Gunbarlang language: Difference between revisions
Adding local short description: "Australian Aboriginal language of northern Australia", overriding Wikidata description "Australian Aboriginal language" (Shortdesc helper) |
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|ethnicity=[[Gambalang]] |
|ethnicity=[[Gambalang]] |
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|extinct=by 2016 |
|extinct=by 2016 |
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|ref=<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stat.data.abs.gov.au/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=ABS_C16_T09_SA|title=Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+)|last=ABS|website=stat.data.abs.gov.au|language=en-au|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|access-date=2017-10-29}}</ref> |
|ref=<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stat.data.abs.gov.au/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=ABS_C16_T09_SA|title=Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+)|last=ABS|website=stat.data.abs.gov.au|language=en-au|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|access-date=2017-10-29|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226044803/http://stat.data.abs.gov.au/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=ABS_C16_T09_SA|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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|familycolor=Australian |
|familycolor=Australian |
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|fam1=[[Arnhem languages|Arnhem]] |
|fam1=[[Arnhem languages|Arnhem]] |
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==Geographic distribution== |
==Geographic distribution== |
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Some Gunbarlang speakers live in [[Warruwi]] on [[Goulburn Islands|South Goulburn Island]] and [[Maningrida, Northern Territory|Maningrida]]. Historically, it was also spoken in [[Gunbalanya, Northern Territory|Gunbalanya]].<ref>{{harvnb|Harris|1969}}</ref> |
Some Gunbarlang speakers live in [[Warruwi]] on [[Goulburn Islands|South Goulburn Island]] and [[Maningrida, Northern Territory|Maningrida]]. Historically, it was also spoken in [[Gunbalanya, Northern Territory|Gunbalanya]].<ref>{{harvnb|Harris|1969}}</ref> |
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== Phonology == |
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=== Consonants === |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
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! colspan="2" | |
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![[Labial consonant|Labial]] |
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![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] |
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![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]] |
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![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] |
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![[Velar consonant|Velar]] |
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![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |
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|- |
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! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive consonant|Plosive]] |
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!<small>voiceless</small> |
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|p |
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|t |
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|ʈ |
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|c |
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|k |
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|ʔ |
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|- |
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!<small>tense</small> |
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|pː |
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|tː |
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|ʈː |
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|cː |
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|kː |
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| |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" |[[Nasal vowel|Nasal]] |
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|m |
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|n |
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| colspan="1" |ɳ |
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|ɲ |
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|ŋ |
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| |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]] |
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| colspan="1" | |
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|l |
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| colspan="1" |ɭ |
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| colspan="1" | |
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| colspan="1" | |
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| |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" |[[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]] |
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| colspan="1" | |
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|ɾ |
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| colspan="1" |ɻ |
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| colspan="1" | |
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| colspan="1" | |
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| |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" |[[Approximant]] |
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|w |
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| colspan="1" | |
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| colspan="1" | |
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|j |
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| |
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| |
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|} |
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/ɾ/ can also be heard as a trill [r]. |
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=== Vowels === |
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{| class="IPA wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
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! |
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![[Front vowel|Front]] |
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![[Central vowel|Central]] |
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![[Back vowel|Back]] |
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|- style="text-align: center;" |
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![[High vowel|High]] |
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|i |
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| |
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|u |
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|- |
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![[Mid vowel|Mid]] |
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|e |
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| |
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|o |
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|- style="text-align: center;" |
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![[Low vowel|Low]] |
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| |
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|a |
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| |
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|} |
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==Grammar== |
==Grammar== |
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==Language revival== |
==Language revival== |
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{{as of|2020}}, Kunbarlang is one of 20 languages prioritised as part of the Priority Languages Support Project, being undertaken by First Languages Australia and funded by the [[Department of Communications and the Arts]]. The project aims to "identify and document critically-endangered languages — those languages for which little or no documentation exists, where no recordings have previously been made, but where there are living speakers".<ref>{{cite web|website=First Languages Australia|url=https://www.firstlanguages.org.au/projects/plsp|title=Priority Languages Support Project|access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref> |
{{as of|2020}}, Kunbarlang is one of 20 languages prioritised as part of the Priority Languages Support Project, being undertaken by First Languages Australia and funded by the [[Department of Communications and the Arts]]. The project aims to "identify and document critically-endangered languages — those languages for which little or no documentation exists, where no recordings have previously been made, but where there are living speakers".<ref>{{cite web|website=First Languages Australia|url=https://www.firstlanguages.org.au/projects/plsp|title=Priority Languages Support Project|access-date=13 January 2020|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224021102/https://firstlanguages.org.au/projects/plsp|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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* {{Cite book |title=Papers in Australian linguistics no. 4 |last=Harris |first=Joy Kinslow |publisher=Pacific Linguistics |year=1969 |editor-last=Joy Kinslow Harris |series=Pacific Linguistics, Series A 17 |location=Canberra |pages=1–49 |chapter=Preliminary grammar of Gunbalang |editor-last2=Stephen A. Wurm |editor-last3=Donald C. Laycock |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/144554/1/PL-A17.pdf |doi=10.15144/PL-A17 |hdl=1885/144554 |hdl-access=free }} |
* {{Cite book |title=Papers in Australian linguistics no. 4 |last=Harris |first=Joy Kinslow |publisher=Pacific Linguistics |year=1969 |editor-last=Joy Kinslow Harris |series=Pacific Linguistics, Series A 17 |location=Canberra |pages=1–49 |chapter=Preliminary grammar of Gunbalang |editor-last2=Stephen A. Wurm |editor-last3=Donald C. Laycock |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/144554/1/PL-A17.pdf |doi=10.15144/PL-A17 |hdl=1885/144554 |hdl-access=free }} |
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* {{Cite thesis |last=Kapitonov |first=I. |title=A Grammar of Kunbarlang |date=2019 |degree=PhD |publisher=The University of Melbourne |url=https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/bitstream/handle/11343/225743/main.pdf |hdl=11343/225743 |hdl-access=free }} |
* {{Cite thesis |last=Kapitonov |first=I. |title=A Grammar of Kunbarlang |date=2019 |degree=PhD |publisher=The University of Melbourne |url=https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/bitstream/handle/11343/225743/main.pdf |hdl=11343/225743 |hdl-access=free }} |
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* {{Cite book |last=Kapitonov |first=Ivan |title=A grammar of Kunbarlang |publisher=Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter |year=2021}} |
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{{Pama–Nyungan languages|Macro}} |
{{Pama–Nyungan languages|Macro}} |
Latest revision as of 20:21, 21 April 2024
Gunbarlang | |
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Warlang | |
Native to | Australien |
Region | Arnhem Land |
Ethnicity | Gambalang |
Extinct | by 2016[1] |
Arnhem
| |
Dialects |
|
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | wlg |
Glottolog | kunb1251 |
AIATSIS[3] | N69 |
ELP | Kunbarlang |
Gunbarlang, or Kunbarlang, is an Australian Aboriginal language in northern Australia with multiple dialects. Other names are Gungalang and Warlang. Speakers are multilingual in Kunwinjku and Mawng. Most of the Gunbarlang people now speak Kunwinjku.[4]
The language is part of a language revival project, as a critically endangered language.
