Soomra dynasty: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox country |
{{Infobox country |
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|native_name = |
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|conventional_long_name = Soomra dynasty |
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|common_name = Sindh, Balochistan, Gujarat |
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|status = |
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|year_start = 1026 |
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|year_end = 1356 |
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|date_start = |
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|date_end = |
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|event_start = Soomra dynasty begins |
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|event_end = Soomra dynasty ends |
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|p1 = Habbari dynasty |
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|flag_p1 = |
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|p2 = |
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|flag_p2 = |
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|s1 = Samma dynasty |
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|flag_s1 = Sindh EU4.jpg |
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|s2 = |
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|flag_s2 = |
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|image_flag = |
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|image_map = |
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|image_map_caption = |
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|religion = [[Shia]] [[Ismaili]] [[Islam]] |
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|capital = Thari (in present-day [[Badin District]] in [[Sindh]]) |
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|common_languages = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] (native language)<br>[[Arabic language|Arabic]] (liturgical language) |
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|government_type = Monarchy |
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|title_leader = |
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|leader1 = Soomar (first) |
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|year_leader1 = 1026–1030 |
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|leader2 = Jam Unar |
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|year_leader2 = 1333–1351<br>1351–1355 in exile |
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{{History of Pakistan}} |
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The '''Soomra dynasty''' was a [[Sindh]]i dynasty based in modern [[Pakistan]], that ruled between early 11th century and late 1300s - initially as vassals of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] of [[Baghdad]].<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |url=http://www.uok.edu.pk/faculties/sindhi/docs/soomroEng.pdf |title=The Soomras of Sindh: their origin, main characteristics and rule – an overview (general survey) (1025 – 1351 AD) |first=Habibullah |last=Siddiqui |journal=Literary Conference on Soomra Period in Sindh}}</ref> The Soomra re-established native Sindhi rule over Sindh after a period of several centuries of Arab rule,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=soomra+dynasty&dq=soomra+dynasty&hl=en&ppis=_c&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwic0_SS9tXmAhUPuZ4KHT1vDUU4ChDoATAGegQIBxAC|title=International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics|date=2007|publisher=Department of Linguistics, University of Kerala.|language=en}}</ref> and extended their rule to [[Multan]] and [[Balochistan]]. |
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The '''Soomra dynasty''' were rulers from the [[Indian subcontinent]], based at [[Thatta]]. Their origins are variously claimed to be Arab, indigenous Sindhi people or from [[Rajput]]s. Beginning with the reign of Soomar, the dynasty ruled in the [[Sindh]] region of the Indian subcontinent (present-day Pakistan) from 1026 to 1356.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.uok.edu.pk/faculties/sindhi/docs/soomroEng.pdf |title=The Soomras of Sindh: their origin, main characteristics and rule – an overview (general survey) (1025 – 1351 AD) |first=Habibullah |last=Siddiqui |journal=Literary Conference on Soomra Period in Sindh}}</ref> |
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Sindhi culture experienced a revival during Soomra rule, while Arab language and traditions continued to deeply impact Sindh. Under their rule, Shia [[Isma'ilism|Ismailism]] and Sunni [[Sufism]] became widespread in Sindh and coexisted peacefully alongside one another.<ref name=":0" /> Despite their fall, Soomra culture and traditions continued to deeply impact Sindh for the next several centuries.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjsCfDDbZg8C&q=soomra+dynasty&dq=soomra+dynasty&hl=en&ppis=_c&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwic0_SS9tXmAhUPuZ4KHT1vDUU4ChDoATABegQIBBAC|title=The Herald|date=1992|publisher=Pakistan Herald Publications.|language=en}}</ref> |
