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Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent

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+#REDIRECT [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent]]
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-The '''Islamic invasion of India''' shows India being one of the many countries having a violent spread of Islam. Many Muslims in the Indian sub-continent & surrounding areas (Afghanistan; Iran) are Muslim today because there ancestors were turned to Islam usually by force, persecution, or by laws favoring Muslims. Examples of this are The invasions of [[Muhammad bin Qasim]] and [[Mahmud of Ghazni]]. Historian [[Will Durant]] wrote that the Mohammadan conquest of India was "probably the bloodiest story in history." (Will Durant: Our Oriental Heritage. New York, 1972.)
-The spread of Islam in India was the result of immediate mass conversions. It took several centuries to finally spread Islam in all portions of India. Most Indian muslims who converted to Islam belonged to the Hindu fold and some of their ancestors embraced Islam under duress, although some did willingly or under the influence of laws favoring Muslims . Besides these, there were also some converts who belonged to the ruling families of the different kingdoms of the region, many of whom were given little choice in the matter. Some of these rulers were hindus who actually belonged to the warrior castes of the Hindu society and were forcefully converted. The rulers of India also brought businessmen, traders, merchants and slaves from different parts of the world. Many of them married local Indians and converted them to Islam.
-Prof. K.S. Lal calculated in his book ''The Growth of Muslim Population in India'' that between the years 1000 AD and 1500 AD the population of Hindus decreased by 80 Million.
-== History ==
-=== Muhammad bin Qasim ===
-{{main|Muhammad bin Qasim}}
-The recorded history of Islam in connection with India begins in the 8th century, when the Arabs began invading north India and present day Pakistan, on the orders of [[Al-Hajjaj bin Yousef]], the governor of [[Iraq]]. Muhammad bin Qasim's armies defeated Raja Dahir at what is now [[Hyderabad]] in [[India]] and established Islamic rule.
-Qasim demolished many temples, shattered "idolatorous" artwork and killed many people in his battles. After the violence, he attempted to establish law and order in the newly-conquered territory through the imposition of Islamic Shariah laws. He also sought control through systematic persecution of Hindus. Qasim wrote an account of such experiences:
-:''O my cousin; I received your life inspiring letter. I was much pleased and overjoyed when it reached me. The events were recounted in an excellent and beautiful style, and I learnt that the ways and rules you follow are conformable to the Law. Except that you give protection to all, great and small alike, and make no difference between enemy and friend. God says, 'Give no quarter to Infidels, but cut their throats." "Then know that this is the command of the great God. You should not be too ready to grant protection, because it will prolong your work. After this, give no quarter to any enemy except to those who are of rank. This is a worthy resolve, and want of dignity will not be imputed to you. Peace be with you''. [http://www.infinityfoundation.com/ECITChachnamaframeset.htm]
-Culturally native populations of conquered territories under Qasim underwent a great deal of hardship and struggle for their refusal to convert to Islam. Heavy taxes known as [[Jizya]] were imposed upon the non-muslims, and the conversion of conquered populations occurred on a large scale.
-=== Mahmud of Ghazni ===
-{{main|Mahmud of Ghazni}}
-In the early [[11th century|eleventh century]] [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] launched seventeen invasions of the [[Hindu]] parts of India and set up several early forms of government. His armies destroyed Hindu temples in [[Varanasi]], [[Mathura]], [[Ujjain]], [[Maheshwar]], Jwalamukhi, and [[Dwarka]]. He had vowed to chastise idolaters every year of his life. He did not set up any permanent government in India, but he certainly left his legacy.
-=== Muhammed Ghuri===
-{{main|Muhammed Ghuri}}
-=== Alauddin Khilji ===
-{{main|Alauddin Khilji}}
-Other invasions from Central Asia followed his on a regular basis, such as that of [[Muhammad Khilji]], who burned [[Nalanda (university)|Nalanda]]'s a major [[Buddhist]] library. The rulers of these territories became known as the [[Mughals]] and their empire that covered a large portion of India is known as the [[Mughal Empire]].
-=== Timur ===
-{{main|Timur}}
-=== Babur ===
-{{main|Babur}}
-=== Ahmad Shah Abdali ===
-{{main|Ahmad Shah Abdali}}
-=== Shah Jahan ===
-{{main|Shah Jahan}}
-=== Aurangzeb ===
-{{main|Aurangzeb}}
-While some rulers were zealous in their spread of Islam, others were relatively liberal. A Moghul emperor, [[Akbar]], was one who was relatively liberal and established a new religion, Din E Elahi, which included beliefs from different religions. He abolished the jizya for some time. In contrast, [[Aurangazeb]] was more zealous and, generally, during his term non-muslims suffered. He reimposed the jizya, which his great grandfather Akbar had removed. It is a matter of historical record that under the rule of Aurangzeb that a large number of natives were put to death.
-== Iconoclasm ==
-=== Nalanda ===
-{{main|Nalanda}}
-=== Vijayanagara===
-{{main|Vijayanagara}}
-=== Somnath ===
-{{main|Somnath}}
-==Historical Views==
-In his book ''Histoire de l'Inde'' the French historian [[Alain Danielou]] writes:
-:''From the moment when the Muslims arrive in India, the history of India does not have any more great interest. It is long and monotonous series of murder, massacres, spoliations, destruction.''
