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{{short description|Genus of flowering plants in the coffee family Rubiaceae}}
{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants in the coffee family Rubiaceae}}
{{other uses}}
{{Other uses}}
{{automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Gardeniaflower.jpg
|image = Gardeniaflower.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Gardenia jasminoides]]''
|image_caption = ''[[Gardenia jasminoides]]''
Line 8: Line 8:
|authority = [[John Ellis (naturalist)|J.Ellis]]
|authority = [[John Ellis (naturalist)|J.Ellis]]
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = [[#Systematics|See text]].
|subdivision = [[#Species|See text]].
}}
}}


'''''Gardenia''''' is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the coffee family, [[Rubiaceae]], native to the [[tropical]] and [[subtropical]] regions of [[Africa]], [[Asia]], [[Madagascar]] and [[Pacific Islands]],<ref name=FOC>{{citation |chapter-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=113259 |title=Flora of China online |chapter=Gardenia J. Ellis, Philos. Trans. 51: 935. 1761 |author1=Tao Chen |author2=Charlotte M. Taylor |volume=19}}</ref> and [[Australia]].<ref>Puttock, C.F. “A REVISION OF GARDENIA ELLIS (RUBIACEAE) FROM NORTH-EASTERN QUEENSLAND.” Austrobaileya, vol. 2, no. 5, 1988, pp. 433–449. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41738712. Accessed 2 Sept. 2020.</ref>
'''''Gardenia''''' is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the coffee family, [[Rubiaceae]], native to the [[tropical]] and [[subtropical]] regions of [[Africa]], [[Asia]], [[Madagascar]], [[Pacific Islands]],<ref name=FOC>{{citation |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=113259 |title=Flora of China online |chapter=''Gardenia'' J. Ellis, ''Philos. Trans.'' '''51''': 935. 1761 |first1=Tao |last1=Chen |first2=Charlotte M. |last2=Taylor |volume=19}}</ref> and [[Australia]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Puttock |first=C. F. |title=A revision of ''Gardenia'' Ellis (Rubiaceae) from north-eastern Queensland |journal=Austrobaileya |volume=2 |issue=5 |date=1988 |pages=433–449 |jstor=41738712}}</ref>


The genus was named by [[Carl Linnaeus]] and [[John Ellis (naturalist)|John Ellis]] after [[Alexander Garden (naturalist)|Dr. Alexander Garden]] (1730–1791), a [[Scotland|Scottish]]-born [[Scottish American|American]] naturalist.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1098/rstl.1759.0084|title = LXXXII. An account of the plants Halesia and Gardenia : In a letter from John Ellis, Esq; F. R. S. To Philip Carteret Webb, Esq; F. R. S|journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London|volume = 51|pages = 929–935|year = 1759|s2cid = 186210416}}</ref>
The genus was named by [[Carl Linnaeus]] and [[John Ellis (naturalist)|John Ellis]] after [[Alexander Garden (naturalist)|Alexander Garden]] (1730–1791), a [[Scotland|Scottish]] naturalist.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1098/rstl.1759.0084|title = LXXXII. An account of the plants ''Halesia'' and ''Gardenia'' : In a letter from John Ellis, Esq; F.R.S. To Philip Carteret Webb, Esq; F.R.S.|journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London|volume = 51|pages = 929–935|year = 1759|s2cid = 186210416}}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2024}}
Gardenias are [[evergreen]] [[shrub]]s and small [[tree]]s growing to {{convert|1|-|15|m|ft}} tall. The [[leaf|leaves]] are opposite or in whorls of three or four, {{convert|5|-|50|cm|in}} long and {{convert|3|-|25|cm|in}} broad, dark green and glossy with a leathery texture.
Gardenias are [[evergreen]] [[shrub]]s or small [[tree]]s growing to {{convert|1|-|15|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} tall. The [[leaf|leaves]] are arranged opposite each other or in whorls of three or four, {{convert|5|-|50|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|3|-|25|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} broad. The leaves are dark green and glossy with a leathery texture.


The [[flower]]s are solitary or in small clusters, white, or pale yellow, with a tubular-based [[corolla (botany)]] with 5–12 lobes ([[petal]]s) from {{convert|5|to|12|cm|in}} diameter. Flowering is from about mid-spring to mid-summer, and many species are strongly scented.
The [[flower|arrangement of the flower]]s are solitary or in small clusters. The colors range from white, or pale yellow, with a tubular-based [[corolla (botany)]] with 5–12 lobes ([[petal]]s) from {{convert|5|to|12|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} diameter. Gardenias flower from about mid-spring to mid-summer, and many species have a very strong scent.


==Phytochemistry==
==Phytochemistry==
[[Crocetin]] is a chemical compound usually obtained from ''[[Crocus sativus]]'', which can also be obtained from the fruit of ''Gardenia jasminoides''.{{R|CROCETIN}} Gordonin is a novel methoxylated flavonol secreted in golden-colored resinous droplets of ''Gardenia gordonii'',{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} which is one of several critically endangered species of the Fiji Islands.
⚫
Many of the native gardenias of the Pacific Islands and elsewhere in the paleotropics possess a diverse array of natural products. Methoxylated and oxygenated flavonols, flavones, and triterpenes accumulate on the vegetative- and floral-buds as yellow to brown droplets of secreted resin. Many focused phytochemical studies of these bud exudates have been published, including a population-level study of two rare, sympatric species of the Fiji Islands, ''G. candida'' and ''G. grievei''.<ref>Miller, J. M. and S. Sotheeswaran. 1993. Bud exudate composition and ecogeography of Fijian Gardenia species (Rubiaceae). Biotropica 25(1): 117-122</ref>
The evolutionary significance of the gums and resins of gardenias in attracting or repelling invertebrate herbivores, has yet to be explored by ecologists.{{cn|date=January 2021}}


⚫
Many of the native gardenias of the Pacific Islands and elsewhere in the [[paleotropics]] contribute towards the production of a diverse array of natural products. [[Methoxy group|Methoxylated]] and [[oxygenate]]d [[flavonols]], [[flavones]], and [[triterpene]]s accumulate on the vegetative and floral buds as yellow to brown droplets of secreted resins. Many focused [[Phytochemistry|phytochemical]] studies of these bud exudates have been published, including a population-level study of two rare, [[Sympatry|sympatric]] species of [[Fiji]], ''[[Gardenia candida|G. candida]]'' and ''[[Gardenia grievei|G. grievei]]''.{{R|MILLER}} The evolutionary significance of the [[Natural gum|gums]] and resins of gardenias in attracting or repelling [[invertebrate]] [[herbivore]]s, has yet to be explored by ecologists.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}
== Systematics ==