Classification
[edit]Gunbarlang has been proposed to be included into the marne group of Gunwinyguan family,[5] making its closest relatives the Central Gunwinyguan languages Bininj Kunwok and Dalabon. The label marne refers to the phonological shape of the benefactive applicative affix common to all three languages (as opposed to the bak languages to the east, e.g. Rembarrnga, Ngandi and Wubuy/Nunggubuyu).[6]
Geographic distribution
[edit]Some Gunbarlang speakers live in Warruwi on South Goulburn Island and Maningrida. Historically, it was also spoken in Gunbalanya.[7]
Phonology
[edit]Consonants
[edit]Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | voiceless | p | t | ʈ | c | k | ʔ |
tense | pː | tː | ʈː | cː | kː | ||
Nasal | m | n | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | ||
Lateral | l | ɭ | |||||
Rhotic | ɾ | ɻ | |||||
Approximant | w | j |
/ɾ/ can also be heard as a trill [r].
Vowels
[edit]Front | Central | Zurück | |
---|---|---|---|
Hoch | i | u | |
Mid | e | o | |
Niedrig | a |
Grammar
[edit]Gunbarlang is a polysynthetic language with complex verb morphology. It includes polypersonal agreement, incorporation, and a number of derivational affixes. Word order in a (transitive) clause is SVO or SOV.[8][9]
Morphosyntax
[edit]Morphology is primarily agglutinating. Verbal morphology (rather than case marking or syntax) encodes a significant part of grammatical relations.
Verbal
[edit]The verb includes obligatory agreement with its core arguments in the form of bound pronouns. The subject/agent prefix precedes the object prefix. Subject prefixes form four mood series: positive indicative, "non-performative", future/intentional, and potential.[10]
The verb features derivational affixes, such as benefactive, directional, and TAM.
Nominal
[edit]Case in not marked on nouns and free pronouns, but bound pronouns follow nominative-accusative alignment.[11]
Gunbarlang distinguishes five noun classes on demonstratives (M, F, plants, body-parts, and inanimate), but only four on other constituents (collapsing the latter two).[12][13]
Language revival
[edit]As of 2020[update], Kunbarlang is one of 20 languages prioritised as part of the Priority Languages Support Project, being undertaken by First Languages Australia and funded by the Department of Communications and the Arts. The project aims to "identify and document critically-endangered languages — those languages for which little or no documentation exists, where no recordings have previously been made, but where there are living speakers".[14]
Notes
[edit]- ^ ABS. "Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+)". stat.data.abs.gov.au. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
- ^ Dixon 2002, p. xl
- ^ N69 Gunbarlang at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ^ Gunbarlang at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Evans, N. (2003). Bininj Gun-Wok: A Pan-Dialectal Grammar of Mayali, Kunwinjku and Kune. ANU. p. 33. hdl:1885/53188.
- ^ Alpher, B., Evans, N. & Harvey, M. 2003. "Proto Gunwinyguan verb suffixes." In Nicholas Evans (ed.), The non-Pama-Nyungan languages of northern Australia: Comparative Studies of the continent's most linguistically complex region, 305-352. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
- ^ Harris 1969
- ^ Coleman 1982
- ^ Kapitonov 2019
- ^ Dixon 2002, p. 338
- ^ Dixon 2002, p. 350
- ^ Coleman 1982
- ^ Dixon 2002, p. 478
- ^ "Priority Languages Support Project". First Languages Australia. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
References
[edit]- Coleman, C. (1982). A Grammar of Gunbalang with Special Reference to Grammatical Relations.
- Dixon, R. M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge University Press.
- Harris, Joy Kinslow (1969). "Preliminary grammar of Gunbalang". In Joy Kinslow Harris; Stephen A. Wurm; Donald C. Laycock (eds.). Papers in Australian linguistics no. 4 (PDF). Pacific Linguistics, Series A 17. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 1–49. doi:10.15144/PL-A17. hdl:1885/144554.
- Kapitonov, I. (2019). A Grammar of Kunbarlang (PDF) (PhD thesis). The University of Melbourne. hdl:11343/225743.
- Kapitonov, Ivan (2021). A grammar of Kunbarlang. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.