-In his book ''[[The Story of Civilization]]'' the historian [[Will Durant]] said:
-:''The Mohammadan conquest of India is probably the bloodiest story in history. It is a discouraging tale, for its evident moral is that civilization is a precarious thing, whose delicate complex of order and liberty, culture and peace may at any time be overthrown by barbarians invading from without or multiplying within''.
-Hindu sage Padmanabha described  in his ''KanhaDade Prabandha'' in 1456 AD the story of the Islamic invasion of Gujarat of the year 1298 AD:
-:''The conquering army burnt villages, devastated the land, plundered people’s wealth, took [[Brahmin]]s and children and women of all classes captive, flogged with thongs of raw hide, carried a moving prison with it, and converted the prisoners into obsequious slaves.''
-Tarikh-i-Yamini of Utbi the sultan's secretary wrote in the 11th century:
-*''The blood of the infidels flowed so copiously at Thanesar that the stream was discoloured, notwithstanding its purity, and people were unable to drink it. The Sultan returned with plunder which is impossible to count.''
-==Cultural Influence==
-Islamic traditions blended with language, dress, cuisine, architecture, social customs and values of the natives to give rise to much of present day Indian culture. Numerous scientific and mathematical advances and the Indian [[Arabic numerals|mathematical numerals]] were spread to the rest of the world [http://radar.ngcsu.edu/~mgilbert/indiasyl.htm]. The languages brought by Islam were modified by contact with local languages leading to the creation of several new languages, such as  [[Urdu language|Urdu]], which uses the modified [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic script]], but with more Persian words. The influences of these languages exist in several dialects in India today. Islamic and Mughal architecture and art is widely noticeable in India, examples being the [[Taj Mahal]] and [[Qutub Minar]].
-== Literature ==
-*Al-Biladhuri: Kitãb Futûh Al-Buldãn, translated into English by F.C. Murgotte, New York, 1924.'' See [http://voi.org/books/htemples2/ch7.htm Goel's "Hindu Temples"] for a list of 80 Muslim historians writing on the invasions.''
-*Sita Ram Goel: Hindu Temples - What happened to them? 2 vols. ISBN 8185990492 [http://voi.org/books/htemples1 Vol.1]; [http://voi.org/books/htemples2/ Vol.2]
-*Sita Ram Goel:  The Story of Islamic Imperialism in India [http://voi.org/books/siii/]
-*Durant, Will, The Story of Civilization, Vol. I, Our Oriental Heritage, New York, 1972.
-*Elliot and Dowson, History of India as told by its own Historians, New Delhi reprint, 1990.
-*Koenraad Elst: Negationism in India - Concealing the record of Islam [http://koenraadelst.bharatvani.org/books/negaind/index.htm ], [http://koenraadelst.bharatvani.org/articles/irin/genocide.html]
-*François Gautier: Rewriting Indian History  [http://www.nalanda.nitc.ac.in/resources/english/etext-project/history/gautier/chapter4.html Chapter 4], [http://www.nalanda.nitc.ac.in/resources/english/etext-project/history/gautier/chapter5.html Chapter 5], [http://www.francoisgautier.com/Written%20Material/Rewriting%20Indian%20History.doc doc-format]
-*K.S. Lal: The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India [http://voi.org/books/tlmr/ ]
-*K.S. Lal: The Growth of Muslim Population in India, Voice of India, New Delhi
-*Majumdar, R. C. (ed.), The History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume VI, The Delhi Sultanate, Bombay, 1960; Volume VII, The Mughal Empire, Bombay, 1973.
-*Misra, Ram Gopal, Indian Resistance to Early Muslim Invaders upto AD 1206, Meerut City, 1983.
-*Shourie, Arun, Eminent Historians: Their Technology, Their Line, Their Fraud, New Delhi, 1998.
-==See Also==
-* [[History of India]]
-* [[Islam in India]]
-* [[Mughal era]]
-* [[Delhi Sultanate]]
-* [[Islamic empires in India]]
-* [[Decline of Buddhism in India]]
-==External links==
-*[http://www.boloji.com/history/002.htm History of Islam in India] By  Neria Harish Hebbar
-*[http://www.atributetohinduism.com/Islamic_Onslaught.htm Article on Islamic invasions]
-*[http://www.hindunet.org/hindu_history/modern/moghal_link.html Library of modern Hindu history - The Islamic Ages]
-*[http://www.kashmirherald.com/featuredarticle/hatredofhindus.html A Response to Muslim Legacy in India]
-*[http://www.indiansaga.info/history/arab_invasion.html History of India] Indian site.
-*[http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/Printable.asp?ID=4649 Islam's other victims: India by Serge Trifkovic]
-*[http://members.tripod.com/~INDIA_RESOURCE/sindh.html Islamization and the Arab conquest of India]
-*[http://www.geocities.com/hindoo_humanist/medieval.html Medieval Genocide of Hindus]
-*[http://www.americanthinker.com/articles.php?article_id=4616 The Legacy of Jihad in India]
-[[Category:History of India]]
-[[Category:Hindu history]]
-[[fr:Invasions musulmanes en Inde]]