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Buddhist ethics

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+#REDIRECT [[Buddhist ethics]]
-{{about}}
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-'''Śīla''' ([[Sanskrit]]) or '''sīla''' ([[Pāli]]) in [[Buddhism]] and its non-sectarian offshoots, is one of three sections of the [[Noble Eightfold Path]], and is a code of conduct that embraces a commitment to harmony and self-restraint with the principle motivation being non-violence, or freedom from causing harm.  It has been variously described as  virtue,<ref>Gethin (1998), p. 170; Harvey (2007), p. 199; Ñā{{IAST|ṇ}}amoli (1999), pp. 3 ''passim''; Nyanatiloka (1988), [http://www.budsas.org/ebud/bud-dict/dic3_s.htm entry for "sīla";] [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/study/perfections.html Thanissaro (1999);] and, Warder (2004), p. 100.</ref> right conduct,<ref>Gethin (1998), p. 170.</ref> morality,<ref>Gombrich (2002), p. 89; Nyanatiloka (1988), [http://www.budsas.org/ebud/bud-dict/dic3_s.htm entry for "sīla";] and Saddhatissa (1987), pp. 54, 56.</ref> moral discipline<ref>Bodhi (2005), p. 153.</ref> and precept.
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-''Sīla'' is an internal, aware, and intentional ethical behavior, according to one's commitment to the path of liberation.   The Sanskrit and Pali word '''sīla''' is an ethical compass within self and relationships, rather than what is associated with the English word "morality" (i.e., obedience, a sense of obligation, and external constraint - all of which are quite foreign to the concept of sīla as taught by Gautama the Buddha). In fact, the commentaries explain the word sīla by another word, samadhana, meaning "harmony" or "coordination." <ref>The Noble Eightfold Path, Bhikku Bodhi, Buddist Publication Society, Sri Lanka 1994  Online version available    [http://www.vipassana.com/resources/8fp4.php]</ref>
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-''Sīla'' is one of the [[Threefold Training|three practices]] foundational to Buddhism and the non-sectarian [[Vipassana]] movement — ''sīla,'' ''samādhi,'' and ''paññā'' as well as the Theravadin foundations of ''sīla,'' ''dana,'' and ''bhavana.''   It is also the second ''[[Paramita|pāramitā]]''.<ref>Horner, I.B. (trans.) (1975; reprinted 2000). The Minor Anthologies of the Pali Canon (Part III): 'Chronicle of Buddhas' (Buddhavamsa) and 'Basket of Conduct' (Cariyapitaka). Oxford: Pali Text Society. ISBN 0-86013-072-X</ref> Though some popular conceptions of these ethics carry negative connotations of severe discipline and abstinence, sīla is more than just avoiding the unwholesome.
-Sīla is also wholehearted commitment to what is wholesome. Two aspects of sīla are essential to the training: right "performance" (caritta), and right "avoidance" (varitta).   Honoring the precepts of ''sīla'' is considered a "great gift"  (mahadana) to others, because it creates an atmosphere of trust, respect, and security.  It means we pose no threat to another person's life, property, family, rights, or well-being.<ref>Living This Life Fully:  Teachings of Anagarika Munindra, by Mirka Knaster Ph.D., Shambhala Publications, USA, 2010.  Pg. 67</ref>
-==Non-Harming==
-Non-harming, [[Pāli]] cognate avihiṃsā, is not a technical term in the Buddhist tradition, rather a permeating foundation for the code of conduct known as sīla.  Non-harming manifests perspectives both absolute and relative, particularly in the ever-increasingly complex ethics of global culture.  For example, though eating meat/animal products is technically different than killing for the meat, if one knows that such foods comes from inhumane industrialized animal husbandry then one may understand one's sīla to present new ethical questions.<ref>In Defense of Animals, The Second Wave by Peter Singer.  Wiley-Blackwell, 2005. USA</ref>
-Notions of proper conduct and misconduct may be culturally bound and differ from east to west, introducing various gray areas as yet to be acknowledged or fully understood in the modern urban context of sīla as it relates to such things as alcohol as a digestive and sexuality in general.  "Buddha said that teaching in a new culture had to be done very sensitively and had to connect with the culture at hand." - Anagarika Munindra <ref>Living This Life Fully: Teachings of Anagarika Munindra, by Mirka Knaster Ph.D., Shambhala Publications, USA, 2010. Pg. 58</ref> For example, there are committed sexual relationships that are technically unmarried, and married sexual relationships where there is misconduct (compulsive sexual behavior). The essential purpose of sīla, is '''to create harmonious sexual relations and prevent sexual activity which is hurtful to self or others.''' <ref>Lopez, Donald S., Jr. The Heart Sutra Explained: Indian and Tibetan Commentaries (1988) State Univ of New York Pr. ISBN 0-88706-589-9</ref> When mature independent people, though unmarried, commit to a sexual relationship through free consent, so long as no other person is harmed, no breach of the training factor is involved.   However, understanding of what is "non-harming" may vary according to the sexes and awareness of the individuals.  What may seem non-harming to a male may in fact create harmful future impact on a female partner such as being at risk of emotional abandonment and/or unexpected pregnancy- and when the "other" is a sexualized media image, harm may be created if the mind-state participates in delusions that perpetuate any inhumanity, i.e., degradation/disposability.  Thus, non-harming is also an integration of humanity of both sexes.