{{As of|2014|March}} ''[[The Plant List]]'' recognises 140 accepted species (including infraspecific names):<ref name=TPL>{{Cite web | title = ''Gardenia'' | url = http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Rubiaceae/Gardenia/ | work = [[The Plant List]] | access-date = 2014-03-06 }}</ref>
==Species==
{{As of|2022|July}} ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'' recognises 128 species in this genus, as follows:{{R|POWO}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* ''[[Gardenia actinocarpa]]'' {{Au|Puttock}}
* ''[[Gardenia actinocarpa]]'' {{small |Puttock}}
* ''[[Gardenia anapetes]]'' {{Au|A.C.Sm.}}
* ''[[Gardenia anapetes]]'' {{small |A.C.Sm.}}
* ''[[Gardenia angkorensis]]'' {{Au|Pit.}}
* ''[[Gardenia angkorensis]]'' {{small |Pit.}}
* ''[[Gardenia annamensis]]'' {{Au|Pit.}}
* ''[[Gardenia annamensis]]'' {{small |Pit.}}
* ''[[Gardenia aqualla]]'' {{Au|Stapf & Hutch.}}
* ''[[Gardenia aqualla]]'' {{small |Stapf &amp; Hutch.}}
* ''[[Gardenia archboldiana]]'' {{Au|Merr. & L.M.Perry}}
* ''[[Gardenia archboldiana]]'' {{small |Merr. &amp; L.M.Perry}}
* ''[[Gardenia artensis]]'' {{Au|Montrouz.}}
* ''[[Gardenia aubryi]]'' {{small |Vieill.}}
* ''[[Gardenia aubryi]]'' {{Au|Vieill.}}
* ''[[Gardenia barnesii]]'' {{small |Merr.}}
* ''[[Gardenia barnesii]]'' {{Au|Merr.}}
* ''[[Gardenia beamanii]]'' {{small |Y.W.Low}}
* ''[[Gardenia beamanii]]'' {{Au|Y.W.Low}}
* ''[[Gardenia boninensis]]'' {{small |(Nakai) Tuyama ex T.Yamaz.}}
* ''[[Gardenia boninensis]]'' {{Au|(Nakai) Tuyama ex T.Yamaz.}}
* ''[[Gardenia brachythamnus]]'' {{small |(K.Schum.) Launert}}
* ''[[Gardenia brachythamnus]]'' {{Au|(K.Schum.) Launert}}
* ''[[Gardenia brevicalyx]]'' {{small |Rakoton. & A.P.Davis}}
* ''[[Gardenia brighamii]]'' {{Au|H.Mann}} - ''Nānū'' ([[Hawaii|Hawai{{okina}}i]])
* ''[[Gardenia brighamii]]'' {{small |H.Mann}}
* ''[[Gardenia buffalina]]'' {{Au|(Lour.) Poir. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck}} (= ''Genipa buffalina''<!-- Lour. -->)
* ''[[Gardenia buffalina]]'' {{small |(Lour.) Poir.}}
* ''[[Gardenia cambodiana]]'' {{Au|Pit.}}
* ''[[Gardenia cambodiana]]'' {{small |Pit.}}
* ''[[Gardenia candida]]'' {{Au|A.C.Sm.}}
* ''[[Gardenia candida]]'' {{small |A.C.Sm.}}
* ''[[Gardenia carinata]]'' {{Au|Wall. ex Roxb.}} [[India]], [[Malay Peninsula|Malaya]].
* ''[[Gardenia carinata]]'' {{small |Wall. ex Roxb.}}
* ''[[Gardenia carstensensis]]'' {{Au|Wernham}}
* ''[[Gardenia carstensensis]]'' {{small |Wernham}}
* ''[[Gardenia chanii]]'' {{Au|Y.W.Low}}
* ''[[Gardenia chanii]]'' {{small |Y.W.Low}}
* ''[[Gardenia chevalieri]]'' {{Au|Pit.}}
* ''[[Gardenia chevalieri]]'' {{small |Pit.}}
* ''[[Gardenia clemensiae]]'' {{Au|Merr. & L.M.Perry}}
* ''[[Gardenia clemensiae]]'' {{small |Merr. &amp; L.M.Perry}}
* ''[[Gardenia collinsae]]'' {{Au|Craib}}
* ''[[Gardenia collinsiae]]'' {{small |Craib}}
* ''[[Gardenia colnettiana]]'' {{Au|Guillaumin}}
* ''[[Gardenia cornuta]]'' {{small |Hemsl.}}
* ''[[Gardenia conferta]]'' {{Au|Guillaumin}}
* ''[[Gardenia coronaria]]'' {{small |Banks}}
* ''[[Gardenia cornuta]]'' {{Au|Hemsl.}} (Natal gardenia). [[South Africa]].
* ''[[Gardenia costulata]]'' {{small |Ridl.}}
* ''[[Gardenia coronaria]]'' {{Au|Buch.-Ham.}}
* ''[[Gardenia crameri]]'' {{small |Tirveng.}}
* ''[[Gardenia costulata]]'' {{Au|Ridl.}}
* ''[[Gardenia cuneata]]'' {{small |Kurz}}
* ''[[Gardenia crameri]]'' {{Au|Tirveng.}}
* ''[[Gardenia dacryoides]]'' {{small |A.Cunn. ex Puttock}}
* ''[[Gardenia cuneata]]'' {{Au|Kurz}}
* ''[[Gardenia elata]]'' {{small |Ridl.}}
* ''[[Gardenia dacryoides]]'' {{Au|A.Cunn. ex Puttock}}
* ''[[Gardenia epiphytica]]'' {{small |Jongkind}}
* ''[[Gardenia deplanchei]]'' {{Au|Vieill. ex Guillaumin}}
* ''[[Gardenia erubescens]]'' {{small |Stapf & Hutch.}}
* ''[[Gardenia dolichantha]]'' {{Au|Merr.}}
* ''[[Gardenia esculenta]]'' {{small |Stokes}}
* ''[[Gardenia elata]]'' {{Au|Ridl.}}
* ''[[Gardenia ewartii]]'' {{small |Puttock}}
* ''[[Gardenia epiphytica]]'' {{Au|Jongkind}}
* ''[[Gardenia faucicola]]'' {{small |Puttock}}
* ''[[Gardenia erubescens]]'' {{Au|Stapf & Hutch.}}
* ''[[Gardenia fiorii]]'' {{small |Chiov.}}
* ''[[Gardenia esculenta]]'' {{Au|Stokes}}
* ''[[Gardenia flava]]'' {{small |(Lour.) Poir.}}
* ''[[Gardenia ewartii]]'' {{Au|Puttock}}
* ''[[Gardenia fosbergii]]'' {{small |Tirveng.}}
* ''[[Gardenia faucicola]]'' {{Au|Puttock}}
* ''[[Gardenia fucata]]'' {{small |R.Br. ex Benth.}}
* ''[[Gardenia fiorii]]'' {{Au|Chiov.}}
* ''[[Gardenia fusca]]'' {{small |E.T.Geddes}}
* ''[[Gardenia flava]]'' {{Au|(Lour.) Poir. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck}} (= ''Genipa flava''<!-- Lour. -->)
* ''[[Gardenia gardneri]]'' {{small |Puttock}}
* ''[[Gardenia forsteniana]]'' {{Au|Miq.}}
* ''[[Gardenia gjellerupii]]'' {{small |Valeton}}
* ''[[Gardenia fosbergii]]'' {{Au|Tirveng.}}
* ''[[Gardenia gordonii]]'' {{small |Baker}}
* ''[[Gardenia fucata]]'' {{Au|R.Br. ex Benth.}}
* ''[[Gardenia grievei]]'' {{small |Horne ex Baker}}
* ''[[Gardenia fusca]]'' {{Au|Geddes}}
* ''[[Gardenia griffithii]]'' {{small |Hook.f.}}
* ''[[Gardenia gardneri]]'' {{Au|Puttock}}
* ''[[Gardenia gummifera]]'' {{small |L.f.}}
* ''[[Gardenia gjellerupii]]'' {{Au|Valeton}}
* ''[[Gardenia hageniana]]'' {{small |Gilli}}
* ''[[Gardenia gordonii]]'' {{Au|Baker}}
* ''[[Gardenia hainanensis]]'' {{small |Merr.}}
* ''Gardenia grandis'' {{Au|Korth.}} - synonym of ''[[Ridsdalea grandis]]''
* ''[[Gardenia hansemannii]]'' {{small |K.Schum.}}
* ''[[Gardenia grievei]]'' {{Au|Horne ex Baker}}
* ''[[Gardenia hillii]]'' {{small |Horne ex Baker}}
* ''[[Gardenia griffithii]]'' {{Au|Hook.f.}}
* ''[[Gardenia hutchinsoniana]]'' {{small |Turrill}}
* ''[[Gardenia gummifera]]'' {{Au|L.f.}} India. Small tree, to 3 m high.
* ''[[Gardenia imperialis]]'' {{small |K.Schum.}}
* ''[[Gardenia hageniana]]'' {{Au|Gilli}}
* ''[[Gardenia invaginata]]'' {{small |Merr. & L.M.Perry}}
* ''[[Gardenia hainanensis]]'' {{Au|Merr.}}
* ''[[Gardenia ixorifolia]]'' {{small |R.Br. ex Hook.f.}}
* ''[[Gardenia hansemannii]]'' {{Au|K.Schum.}}
* ''[[Gardenia jabiluka]]'' {{small |Puttock}}
* ''[[Gardenia hillii]]'' {{Au|Horne ex Baker}}
* ''[[Gardenia jasminoides]]'' {{small |J.Ellis}}
* ''[[Gardenia hutchinsoniana]]'' {{Au|Turrill}} – Fiji
* ''[[Gardenia kabaenensis]]'' {{small |Y.W.Low}}
* ''[[Gardenia imperialis]]'' {{Au|K.Schum.}} Tropical Africa. Small tree to 12 m.
* ''[[Gardenia kakaduensis]]'' {{small |Puttock}}
** [[Gardenia imperialis subsp. physophylla|subsp. ''physophylla'']] {{Au|(K.Schum.) L.Pauwels}}
* ''[[Gardenia kamialiensis]]'' {{small |Takeuchi}}
* ''[[Gardenia invaginata]]'' {{Au|Merr. & L.M.Perry}}
* ''[[Gardenia lacciflua]]'' {{small |K.Krause}}
* ''[[Gardenia ixorifolia]]'' {{Au|R.Br. ex Hook.f.}}
* ''[[Gardenia lamingtonii]]'' {{small |F.M.Bailey}}
* ''[[Gardenia jabiluka]]'' {{Au|Puttock}}
* ''[[Gardenia lanutoo]]'' {{small |Reinecke}}
⚫
* ''[[Gardenia latifolia]]'' {{small |Aiton}}
* ''[[Gardenia jasminoides]]'' {{Au|J.Ellis}} (Common gardenia, Cape jasmine or Cape jessamine). Southern China and Japan.
* ''[[Gardenia kakaduensis]]'' {{Au|Puttock}}
* ''[[Gardenia leopoldiana]]'' {{small |De Wild. & T.Durand}}
* ''[[Gardenia kamialiensis]]'' {{Au|Takeuchi}}
* ''[[Gardenia leschenaultii]]'' {{small |D.Dietr.}}
* ''[[Gardenia lacciflua]]'' {{Au|K.Krause}}
* ''[[Gardenia longistipula]]'' {{small |Y.W.Low}}
* ''[[Gardenia lamingtonii]]'' {{Au|F.M.Bailey}}
* ''[[Gardenia magnifica]]'' {{small |E.T.Geddes}}
* ''[[Gardenia lanutoo]]'' {{Au|Reinecke}}
* ''[[Gardenia mannii]]'' {{small |H.St.John & Kuykendall}}
* ''[[Gardenia latifolia]]'' {{Au|Aiton}} India. Shrub or tree, 5–10 m high.
* ''[[Gardenia manongarivensis]]'' {{small |Rakoton. & A.P.Davis}}
