughs outside Manhattan and in New Jersey. |
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== Major transit terminals == |
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There are several major transit terminals in the New York metropolitan area. They include train stations, bus terminals, and ferry landings. |
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=== Train stations === |
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* [[Pennsylvania Station (New York City)|Pennsylvania Station]], which is served by [[Amtrak]], [[Long Island Rail Road]], [[New Jersey Transit]], and the [[New York City Subway]] |
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* [[Grand Central Terminal]], which is served by [[Metro-North Railroad]] and the New York City Subway |
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* [[Jamaica (LIRR station)|Jamaica Station]], which is served by Long Island Rail Road, New York City Subway, and [[AirTrain JFK]] |
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* [[Atlantic Terminal]], which is served by the New York City Subway and Long Island Rail Road |
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* [[Hoboken Terminal]], which is served by New Jersey Transit, Metro-North Railroad, [[Port Authority Trans-Hudson]], [[Hudson-Bergen Light Rail]], and [[NY Waterway]] |
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=== Bus terminals === |
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* [[Port Authority Bus Terminal]], served by commuter and intercity buses |
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* [[George Washington Bridge Bus Station]], also served by commuter and some intercity buses |
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* [[Chinatown, Manhattan|Chinatown]], including the corner of East Broadway and Forsyth Street, where several intercity [[Chinatown bus lines|Chinatown buses]] have a common terminus. |
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=== Ferry landings === |
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* [[East 34th Street Ferry Landing]], served by [[NY Waterway]] and [[SeaStreak]] |
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* [[South Street Seaport]], served by [[New York Water Taxi]] |
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* [[St. George Ferry Terminal]], served by the [[Staten Island Ferry]] |
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* [[Pier 11/Wall Street]], served by [[New York Water Taxi]], [[NY Waterway]], and [[SeaStreak]] |
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* [[West Midtown Ferry Terminal]], served [[NY Waterway]] |
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* [[Whitehall Street (Manhattan)|Whitehall]] Terminal ([[South Ferry (Manhattan)|South Ferry]]), served by the [[Staten Island Ferry]] |
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* [[Battery Park City Ferry Terminal]], near the [[World Financial Center]], served by [[NY Waterway]], [[Liberty Water Taxi]], [[New York Water Taxi]] |
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* [[Fulton Ferry (ferry)|Fulton Slip]] |
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* [[Red Hook, Brooklyn|Red Hook]] |
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==Expansion plans== |
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There are several proposals for expanding the New York City transit system that are in various stages of planning, initial funding, or completion: |
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*In January 2007, the Port Authority approved plans for the $78.5 million purchase of a lease of [[Stewart International Airport|Stewart Airport]] in Newburgh, New York as a 4th major airport for the area.<ref>{{cite press release |publisher=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |date=January 25, 2007 |title=Port Authority Authorizes Purchase of Operating Lease at Stewart International Airport |url=http://www.panynj.gov/press-room/press-item.cfm?headLine_id=835 |accessdate=2010-02-13}}</ref> |
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*[[World Trade Center (PATH station)|World Trade Center Transportation Hub]], whose construction began in late 2005, will replace the temporary [[Port Authority Trans-Hudson|PATH]] terminal that replaced the one destroyed in the [[September 11 attacks]]. This new central terminal, designed by [[Santiago Calatrava]], will allow easy transfer between the PATH system, several subway lines and proposed new projects. It is expected to serve 250,000 travelers daily when it opens on December 15, 2015. |
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*[[Fulton Center]], a $1.4 billion project in Lower Manhattan that will improve access to and connections between 11 subway routes, PATH service and the World Trade Center site. Construction began in 2005, and it opened on November 10, 2014. |
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*[[Moynihan Station]] would expand [[Pennsylvania Station (New York City)|Penn Station]] into the [[James Farley Post Office]] building across the street. The first phase has been fully funded. |
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*[[Second Avenue Subway]], a new north-south line, first proposed in 1929, would run from 125th Street in Harlem to Hanover Square in lower Manhattan. The first phase, from [[Lexington Avenue – 63rd Street (63rd Street Lines)|63rd Street]] to [[96th Street (IND Second Avenue Line)|96th Street]], is under construction, and is scheduled to be opened to passenger service on December 30, 2016. |