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The Habbari dynasty became semi independent and was eliminated and Mansura was invaded by Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi. Sindh then became an easternmost State of the Abbasid Caliphate ruled by the Soomro Dynasty until the [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)]]. Mansura was the first capital of the Soomra dynasty and the last of the Habbari dynasty. |
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| ⚫ | The [[Soomro|Soomro tribe]] revolted against [[Mas'ud I of Ghazni|Masud]], ruler of the [[Ghaznavids]] because they were betrayed by their own wazir. They were superseded by the [[Samma dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |page=114}}</ref> Sindhi language prospered during this period. The Soomra dynasty ended when the last Soomra king was defeated by [[Alauddin Khalji]], the second king of the [[Khalji dynasty]] ruling from Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1312059|title=Pakistan: The lesser-known histories of an ancient land}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/diEHiKRTtaXp3Cjalpv3JJ/A-tale-of-two-legends-Padmavat-and-DodoChanesar.html|title=A tale of two legends: Padmavat and Dodo-Chanesar}}</ref> |
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==History == |
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In 711 CE, [[Muhammad bin Qasim|Muhammad Bin Qasim]] extended [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] rule to Sindh, making it the easternmost province of the Umayyad empire based in [[Damascus]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GtCL2OYsH6wC&pg=RA3-PA110&dq=soomra+dynasty&hl=en&ppis=_c&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiX2bWT8tXmAhXHvZ4KHaHWDcQQ6AEwA3oECAQQAg#v=onepage&q=soomra%20dynasty&f=false|title=Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia|last=Stanton|first=Andrea L.|date=2012|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-1-4129-8176-7|language=en}}</ref> Under Umayyad rule, the Arab [[Habbari dynasty]] was established as a vassal state of the Umayyads, before ruling semi independently between the 9th and 11th centuries from their capital at [[Mansura, Sindh|Mansura.]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4ZlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT194&dq=soomra+dynasty&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVisiK3dXmAhXTqp4KHXBzA9oQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=soomra%20dynasty&f=false|title=Sindhi Roots & Rituals - Part 1|last=DADUZEN|first=Dayal N. Harjani aka|date=2018-07-19|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-64249-289-7|language=en}}</ref> |
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The Umayyad Caliphate was overthrown by the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasids]] of [[Baghdad]] in 850,<ref name=":2" /> and the Habbari state continued to rule mostly independently, despite nominal recognition from the Abbasids.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NnhCAAAAYAAJ&q=soomra+dynasty&dq=soomra+dynasty&hl=en&ppis=_c&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwic0_SS9tXmAhUPuZ4KHT1vDUU4ChDoATAAegQIAxAC|title=Souvenir, Mansura Seminar: 12th Rabi-us-Sani, 1403 A.H./27th January, 1983 A.D.|last=Varyāh|first=ʻAbdullāh|date=1983|publisher=Sanghar Historical and Cultural Society|language=en}}</ref> The Arab Habbari state was then invaded in 1010 by Sultan [[Mahmud Ghaznavi]],<ref name=":3" /> who believed the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasids]] of to be the rightful caliphs and sought to extinguish any remnants of Umayyad influence in Sindh by sacking Mansura.<ref name=":0" /> |
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Ghaznavi was unable to hold Sindh following his sacking of Mansura.<ref name=":0" /> In place of him, the local [[Soomra (tribe)|Soomro tribe]] established the Soomra Dynasty, and began to govern Sindh as a vassal state of the Abbasid Caliphate.<ref name=":2" /> Soomro historians regarded their first sultan to be [[Khafif]], although modern research suggests that Khafif was the last Habbari sultan, rather than the first Soomra sultan.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVs8AAAAMAAJ&q=soomra+dynasty&dq=soomra+dynasty&hl=en&ppis=_c&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiChpGy-dXmAhVVo54KHW8yBU04HhDoATACegQIBBAC|title=The Archeology: An Organ of the Friends of Cultural and Archeeological [i.e. Archaeological] Heritage of Pakistan|date=1993|publisher=International Press & Publications Bureau|language=en}}</ref> |