* ''[[Gardenia leopoldiana]]'' {{Au|De Wild. & T.Durand}}
* ''[[Gardenia maugaloae]]'' {{small |Lauterb.}}
* ''[[Gardenia leschenaultii]]'' {{Au|D.Dietr.}}
* ''[[Gardenia megasperma]]'' {{small |F.Muell.}}
* ''[[Gardenia magnifica]]'' {{Au|Geddes}}
* ''[[Gardenia moszkowskii]]'' {{small |Valeton}}
* ''[[Gardenia mannii]]'' {{Au|H.St.John & Kuykendall}} (Hawai{{okina}}i)
* ''[[Gardenia mutabilis]]'' {{small |Reinw. ex Blume}}
* ''[[Gardenia maugaloae]]'' {{Au|Lauterb.}}
* ''[[Gardenia nitida]]'' {{small |Hook.}}
* ''[[Gardenia megasperma]]'' {{Au|F.Muell.}}
* ''[[Gardenia obtusifolia]]'' {{small |Roxb. ex Hook.f.}}
* ''[[Gardenia mollis]]'' {{Au|Schltr.}}
* ''[[Gardenia ornata]]'' {{small |K.M.Wong}}
* ''[[Gardenia moszkowskii]]'' {{Au|Valeton}}
* ''[[Gardenia oudiepe]]'' {{small |Vieill.}}
* ''[[Gardenia mutabilis]]'' {{Au|Reinw. ex Blume}}
* ''[[Gardenia ovularis]]'' {{small |F.M.Bailey}}
* ''[[Gardenia ngoyensis]]'' {{Au|Schltr.}}
* ''[[Gardenia pallens]]'' {{small |Merr. & L.M.Perry}}
* ''[[Gardenia nitida]]'' {{Au|Hook.}}
* ''[[Gardenia panduriformis]]'' {{small |Pierre ex Pit.}}
* ''[[Gardenia obtusifolia]]'' {{Au|Roxb. ex Hook.f.}}
* ''[[Gardenia papuana]]'' {{small |F.M.Bailey}}
* ''[[Gardenia ornata]]'' {{Au|K.M.Wong}}
* ''[[Gardenia philastrei]]'' {{small |Pierre ex Pit.}}
* ''[[Gardenia oudiepe]]'' {{Au|Vieill.}}
* ''[[Gardenia posoquerioides]]'' {{small |S.Moore}}
* ''[[Gardenia ovularis]]'' {{Au|F.M.Bailey}}
* ''[[Gardenia propinqua]]'' {{small |Lindl.}}
* ''[[Gardenia pallens]]'' {{Au|Merr. & L.M.Perry}}
* ''[[Gardenia psidioides]]'' {{small |Puttock}}
* ''[[Gardenia panduriformis]]'' {{Au|Pierre ex Pit.}}
* ''[[Gardenia pterocalyx]]'' {{small |Valeton}}
* ''[[Gardenia papuana]]'' {{Au|F.M.Bailey}}
* ''[[Gardenia pyriformis]]'' {{small |A.Cunn. ex Benth.}}
* ''[[Gardenia philastrei]]'' {{Au|Pierre ex Pit.}}
* ''[[Gardenia racemulosa]]'' {{small |Korth.}}
* ''[[Gardenia posoquerioides]]'' {{Au|S.Moore}}
* ''[[Gardenia reflexisepala]]'' {{small |N.H.Xia & X.E.Ye}}
* ''[[Gardenia propinqua]]'' {{Au|Lindl.}}
* ''[[Gardenia reinwardtiana]]'' {{small |Blume}}
* ''[[Gardenia pseudoternifolia]]'' {{Au|Valeton}}
* ''[[Gardenia remyi]]'' {{small |H.Mann}}
* ''[[Gardenia psidioides]]'' {{Au|Puttock}}
* ''[[Gardenia resinifera]]'' {{small |Roth}}
* ''[[Gardenia pterocalyx]]'' {{Au|Valeton}}
* ''[[Gardenia resiniflua]]'' {{small |Hiern}}
* ''[[Gardenia pyriformis]]'' {{Au|A.Cunn. ex Benth.}}
* ''[[Gardenia resinosa]]'' {{small |F.Muell.}}
** [[Gardenia pyriformis subsp. keartlandii|subsp. ''keartlandii'']] {{Au|(Tate) Puttock}}
* ''[[Gardenia rupicola]]'' {{small |Puttock}}
* ''[[Gardenia racemulosa]]'' {{Au|Korth.}}
* ''[[Gardenia rutenbergiana]]'' {{small |(Baill. ex Vatke) J.-F.Leroy}}
* ''[[Gardenia reinwardtiana]]'' {{Au|Blume}}
* ''[[Gardenia sambiranensis]]'' {{small |Rakoton. & A.P.Davis}}
* ''[[Gardenia remyi]]'' {{Au|H.Mann}} (Hawai{{okina}}i)
* ''[[Gardenia saxatilis]]'' {{small |E.T.Geddes}}
⚫
* ''[[Gardenia scabrella]]'' {{small |Puttock}}
* ''[[Gardenia resinifera]]'' {{Au|Roth}} (Brilliant gardenia, Cambi resin tree, or ''dikamali'') [[India]]. Shrub or small tree, to 3 m high. (= ''G. lucida, Genipa resinifera''<!-- (Roth) Baill. -->)
* ''[[Gardenia resiniflua]]'' {{Au|Hiern}} (gummy gardenia). South Africa.
* ''[[Gardenia schlechteri]]'' {{small |Bonati & Petitm.}}
* ''[[Gardenia resinosa]]'' {{Au|F.Muell.}}
* ''[[Gardenia schwarzii]]'' {{small |Puttock}}
* ''[[Gardenia rupicola]]'' {{Au|Puttock}}
* ''[[Gardenia sericea]]'' {{small |Puttock}}
* ''[[Gardenia rutenbergiana]]'' {{Au|(Baill. ex Vatke) J.-F.Leroy}} (= ''Genipa rutenbergiana''<!-- Baill. ex Vatke -->)
* ''[[Gardenia similis]]'' {{small |(Craib) Craib}}
* ''[[Gardenia saxatilis]]'' {{Au|Geddes}}
* ''[[Gardenia siphonocalyx]]'' {{small |Valeton}}
* ''[[Gardenia scabrella]]'' {{Au|Puttock}} far north Queensland- used in amenities plantings in Cairns
* ''[[Gardenia sokotensis]]'' {{small |Hutch.}}
* ''[[Gardenia schlechteri]]'' {{Au|Bonati & Petitm.}}
* ''[[Gardenia sootepensis]]'' {{small |Hutch.}}
* ''[[Gardenia schwarzii]]'' {{Au|Puttock}}
* ''[[Gardenia stenophylla]]'' {{small |Merr.}}
* ''[[Gardenia sericea]]'' {{Au|Puttock}}
* ''[[Gardenia storckii]]'' {{small |Oliv.}}
* ''[[Gardenia similis]]'' {{Au|(Craib) Craib}}
* ''[[Gardenia subacaulis]]'' {{small |Stapf & Hutch.}}
* ''[[Gardenia siphonocalyx]]'' {{Au|Valeton}}
* ''[[Gardenia subcarinata]]'' {{small |(Corner) Y.W.Low}}
* ''[[Gardenia sokotensis]]'' {{Au|Hutch.}}
* ''[[Gardenia taitensis]]'' {{small |DC.}}
* ''[[Gardenia sootepensis]]'' {{Au|Hutch.}}
* ''[[Gardenia tannaensis]]'' {{small |Guillaumin}}
* ''[[Gardenia stenophylla]]'' {{Au|Merr.}}
* ''[[Gardenia ternifolia]]'' {{small |Schumach. & Thonn.}}
* ''[[Gardenia stipulosa]]'' {{Au|Zoll. & Moritzi}}
* ''[[Gardenia tessellaris]]'' {{small |Puttock}}
* ''[[Gardenia storckii]]'' {{Au|Oliv.}}
* ''[[Gardenia thailandica]]'' {{small |Tirveng.}}
* ''[[Gardenia subacaulis]]'' {{Au|Stapf & Hutch.}}
* ''[[Gardenia thunbergia]]'' {{small |Thunb.}}
* ''[[Gardenia subcarinata]]'' {{Au|(Corner) Y.W.Low}}
* ''[[Gardenia tinneae]]'' {{small |Kotschy & Heuglin}}
* ''[[Gardenia succosa]]'' {{Au|Baker}}
* ''[[Gardenia transvenulosa]]'' {{small |Verdc.}}
⚫
* ''[[Gardenia trochainii]]'' {{small |Sillans}}
* ''[[Gardenia taitensis]]'' {{Au|DC.}} (Tahitian gardenia, ''Tiare māori'' in Tahitian, ''tiale'' in Samoan). [[Polynesia]].
* ''[[Gardenia tannaensis]]'' {{Au|Guillaumin}}
* ''[[Gardenia tropidocarpa]]'' {{small |Wernham}}
⚫
* ''[[Gardenia truncata]]'' {{small |Craib}}
* ''[[Gardenia ternifolia]]'' {{Au|Schumach. & Thonn.}} (Large-leaved Transvaal gardenia). [[Sudanian Savanna|Sudano]]-[[Miombo woodland|Zambezian]] savannas and woodlands.
** [[Gardenia ternifolia var. goetzei|var. ''goetzei'']] {{Au|(Stapf & Hutch.) Verdc.}}
* ''[[Gardenia tubifera]]'' {{small |Wall. ex Roxb.}}
⚫
* ''[[Gardenia urvillei]]'' {{small |Montrouz.}}
** [[Gardenia ternifolia subsp. jovis-tonantis|subsp. ''jovis-tonantis'']] {{Au|(Welw.) Verdc.}} (= ''G. jovis-tonantis'', ''Genipa jovis-tonantis''<!-- (Welw.) Baill. -->)
* ''[[Gardenia tessellaris]]'' {{Au|Puttock}}
* ''[[Gardenia vernicosa]]'' {{small |Merr. & L.M.Perry}}
* ''[[Gardenia thailandica]]'' {{Au|Tirveng.}}
* ''[[Gardenia vilhelmii]]'' {{small |Domin}}
⚫
* ''[[Gardenia vitiensis]]'' {{small |Seem.}}
* ''[[Gardenia thunbergia]]'' {{Au|Thunb.}} (white gardenia, forest gardenia, or ''witkatjiepiering'') South Africa. Shrub or small tree, 2–5 m high.
* ''[[Gardenia tinneae]]'' {{Au|Kotschy & Heuglin}}
* ''[[Gardenia vogelii]]'' {{small |Hook.f.}}
* ''[[Gardenia transvenulosa]]'' {{Au|Verdc.}}
* ''[[Gardenia volkensii]]'' {{small |K.Schum.}}
* ''[[Gardenia trochainii]]'' {{Au|Sillans}}
* ''[[Gardenia vulcanica]]'' {{small |K.M.Wong}}
⚫
* ''[[Gardenia tropidocarpa]]'' {{Au|Wernham}}
⚫
* ''[[Gardenia truncata]]'' {{Au|Craib}}
* ''[[Gardenia tubifera]]'' {{Au|Wall. ex Roxb.}} (golden gardenia). Southeastern Asia. Small tree to 15 m high.
⚫
* ''[[Gardenia urvillei]]'' {{Au|Montrouz.}}
* ''[[Gardenia vernicosa]]'' {{Au|Merr. & L.M.Perry}}
⚫
* ''[[Gardenia vilhelmii]]'' {{Au|Domin}}
⚫
* ''[[Gardenia vitiensis]]'' {{Au|Seem.}} (Fijian gardenia) [[Fiji]].
⚫
* ''[[Gardenia vogelii]]'' {{Au|Hook.f.}}
* ''[[Gardenia volkensii]]'' {{Au|K.Schum.}} (Transvaal gardenia or savanna gardenia). Tropical Africa.
** [[Gardenia volkensii var. saundersiae|var. ''saundersiae'']] {{Au|(N.E.Br.) Verdc.}}
** [[Gardenia volkensii subsp. spathulifolia|subsp. ''spathulifolia'']] {{Au|(Stapf & Hutch.) Verdc.}}
* ''[[Gardenia vulcanica]]'' {{Au|K.M.Wong}}
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