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*[[7 Subway Extension]] would extend the {{NYCS trains|Flushing}} west along 42nd Street from its current terminus at [[Times Square (IRT Flushing Line)|Times Square]], then south along 11th Avenue to the [[Jacob K. Javits Convention Center]]/[[Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project]] at [[34th Street (IRT Flushing Line)|34th Street]] station. Tunnel construction began in 2008, and operational service is scheduled for winter 2015 at the earliest. An incentive was provided to the MTA to open the extension by February 24, 2015. |
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*[[East Side Access]] project will route some Long Island Rail Road Trains to Grand Central Terminal instead of Penn Station. Since many, if not most, LIRR commuters work on the east side of Manhattan, many in walking distance of Grand Central, this project will save travel time and reduce congestion at Penn Station and on subway lines connecting it with the east side. It will also greatly expand the hourly capacity of the LIRR system. Completion is scheduled for 2023. |
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*The [[Lower Manhattan – Jamaica / JFK Transportation Project]] would extend the [[Atlantic Branch]], an existing Long Island Rail Road line from [[Jamaica (LIRR station)|Jamaica Station]], with a new {{convert|3|mi|km|adj=on}} tunnel under the East River from downtown Brooklyn to Manhattan. [[AirTrain JFK]]-compatible cars would run along the new route, connecting [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]] and Jamaica with [[Lower Manhattan]].<ref>{{cite press release |publisher=Lower Manhattan Development Corporation |date=2004-05-05 |title=Governor Pataki Announces Results of Joint Study on Lower Manhattan to Long Island and JFK Rail Link |url=http://www.renewnyc.com/News/DisplayStory.asp-id-114.asp |accessdate=2010-02-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rail Link to J.F.K. Airport Falls Short in the Financing |first=Ian |last=Urbina |first2=Sewell |last2=Chan |authorlink2=Sewell Chan |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/12/nyregion/12rail.html |newspaper=New York Times |date=2005-03-12 |accessdate=2010-02-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.mta.info/mta/planning/lmlink/feasibility.htm |title=Lower Manhattan-Jamaica/JFK Transportation Project - Project Feasibility |work=Metropolitan Transportation Authority |accessdate=2010-02-28}}</ref> This project is still just a proposal, although it has the support of former Mayor Michael Bloomberg.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.downtownexpress.com/de_182/downtownneedsa.html|title=Downtown needs a rail link to J.F.K. Airport|work=downtownexpress.com|accessdate=2 March 2015}}</ref> |
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*[[Gateway Project]] will add a second pair of railroad tracks under the [[Hudson River]], connecting an expanded Penn Station to [[NJ Transit]] and [[Amtrak]] lines. This project is a successor to a similar one called [[Access to the Region's Core]], which was canceled in October 2010 by New Jersey Governor [[Chris Christie]], citing the possibility of cost overruns and the state's lack of funds. Amtrak is now in charge of the project, which is currently under construction and slated to be completed by 2020.<ref>{{cite news|title=Amtrak rail project keeps right on rolling|url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/148218085_Amtrak_rail_project_keeps_right_on_rolling.html|accessdate=8 October 2013|newspaper=NorthJersey.com|date=20 April 2012|author=Karen Rouse}}</ref> |
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*Although New York City does not have [[light rail]], a few proposals exist: |
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** There are plans to convert [[42nd Street (Manhattan)|42nd Street]] into a light rail transit mall that would be closed to all vehicles except emergency vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|title=Home page|url=http://www.vision42.org/index.php|work=vision42|publisher=The Institute for Rational Urban Mobility, Inc|accessdate=8 October 2013|year=2000–2013}}</ref> The idea was previously planned in the early 1990s, and was approved by the City Council in 1994, but stalled due to lack of funds. It is opposed by the city government because it would compete with the [[7 Subway Extension]]/[[IRT Flushing Line]] ({{NYCS trains|Flushing}}).<ref>http://www.newsweek.com/2014/06/13/americas-invisible-trolley-system-253455.html</ref> |
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** [[Staten Island light rail]] proposals have found political support from [[Charles Schumer|Senator Charles Schumer]] and local political and business leaders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.silive.com/transportation/index.ssf/2008/07/reality_check_for_staten_islan.html|title=Reality check for Staten Island's rail plans|work=SILive.com|accessdate=2 March 2015}}</ref> Proposals for a Staten Island light rail system include possible connection to [[Hudson–Bergen Light Rail]] over the [[Bayonne Bridge]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Hack|first=Charles|title=Extending Light Rail across Bayonne Bridge to Staten Island is on minds of officials on both sides of Kill Van Kull|url=http://www.nj.com/news/jjournal/bayonne/index.ssf?/base/news-6/1294903561160540.xml|accessdate=5 October 2013|newspaper=The Jersey Journal|date=13 January 2011}}</ref> |