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The Soomro tribe were one of the first tribes in Sindh to convert to Islam, and had become wealthy at Mansura.<ref name=":2" /> Their origins were claimed to be [[Arabs|Arab]], although they were most likely indigenous [[Sindhis]],<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D_xtAAAAMAAJ&q=soomra+dynasty&dq=soomra+dynasty&hl=en&ppis=_c&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjszfOu-NXmAhXLrJ4KHWwGDLU4FBDoATABegQIBRAC|title=History of Pakistan: Pakistan through ages|last=Dani|first=Ahmad Hasan|date=2007|publisher=Sang-e Meel Publications|isbn=978-969-35-2020-0|language=en}}</ref> with a ruling elite that also had mixed origins from Arab officers who were encouraged to intermarry with local Sindhis under Umayyad rule.<ref name=":0" /> Their name, in fact, may be derived from the city of [[Samarra]] in [[Iraq]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4ZlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT194&dq=soomra+dynasty&hl=en&ppis=_c&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiX2bWT8tXmAhXHvZ4KHaHWDcQQ6AEwAHoECAYQAg#v=onepage&q=soomra%20dynasty&f=false|title=Sindhi Roots & Rituals - Part 1|last=DADUZEN|first=Dayal N. Harjani aka|date=2018-07-19|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-64249-289-7|language=en}}</ref> They sometimes are claimed to be of [[Rajput]] descent,<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":1" /> although no definitive evidence exists which corroborates that claim.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D_xtAAAAMAAJ&q=soomra+dynasty&dq=soomra+dynasty&hl=en&ppis=_c&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjszfOu-NXmAhXLrJ4KHWwGDLU4FBDoATABegQIBRAC|title=History of Pakistan: Pakistan through ages|last=Dani|first=Ahmad Hasan|date=2007|publisher=Sang-e Meel Publications|isbn=978-969-35-2020-0|language=en}}</ref> Despite conversion to Islam, they continued to maintain several Hindu customs and traditions.<ref name=":0" /> |
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Under the rule of the second Soomra sultan, Soomra rule was extended northward until [[Multan]] and [[Uch]].<ref name=":0" /> During the early 11th century, an Ismaili missionary from the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] named Abdullah visited Sindh to spread [[Isma'ilism]], resulting the Sindh, Multan, and Uch becoming centers of [[Isma'ilism|Ismaili Shi'ism]].<ref name=":4" /> Around the same time, large numbers of [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Sufism|Sufi]] missionaries from Persia and Central Asia entered Sindh, and would eventually lead to large numbers of Sindhis converting to [[Islam]].<ref name=":4" /> Both the Shia and Sunni traditions peacefully coexisted in Sindh.<ref name=":0" /> |
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In the late 1000s-early 1100s, Soomra control was extended southwards to the regions of [[Kutch district|Kutch]] and [[Kathiawar]] in the modern-day Indian state of [[Gujarat]] under the rule of Sanghar, and later under his son Khafif-ll.<ref name=":0" /> Following his death, Sanghar's wife Hamoon attempted to usurp the Soomra throne for herself, though her efforts were quickly crushed by Soomra nobles.<ref name=":0" /> |
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In the late 1100s, [[Muhammad of Ghor|Muhammad Ghori]] invaded Sindh, leading to struggles over Kutch with the neighboring Samma dynasty.<ref name=":0" /> In the 1220s, [[Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu|Jalaluddin Mingburnu]] of [[Khwarazm|Khwarezm]] sacked Sindh, and briefly occupied the Soomra port of [[Debal]].<ref name=":0" /> |
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The Soomros ruled as Abbasid vassals until the [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)]], after which they began to rule independently.<ref name=":5" /> Soomro rule over Sindh was weakened in the 1330s as the [[Indus River|River Indus]] shifted course, disturbing Sindh's economy.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8b7uAAAAMAAJ&q=soomra+dynasty&dq=soomra+dynasty&hl=en&ppis=_c&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwic0_SS9tXmAhUPuZ4KHT1vDUU4ChDoATAIegQICRAC|title=The Indus River: Biodiversity, Resources, Humankind|last=Meadows|first=Azra|last2=Meadows|first2=P. S.|date=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-577905-9|language=en}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | The |
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== List of Rulers == |
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Soomro historians regarded their first sultan to be [[Khafif]], although he may have been in fact the last Habbari sultan. Consensus lists the following as Soomro rulers:<ref name=":0" /> |