==Cultivation and uses==
==Cultivation and uses==
Gardenia plants are prized for the strong sweet scent of their flowers, which can be very large in size in some species.
Gardenia plants are prized for the strong sweet scent of their flowers, which can be very large in size in some species.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gardenstips.com/gardenia-flowers/|title=Gardenia Flowers Gardening|date=7 February 2023|access-date=11 March 2023}}</ref>


''Gardenia jasminoides'' (syn. ''G. grandiflora'', ''G. Florida'') is cultivated as a house plant. This species can be difficult to grow because it originated in warm humid tropical areas. It demands high [[humidity]] to thrive, and bright (not direct) light. It flourishes in [[acidic soil]]s with good drainage and thrives on [20-23 C temperatures (68-74 F)]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uri.edu/ce/factsheets/sheets/gardenia.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125024312/http://www.uri.edu/ce/factsheets/sheets/gardenia.html |archive-date=2009-01-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> during the day and 15-16 C (60 F) in the evening. [[Houseplant#Soil|Potting soil]]s developed especially for gardenias are available. ''G. jasminoides'' grows no larger than 18 inches in height and width when grown indoors. In climates where it can be grown outdoors, it can attain a height of 6 feet. If water touches the flowers, they will turn brown.<ref>Reader's Digest. Success with House Plants. The Reader's Digest Association, Inc. New York/Montreal. 217</ref>
''Gardenia jasminoides'' (syn. ''G. grandiflora'', ''G. florida'') is cultivated as a house plant. This species can be difficult to grow because it originated in warm humid tropical areas. It demands high [[humidity]] to thrive, and bright (but not direct) light. It flourishes in [[acidic soil]]s with good drainage and thrives on temperatures of {{convert|20|-|23|C|F}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uri.edu/ce/factsheets/sheets/gardenia.html |title=Gardenia Care |access-date=2009-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125024312/http://www.uri.edu/ce/factsheets/sheets/gardenia.html |archive-date=2009-01-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> during the day and {{convert|15|-|16|C|F}} in the evening. [[Potting soil]]s developed especially for gardenias are available. ''G. jasminoides'' grows no larger than 18 inches in height and width when grown indoors. In climates where it can be grown outdoors, it can attain a height of 6 feet. If water touches the flowers, they will turn brown.<ref>Reader's Digest. Success with House Plants. The Reader's Digest Association, Inc. New York/Montreal. 217</ref>{{Volume needed|date=July 2022}}{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2022|reason=No volume and issue available}}