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** [[Brooklyn Historic Railway Association]] is also planning light rail in [[Red Hook, Brooklyn]].<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/21/arts/design/imagining-a-streetcar-line-along-the-waterfront.html?ref=nyregion&_r=1 Brooklyn to Queens, but not by Subway] By MICHAEL KIMMELMAN, NYTimes 2014 April 21 </ref> |
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*[[John F. Kennedy International Airport]] is undergoing a {{US$|10.3 billion|link=yes}} redevelopment, one of the largest airport reconstruction projects in the world. In recent years, Terminals 1,<ref>{{cite web |title=Aviation Projects|url=http://www.bodouva.com/aviation/|work=William Nicholas Bodouva and Associates|accessdate=June 13, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Terminal One Group website|url=http://www.jfkterminalone.com/home.html|work=Jfkterminalone.com|accessdate=June 2, 2012}}</ref> 4,<ref>{{cite web |title=John F. Kennedy Airport in New York Commences Terminal 4 Expansion Project|first=Peter|last=Cooper|url=http://www.worldinteriordesignnetwork.com/news/john_f_kennedy_airport_in_new_york_commences_terminal_4_expansion_project_101124/|work=WIDN News|date=November 24, 2010|accessdate=November 24, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Delta opens new JFK Terminal 4 hub|url=http://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/delta-opens-new-jfk-terminal-hub/article_e93d0f7f-7d95-542f-a76d-6fd5d7112017.html|publisher=Queens Chronicle|accessdate=31 May 2013}}</ref> 5,<ref>{{cite press release |title=New Hawaiian – JetBlue Partnership Brings Hawaii Closer to East Coast Cities|url=http://investor.jetblue.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=131045&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1651484&highlight=|publisher=[[JetBlue Airways]]|date=January 23, 2012|accessdate=July 7, 2012}}</ref> and 8<ref>{{cite press release |title=LAN Airlines Moves Into Terminal 8 at JFK With American Airlines|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lan-airlines-moves-into-terminal-8-at-jfk-with-american-airlines-138439869.html|publisher=[[American Airlines]]|date=January 31, 2012|accessdate=July 7, 2012}}</ref> have been reconstructed. |
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*As part of a long-term plan to manage New York City's environmental [[sustainability]], Mayor [[Michael Bloomberg]] released several proposals to increase mass transit usage and improve overall transportation infrastructure.<ref>[http://www.nyc.gov/html/planyc2030/html/plan/transportation.shtml PlaNYC 2030: Transportation initiatives]</ref> Apart from support of the above capital projects, these proposals include the implementation of [[bus rapid transit]], the reopening of closed LIRR and Metro-North stations, new ferry routes, better access for cyclists, pedestrians and intermodal transfers, and a [[Congestion pricing in New York City|congestion pricing zone]] for Manhattan south of [[86th Street (Manhattan)|86th Street]].<ref>{{cite press release | title = Interim Report for Public Comment | publisher = [[NYSDOT]] | date = 2008-01-10 | url = https://www.dot.ny.gov/programs/congestion_mitigation_commission/interim-report | accessdate =2008-02-02}}</ref> |
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== References == |
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{{reflist|30em}} |
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==External links== |
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*{{URL|1=http://www.mta.info|2=MTA official website}} |
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*{{URL|1=http://www.panynj.gov/|2=PANYNJ official website}} |
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*[http://www.columbia.edu/~brennan/subway/SubDia.pdf NYC area transit map] |
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*[http://www.rpa.org Regional Plan Association] |
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*[http://www.nymtc.org New York Metropolitan Transportation Council], an association of urban and suburban agencies |
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{{-}} |
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{{portalbar|New York City|Transport}} |
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{{New York City}} |
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{{NYC terminals}} |
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{{New York metro area rail}} |
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{{Port Authority Trans-Hudson}} |
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{{New Jersey Transit}} |
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{{MTA (New York)}} |
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{{Hudson County Transportation Network}} |
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[[Category:Transportation in New York City]] |
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[[Category:Public transportation in New York City| ]] |
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Latest revision as of 17:31, 8 June 2017
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