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# Sardar Soomar; 1025-1030 |
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# Ibn Soomar Rajpal, also known as Dodo-l; 1030-1054 |
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# Bhoongar-l, the son of Khafif, the last [[Habbari dynasty|Habbari]] ruler of [[Mansura, Sindh|Mansura]]; 1054-1068 |
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# Dodo-ll; 1068-1089 |
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# Sanghar; 1089-1107. First three years under the care of his sister Tari who acted as regent |
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# Khafif-ll, son of Dodo-ll; 1107-1142 |
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# Umar-l; 1142-1181 |
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# Dodo-lll; 1181-1195 |
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# Bhoongar-ll; 1195-1226 |
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# Ganhwar; 1226-1242 |
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# Muhammad Toor; 1242-1251 |
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# Amrah Soomro; 1251-1256 |
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<br />Following the dissolution of Abbasid rule: |
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# Ganhwar-ll; 1256-1259 |
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# Dodo-IV; 1259-1273 |
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# Tai; 1273-1296 |
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# Chanesar; 1296-1300 |
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# Bhoongar-lll; 1301-1315 |
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# Khafif-lll; 1315-1333 |
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# Dodo-V; 1333-1351 |
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<br />Following the collapse of Soomra rule in Sindh, and exile to [[Umerkot|Umarkot]] |
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# Hamir Soomro; 1351-1355 |
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# Umar; 1355-1390 |
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# Bhoongar-V; 1390-1400 |
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# Hamir-ll; 1400-1440 |
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== Notable people == |
== Notable people == |
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*[[Dodo Bin Khafef Soomro III]] |
*[[Dodo Bin Khafef Soomro III]] |
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*[[Shroff Sumra]] |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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Revision as of 23:48, 20 January 2020
Soomra dynasty | |||||||||
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| 1026–1356 | |||||||||
| Capital | Thari (in present-day Badin District in Sindh) | ||||||||
| Common languages | Sindhi (native language) Arabic (liturgical language) | ||||||||
| Religion | Shia Ismaili Islam | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
• 1026–1030 | Soomar (first) | ||||||||
• 1333–1351 1351–1355 in exile | Jam Unar | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Soomra dynasty begins | 1026 | ||||||||
• Soomra dynasty ends | 1356 | ||||||||
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The Soomra dynasty were rulers from the Indian subcontinent, based at Thatta. Their origins are variously claimed to be Arab, indigenous Sindhi people or from Rajputs. Beginning with the reign of Soomar, the dynasty ruled in the Sindh region of the Indian subcontinent (present-day Pakistan) from 1026 to 1356.[1]
The Habbari dynasty became semi independent and was eliminated and Mansura was invaded by Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi. Sindh then became an easternmost State of the Abbasid Caliphate ruled by the Soomro Dynasty until the Siege of Baghdad (1258). Mansura was the first capital of the Soomra dynasty and the last of the Habbari dynasty. The Soomro tribe revolted against Masud, ruler of the Ghaznavids because they were betrayed by their own wazir. They were superseded by the Samma dynasty.[2] Sindhi language prospered during this period. The Soomra dynasty ended when the last Soomra king was defeated by Alauddin Khalji, the second king of the Khalji dynasty ruling from Delhi.[3][4]
Notable people
See also
References
- ^ Siddiqui, Habibullah. "The Soomras of Sindh: their origin, main characteristics and rule – an overview (general survey) (1025 – 1351 AD)" (PDF). Literary Conference on Soomra Period in Sindh.
- ^ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. p. 114. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
- ^ "Pakistan: The lesser-known histories of an ancient land".
- ^ "A tale of two legends: Padmavat and Dodo-Chanesar".
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