In Eastern Asia, ''Gardenia jasminoides'' is called {{transl|zh|zhīzi}} ([[wikt:栀|栀]]子) in China, {{transl|ko|chija}} (치자) in Korea, and {{transl|ja|kuchinashi}} ([[wikt:梔|梔]]) in Japan. Its fruit is used as a yellow [[dye]],<ref>{{citation |author1=Ozaki, A. |author2=Kitano, M. |author3=Furusawa, N. |author4=Yamaguchi, H. |author5=Kuroda, K. |author6=Endo, G. |year=2002 |title=Genotoxicity of gardenia yellow and its components |journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology |volume=40 |issue=11 |pages=1603–1610 |doi=10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00118-7|pmid=12176087 }}</ref> used on fabric and food (including the Korean [[mung bean]] jelly called ''[[hwangpomuk]]''). Its fruits are also used in traditional [[Chinese medicine]] for their clearing, calming, and cooling properties.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sacredlotus.com/herbs/get.cfm/chinese_herb/zhi_zi_gardenia_cape_jasmine_fruit |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903143317/http://www.sacredlotus.com/herbs/get.cfm/chinese_herb/zhi_zi_gardenia_cape_jasmine_fruit |archive-date=2011-09-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In Eastern Asia, ''Gardenia jasminoides'' is called {{transliteration|zh|zhīzi}} ({{lang|zh|[[wikt:梔子#Chinese|梔子]]}}) in China, {{transliteration|ko|chija}} ({{lang|ko|치자}}) in Korea, and {{transliteration|ja|kuchinashi}} ({{lang|ja|[[wikt:梔子#Japanese|梔子]]}}) in Japan. Its fruit is used as a yellow [[dye]],<ref>{{citation |author1=Ozaki, A. |author2=Kitano, M. |author3=Furusawa, N. |author4=Yamaguchi, H. |author5=Kuroda, K. |author6=Endo, G. |year=2002 |title=Genotoxicity of gardenia yellow and its components |journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology |volume=40 |issue=11 |pages=1603–1610 |doi=10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00118-7|pmid=12176087 }}</ref> used on fabric and food (including the Korean [[mung bean]] jelly called ''[[hwangpomuk]]''). Its fruits are also used in traditional [[Chinese medicine]] for their clearing, calming, and cooling properties.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sacredlotus.com/herbs/get.cfm/chinese_herb/zhi_zi_gardenia_cape_jasmine_fruit |title=Zhi Zi (Gardenia, Cape Jasmine Fruit), Fructus Gardeniae Jasminoidis - Chinese Herb |access-date=2011-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903143317/http://www.sacredlotus.com/herbs/get.cfm/chinese_herb/zhi_zi_gardenia_cape_jasmine_fruit |archive-date=2011-09-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