-The Asian cultural traditions have had a longstanding code of marriage whereby matchmaking & commitment occurs first and sexual behavior second - to ensure that the physical and emotional needs of both partners are respected.  In addition, proper sexual conduct in the eastern tradition aspires towards self-restraint and rechanneling of sexual energy into the higher creative centers of being.  Whereas in the west, questioning and re-defining compulsive sexual behavior (of both singles and marrieds) is as yet uncommon.
-==Levels of ''sila''==
-There are several levels of ''sīla'', which correspond to the basic morality of [[five precepts]], the basic morality with asceticism of [[eight precepts]], novice ordination's [[Ten Precepts (Buddhism)|ten precepts]] and full ordination's ''[[vinaya]]'' or ''[[patimokkha]]''. Laypeople generally undertake to live by [[The Five Precepts|the five precepts]] which are common to all Buddhist schools. If they wish, they can choose to undertake the [[eight precepts]], which have some additional precepts of basic asceticism.
-===Five Precepts===
-{{main|Five Precepts}}
-The [[five precepts]] are not given in the form of commands, but are training guidelines to help one live a life in which one is happy, without worries, and able to meditate well.  Breaking one's sīla as pertains to sexual conduct introduces harmfulness towards one's practice or the practice of another person if it involves uncommitted relationship.<ref name="Peter Harvey 2001, pages 195-196">Stewart McFarlane in Peter Harvey, ed., ''Buddhism.'' Continuum, 2001, pages 195-196.</ref> They are:<ref name="bodhimonastery">{{cite web|title=Bodhi Monastery: the Five Precepts| url=http://www.bodhimonastery.net/bm/precepts.html| accessdate = 2011-03-14}}</ref>
-# I undertake the training rule to abstain from taking life;
-# I undertake the training rule to abstain from taking what is not given;
-# I undertake the training rule to abstain from sensual misconduct;
-# I undertake the training rule to abstain from false speech; and
-# I undertake the training rule to abstain from liquors, wines, and other intoxicants, which are the basis for heedlessness.
-In Buddhist thought, the cultivation of [[Dana (Buddhism)|giving]] (''dāna'') and ethical conduct will themselves refine consciousness to such a level that rebirth in one of the lower heavens is likely,<ref>[http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.1-6.vaji.html Maha-parinibbana Sutta, section 24] (Chinese parallel found in the 遊行經 of [http://w3.cbeta.org/cgi-bin/goto.pl?linehead=T01n0001_p0012b20 Taisho Tripitaka Vol. 1, No. 1 長阿含經, CBETA]</ref> even if there is no further Buddhist practice. There is nothing improper or un-Buddhist about limiting one's aims to this level of attainment, although by itself it does not gain one ''[[nirvana|nirvāna]]'' or end suffering.<ref name="Peter Harvey 2001, pages 195-196"/>
-===Eight Precepts===
-{{main|The Eight Precepts}}
-During special occasionans, monastic retreats for lay followers, and such, a more stringent set of precepts is undertaken, usually for 24 hours, until dawn the following day.  The [[eight precepts]] encourage further discipline and are modeled on the monastic code. Note that in the [[eight precepts]], the third precept on sexual misconduct is made more strict and becomes a precept of celibacy.