In [[France]], gardenias are the flower traditionally worn by men as [[boutonnière]] when in [[white tie|evening dress]]. In ''[[The Age of Innocence]]'', [[Edith Wharton]] suggests it was customary for upper-class men from New York City to wear a gardenia in their buttonhole during the [[Gilded Age]].<ref>Edith Wharton, ''The Age of Innocence'', Wordsworth Classic, 1999, p. 4</ref>
In [[France]], gardenias are the flower traditionally worn by men as [[boutonnière]] when in [[white tie|evening dress]]. In ''[[The Age of Innocence]]'', [[Edith Wharton]] suggests it was customary for upper-class men from New York City to wear a gardenia in their buttonhole during the [[Gilded Age]].,<ref>Edith Wharton, ''The Age of Innocence'', Wordsworth Classic, 1999, p. 4</ref>


[[Sigmund Freud]] remarked to the poet [[H.D.]] that gardenias were his favorite flower.<ref>H.D. (Hilda Doolittle). "Tribute to Freud." New Directions, Boston 1974 p11</ref>
[[Sigmund Freud]] remarked to the poet [[H.D.]] that gardenias were his favorite flower.<ref>H.D. (Hilda Doolittle). "Tribute to Freud." New Directions, Boston 1974 p11</ref>


In [[Tiki culture]], "Donn Beach", aka [[Don the Beachcomber]], frequently wore a fresh lei of gardenias almost everyday at his [[Tiki bars]], allegedly spending $7,800 for flowers over the course of four years in 1938.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bitner |first1=Arnold |title=Hawai'i Tropical Rum Drinks by Don the Beaschcomber |date=2001 |publisher=Mutual Publishing |location=Honolulu|page = 18}}</ref> He named one of his drinks the ''Mystery Gardenia'' cocktail. [[Trader Vic's|Trader Vic]] frequently used the gardenia as a flower garnish in his [[Tiki bar|Tiki drinks]], such as in the [[Scorpion bowl|Scorpion]] and ''Outrigger Tiara'' cocktails.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vic |first1=Trader |title=Bartender's Guide, Revised |url=https://archive.org/details/tradervicsbarten00trad |url-access=registration |date=1972 |publisher=Double Day & Co. |location=Garden City, NY |page=[https://archive.org/details/tradervicsbarten00trad/page/179 179] |edition=revised}}</ref>
In [[tiki culture]], Donn Beach, aka [[Don the Beachcomber]], frequently wore a fresh lei of gardenias almost every day at his [[tiki bars]], allegedly spending $7,800 for flowers over the course of four years in 1938.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bitner |first1=Arnold |title=Hawai'i Tropical Rum Drinks by Don the Beaschcomber |date=2001 |publisher=Mutual Publishing |location=Honolulu|page = 18}}</ref> He named one of his drinks the mystery gardenia cocktail. [[Trader Vic's|Trader Vic]] frequently used the gardenia as a flower garnish in his [[tiki bar|tiki drinks]], such as in the [[scorpion bowl|scorpion]] and outrigger tiara cocktails.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vic |first1=Trader |title=Bartender's Guide, Revised |url=https://archive.org/details/tradervicsbarten00trad |url-access=registration |date=1972 |publisher=Doubleday & Co. |location=Garden City, NY |page=[https://archive.org/details/tradervicsbarten00trad/page/179 179] |edition=revised}}</ref>


Several species occur in [[Hawaii]], where gardenias are known as '''''na{{okina}}u''''' or '''''nānū'''''.
Several species occur in [[Hawaii]], where gardenias are known as ''na{{okina}}u'' or ''nānū''.


⚫
[[Hattie McDaniel]] famously wore gardenias in her hair when she accepted an [[Academy Award]], the first for an African American, for ''[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]]''. [[Mo'Nique|Mo'Nique Hicks]] later wore gardenias in her hair when she won her Oscar, as a tribute to McDaniel.
[[Crocetin]] is a chemical compound usually obtained from ''[[Crocus sativus]]'', which can also be obtained from the fruit of ''Gardenia jasminoides''.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Yamauchi | first1 = M | last2 = Tsuruma | first2 = K | last3 = Imai | first3 = S | last4 = Nakanishi | first4 = T | last5 = Umigai | first5 = N | last6 = Shimazawa | first6 = M | last7 = Hara | first7 = H | title = Crocetin prevents retinal degeneration induced by oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stresses via inhibition of caspase activity | journal = European Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 650 | issue = 1 | pages = 110–9 | year = 2011 | pmid = 20951131 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.09.081}}</ref> Gordonin is a novel methoxylated flavonol secreted in golden-colored resinous droplets of ''Gardenia gordonii'', which is one of several critically endangered species of the Fiji Islands. Phytochemical studies of these resin droplets have been published, including a population-level study of two other rare, sympatric species on Vanua Levu Island of the Fiji Archipelago, ''G. candida'' and ''G. grievei''.<ref>Miller, J. M. and S. Sotheeswaran. 1993. Bud exudate composition and ecogeography of Fijian Gardenia species (Rubiaceae). Biotropica 25(1): 117-122</ref>


==Gallery==
⚫
[[Hattie McDaniel]] famously wore gardenias in her hair when she accepted an [[Academy Award]], the first for an African American, for [[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone With The Wind]]. [[Mo'Nique|Mo'Nique Hicks]] later wore gardenias in her hair when she won her Oscar as a tribute to McDaniel.
<gallery>

Image:Starr_030523-0050_Gardenia_brighamii.jpg|''Gardenia brighamii''
Can someone date me please I’m lonely
Image:White Gardenia flower.jpg|''Gardenia jasminoides'' 'Plena'
Image:Gardenia_Flower.jpg|''Gardenia jasminoides''l 'Radicans'
Image:Gardenia psidioides flower.jpg|''Gardenia psidioides''
Image:Tiare_maori.JPG|''Gardenia taitensis''
File:Pollen grains of Gardenia Gummifera.jpg|Pollen grains of Gardenia gummifera
Image:Gardenia thunbergia00.jpg|{{center|''Gardenia thunbergia'' by Edith Struben (1868-1936)}}
Image:Gardeniavolkensii-flowerface.JPG|''Gardenia volkensii'' flower
Image:Gardeniavolkensii-flowers&foliage&fruit.JPG|''Gardenia volkensii'' flowers, foliage, fruit
Image:Blooming stages of gardenia flower 01.jpg|Blooming stages of gardenia flower (1 of 6)
Image:Blooming stages of gardenia flower 02.jpg|Blooming stages of gardenia flower (2 of 6)
Image:Blooming stages of gardenia flower 03.jpg|Blooming stages of gardenia flower (3 of 6)
Image:Blooming stages of gardenia flower 04.jpg|Blooming stages of gardenia flower (4 of 6)
Image:Blooming stages of gardenia flower 05.jpg|Blooming stages of gardenia flower (5 of 6)
Image:Blooming stages of gardenia flower 06.jpg|Blooming stages of gardenia flower (6 of 6)
</gallery>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist |30em |refs=
<ref name="POWO">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331627-2 |title=''Gardenia'' J. Ellis |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=12 July 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="CROCETIN">{{Cite journal |last1=Yamauchi |first1=M |last2=Tsuruma |first2=K |last3=Imai |first3=S |last4=Nakanishi |first4=T |last5=Umigai |first5=N |last6=Shimazawa |first6=M |last7=Hara |first7=H |title=Crocetin prevents retinal degeneration induced by oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stresses via inhibition of caspase activity |journal=European Journal of Pharmacology |volume=650 |issue=1 |pages=110–9 |year=2011 |pmid=20951131 |doi=10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.09.081}}</ref>

<ref name="MILLER">{{cite journal|last1=Miller |first1=J. M. |first2=S. |last2=Sotheeswaran |date=1993 |title=Bud exudate composition and ecogeography of Fijian ''Gardenia'' species (Rubiaceae) |journal=Biotropica |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=117–122|doi=10.2307/2388985 |jstor=2388985 |bibcode=1993Biotr..25..117M }}</ref>
}}


==External links==
==External links==
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q740887}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q740887}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Gardenia| ]]
[[Category:Gardenia| ]]

Latest revision as of 03:21, 29 July 2024

For other uses, see Gardenia (disambiguation).

Gardenia
Gardenia jasminoides
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Gentianales
Family: Rubiaceae
Subfamily: Ixoroideae
Tribe: Gardenieae
Genus: Gardenia
J.Ellis
Species

See text.

Gardenia is a genus of flowering plants in the coffee family, Rubiaceae, native to the tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, Madagascar, Pacific Islands,[1] and Australia.[2]

The genus was named by Carl Linnaeus and John Ellis after Alexander Garden (1730–1791), a Scottish naturalist.[3]

Description

[edit]

Gardenias are evergreen shrubs or small trees growing to 1–15 m (3–49 ft) tall. The leaves are arranged opposite each other or in whorls of three or four, 5–50 cm (2–20 in) long and 3–25 cm (1–10 in) broad. The leaves are dark green and glossy with a leathery texture.

The arrangement of the flowers are solitary or in small clusters. The colors range from white, or pale yellow, with a tubular-based corolla (botany) with 5–12 lobes (petals) from 5 to 12 cm (2 to 5 in) diameter. Gardenias flower from about mid-spring to mid-summer, and many species have a very strong scent.

Phytochemistry

[edit]

Crocetin is a chemical compound usually obtained from Crocus sativus, which can also be obtained from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides.[4] Gordonin is a novel methoxylated flavonol secreted in golden-colored resinous droplets of Gardenia gordonii,[citation needed] which is one of several critically endangered species of the Fiji Islands.