-The three additional rules of the Eight Precepts are:<ref name="bodhimonastery" />
-<ol start="6">
-<li>“I accept the training rule to abstain from food at improper times.” (e.g. no solid foods after noon, and not until dawn the following day)</li>
-<li>“I accept the training rule (a) to abstain from dancing, singing, instrumental music, and shows, and (b) from the use of jewelry, cosmetics, and beauty lotions.”</li>
-<li>“I accept the training rule to abstain from the use of high and luxurious beds and seats.”</li>
-</ol>
-===Ten Precepts===
-{{main|Five Precepts#Ten Precepts}}
-[[Samanera|Novice-monks]] use the [[Ten Precepts (Buddhism)|ten precepts]], which are the basic precepts for monastics: people who have left the domestic life and live in monasteries.
-===Patimokkha===
-{{main|Patimokkha}}
-''[[Vinaya]]'' is the specific moral code for nuns and monks . It includes the ''[[patimokkha]]'', a set of  rules (227 for monks in the Theravādin recension). The precise content of the [[vinayapitaka|scriptures on ''vinaya'']] (''vinayapiṭaka'') differ slightly according to different schools, and different schools or subschools set different standards for the degree of adherence to the ''vinaya''.
-===Mahāyāna Precepts===
-{{main|Bodhisattva vows}}
-In [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]] Buddhism, there is also a distinctive ''vinaya'' and ethics for [[bodhisattvas]] contained within the Mahāyāna [[Brahmajala Sutra]] (not to be confused with the Pāli text of that name). These exist above and beyond the existing monastic code, or lay follower precepts.<ref name="bodiford">{{cite book | last = Bodiford | first = William M. | authorlink=William Bodiford|title = Soto Zen in Medieval Japan (Studies in East Asian Buddhism) | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | year = 2008 | isbn = 0-8248-3303-1 | pages=22–36}}</ref>  Here the eating of meat, for example, is frowned upon and vegetarianism is actively encouraged (See: [[vegetarianism in Buddhism]]). These precepts, have no parallel in [[Theravada|Theravāda]] Buddhism.
-==See also==
-*[[Buddhist ethics]]
-*[[Threefold Training]]
-*[[Vinaya]]
-*[[chiku]]
-==Notes==
-{{Reflist}}
-==Sources==
-* [[Bhikkhu Bodhi|Bodhi, Bhikkhu]] (2005). ''In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon''. Boston: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-491-1.
-* [[Rupert Gethin|Gethin, Rupert]] (1998). ''The Foundations of Buddhism''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-289223-1.
-* [[Richard Gombrich|Gombrich, Richard]] (2002). ''Theravāda Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo''. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-07585-8.
-* [[Peter Harvey|Harvey, Peter]] (1990). ''An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices''. Cambridge: Cambridge University. ISBN 0-521-31333-3.
-* Knaster, Mirka, Ph.D. (2010). ''Living this Life Fully:  Stories and Teachings of Munindra''.  Boston:  Shambhala Publications.  ISBN 978-1-59030-674-1
-* Ñā{{IAST|ṇ}}amoli, Bhikkhu (trans.) (1999). ''The Path of Purification: Visuddhimagga''. Seattle, WA: [[Buddhist Publication Society|BPS]] Pariyatti Editions. ISBN 1-928706-00-2.
-* Nyanatiloka Mahathera (1988). ''Buddhist Dictionary: Manual of Buddhist Terms and Doctrines''. Kandy: [[Buddhist Publication Society]]. ISBN 955-24-0019-8.  Retrieved 2008-02-17 from "BuddhaSasana" at http://www.budsas.org/ebud/bud-dict/dic_idx.htm.
-* Saddhatissa, Hammalawa (1987). ''Buddhist Ethics: The Path to Nirvāna''. London: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-53-3.
-* [[Thanissaro Bhikkhu]] (1999). ''The Ten Perfections: A Study Guide''. Retrieved 2008-02-17 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/study/perfections.html.
-* [[A.K. Warder|Warder, A.K.]] (2004). ''Indian Buddhism''. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-1741-9.
-==External links==
-*[http://buddhism.2be.net/Sila Sila] as explained in the Buddhist Encyclopedia.
-*[http://dharma.ncf.ca/introduction/precepts/precept-3.html/ Excerpt from Thich Nhat Hanh on Sila] The Third Precept:  Sexual Responsibility For a Future to Be Possible: Commentaries on the Five Wonderful Precepts (1993) by Thich Nhat Hanh. Copyright 1993.
-{{Buddhism topics}}
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-[[Category:Buddhist ethics]]
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