Many of the native gardenias of the Pacific Islands and elsewhere in the paleotropics contribute towards the production of a diverse array of natural products. Methoxylated and oxygenated flavonols, flavones, and triterpenes accumulate on the vegetative and floral buds as yellow to brown droplets of secreted resins. Many focused phytochemical studies of these bud exudates have been published, including a population-level study of two rare, sympatric species of Fiji, G. candida and G. grievei.[5] The evolutionary significance of the gums and resins of gardenias in attracting or repelling invertebrate herbivores, has yet to be explored by ecologists.[citation needed]

Species

[edit]

As of July 2022 Plants of the World Online recognises 128 species in this genus, as follows:[6]

Cultivation and uses

[edit]

Gardenia plants are prized for the strong sweet scent of their flowers, which can be very large in size in some species.[7]

Gardenia jasminoides (syn. G. grandiflora, G. florida) is cultivated as a house plant. This species can be difficult to grow because it originated in warm humid tropical areas. It demands high humidity to thrive, and bright (but not direct) light. It flourishes in acidic soils with good drainage and thrives on temperatures of 20–23 °C (68–73 °F)[8] during the day and 15–16 °C (59–61 °F) in the evening. Potting soils developed especially for gardenias are available. G. jasminoides grows no larger than 18 inches in height and width when grown indoors. In climates where it can be grown outdoors, it can attain a height of 6 feet. If water touches the flowers, they will turn brown.[9][volume & issue needed][unreliable source?]

In Eastern Asia, Gardenia jasminoides is called zhīzi (梔子) in China, chija (치자) in Korea, and kuchinashi (梔子) in Japan. Its fruit is used as a yellow dye,[10] used on fabric and food (including the Korean mung bean jelly called hwangpomuk). Its fruits are also used in traditional Chinese medicine for their clearing, calming, and cooling properties.[11]

In France, gardenias are the flower traditionally worn by men as boutonnière when in evening dress. In The Age of Innocence, Edith Wharton suggests it was customary for upper-class men from New York City to wear a gardenia in their buttonhole during the Gilded Age.,[12]

Sigmund Freud remarked to the poet H.D. that gardenias were his favorite flower.[13]

In tiki culture, Donn Beach, aka Don the Beachcomber, frequently wore a fresh lei of gardenias almost every day at his tiki bars, allegedly spending $7,800 for flowers over the course of four years in 1938.[14] He named one of his drinks the mystery gardenia cocktail. Trader Vic frequently used the gardenia as a flower garnish in his tiki drinks, such as in the scorpion and outrigger tiara cocktails.[15]

Several species occur in Hawaii, where gardenias are known as naʻu or nānū.

Hattie McDaniel famously wore gardenias in her hair when she accepted an Academy Award, the first for an African American, for Gone with the Wind. Mo'Nique Hicks later wore gardenias in her hair when she won her Oscar, as a tribute to McDaniel.

[edit]
  • Gardenia brighamii
    Gardenia brighamii
  • Gardenia jasminoides 'Plena'
    Gardenia jasminoides 'Plena'
  • Gardenia jasminoidesl 'Radicans'
    Gardenia jasminoidesl 'Radicans'
  • Gardenia psidioides
    Gardenia psidioides
  • Gardenia taitensis
    Gardenia taitensis
  • Pollen grains of Gardenia gummifera
    Pollen grains of Gardenia gummifera
  • Gardenia thunbergia by Edith Struben (1868-1936)
    Gardenia thunbergia by Edith Struben (1868-1936)
  • Gardenia volkensii flower
    Gardenia volkensii flower
  • Gardenia volkensii flowers, foliage, fruit
    Gardenia volkensii flowers, foliage, fruit
  • Blooming stages of gardenia flower (1 of 6)
    Blooming stages of gardenia flower (1 of 6)
  • Blooming stages of gardenia flower (2 of 6)
    Blooming stages of gardenia flower (2 of 6)
  • Blooming stages of gardenia flower (3 of 6)
    Blooming stages of gardenia flower (3 of 6)
  • Blooming stages of gardenia flower (4 of 6)
    Blooming stages of gardenia flower (4 of 6)
  • Blooming stages of gardenia flower (5 of 6)
    Blooming stages of gardenia flower (5 of 6)
  • Blooming stages of gardenia flower (6 of 6)
    Blooming stages of gardenia flower (6 of 6)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Chen, Tao; Taylor, Charlotte M., "Gardenia J. Ellis, Philos. Trans. 51: 935. 1761", Flora of China online, vol. 19
  2. ^ Puttock, C. F. (1988). "A revision of Gardenia Ellis (Rubiaceae) from north-eastern Queensland". Austrobaileya. 2 (5): 433–449. JSTOR 41738712.
  3. ^ "LXXXII. An account of the plants Halesia and Gardenia : In a letter from John Ellis, Esq; F.R.S. To Philip Carteret Webb, Esq; F.R.S.". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 51: 929–935. 1759. doi:10.1098/rstl.1759.0084. S2CID 186210416.
  4. ^ Yamauchi, M; Tsuruma, K; Imai, S; Nakanishi, T; Umigai, N; Shimazawa, M; Hara, H (2011). "Crocetin prevents retinal degeneration induced by oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stresses via inhibition of caspase activity". European Journal of Pharmacology. 650 (1): 110–9. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.09.081. PMID 20951131.
  5. ^ Miller, J. M.; Sotheeswaran, S. (1993). "Bud exudate composition and ecogeography of Fijian Gardenia species (Rubiaceae)". Biotropica. 25 (1): 117–122. Bibcode:1993Biotr..25..117M. doi:10.2307/2388985. JSTOR 2388985.
  6. ^ "Gardenia J. Ellis". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  7. ^ "Gardenia Flowers Gardening". 7 February 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  8. ^ "Gardenia Care". Archived from the original on 2009-01-25. Retrieved 2009-01-15.
  9. ^ Reader's Digest. Success with House Plants. The Reader's Digest Association, Inc. New York/Montreal. 217
  10. ^ Ozaki, A.; Kitano, M.; Furusawa, N.; Yamaguchi, H.; Kuroda, K.; Endo, G. (2002), "Genotoxicity of gardenia yellow and its components", Food and Chemical Toxicology, 40 (11): 1603–1610, doi:10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00118-7, PMID 12176087
  11. ^ "Zhi Zi (Gardenia, Cape Jasmine Fruit), Fructus Gardeniae Jasminoidis - Chinese Herb". Archived from the original on 2011-09-03. Retrieved 2011-08-02.
  12. ^ Edith Wharton, The Age of Innocence, Wordsworth Classic, 1999, p. 4
  13. ^ H.D. (Hilda Doolittle). "Tribute to Freud." New Directions, Boston 1974 p11
  14. ^ Bitner, Arnold (2001). Hawai'i Tropical Rum Drinks by Don the Beaschcomber. Honolulu: Mutual Publishing. p. 18.
  15. ^ Vic, Trader (1972). Bartender's Guide, Revised (revised ed.). Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co. p. 179.
[edit]
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