Beryllium bromide: Difference between revisions
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'''Beryllium bromide''' is the [[chemical compound]] with the [[chemical formula|formula]] BeBr<sub>2</sub>. It is very [[hygroscopic]] and dissolves well in [[water]]. The |
'''Beryllium bromide''' is the [[chemical compound]] with the [[chemical formula|formula]] BeBr<sub>2</sub>. It is very [[hygroscopic]] and dissolves well in [[water]]. The {{chem2|Be(2+)}} cation, which is relevant to BeBr<sub>2</sub>, is characterized by the highest known [[charge density]] (Z/r = 6.45), making it one of the [[HSAB theory|hardest cations]] and a very strong [[Lewis acid]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Buchner |first=M. R. |title=Beryllium Chemistry |date=2017-01-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124095472110248 |work=Reference Module in Chemistry, Molecular Sciences and Chemical Engineering |access-date=2022-10-27 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |isbn=978-0-12-409547-2}}</ref> |
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==Preparation and reactions== |
==Preparation and reactions== |
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It can be prepared by reacting [[beryllium]] metal with elemental [[bromine]] at temperatures of 500 °C to 700 °C:<ref name="hand"/> |
It can be prepared by reacting [[beryllium]] metal with elemental [[bromine]] at temperatures of 500 °C to 700 °C:<ref name="hand"/> |
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:Be + |
:{{chem2|Be + Br2 → BeBr2}} |
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When the oxidation is conducted on an ether suspension, one obtains colorless dietherate:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Paparo |first1=Albert |last2=Jones |first2=Cameron |date=2019-02-01 |title=Beryllium Halide Complexes Incorporating Neutral or Anionic Ligands: Potential Precursors for Beryllium Chemistry |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/asia.201801800 |journal=Chemistry: An Asian Journal |language=en |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=486–490 |doi=10.1002/asia.201801800 |pmid=30604490 |s2cid=58632466 |issn=1861-4728}}</ref> |
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Beryllium bromide is also formed when treating [[beryllium oxide]] with [[hydrobromic acid]]: |
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: |
:{{chem2|Be + Br2 + 2 O(C2H5)2 → BeBr2(O(C2H5)2)2}} |
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The same dietherate is obtained by suspending beryllium dibromide in diethyl ether:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Paparo |first1=Albert |last2=Jones |first2=Cameron |date=2019-02-01 |title=Beryllium Halide Complexes Incorporating Neutral or Anionic Ligands: Potential Precursors for Beryllium Chemistry |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/asia.201801800 |journal=Chemistry: An Asian Journal |language=en |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=486–490 |doi=10.1002/asia.201801800 |pmid=30604490 |s2cid=58632466 |issn=1861-4728}}</ref> |
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:{{chem2|BeBr2 2 O(C2H5)2 → BeBr2(O(C2H5)2)2}} |
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This ether ligand can be displaced by other [[Lewis base]]s.is ether ligand can be displaced by other [[Lewis base]]s. |
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Beryllium bromide hydrolyzes slowly in water: BeBr<sub>2</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O → 2 HBr + Be(OH)<sub>2</sub> |
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==Structure== |
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Two forms ([[Polymorphism (materials science)|polymorph]]s) of BeBr<sub>2</sub> are known. Both structures consist of tetrahedral Be<sup>2+</sup> centers interconnected by doubly bridging bromide ligands. One form consist of edge-sharing polytetrahedra. The other form resembles [[zinc iodide]] with interconnected [[adamantane]]-like cages.<ref> {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02832|title=A Second Modification of Beryllium Bromide: β-BeBr<sub>2</sub> |year=2020 |last1=Buchner |first1=Magnus R. |last2=Dankert |first2=Fabian |last3=Spang |first3=Nils |last4=Pielnhofer |first4=Florian |last5=von Hänisch |first5=Carsten |journal=Inorganic Chemistry |volume=59 |issue=23 |pages=16783–16788 |pmid=33185106 |s2cid=226850424 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Crystal Modifications of Beryllium Dihalides BeCl<sub>2</sub>, BeBr<sub>2</sub>, and BeI<sub>2</sub>|author= Troyanov, S. I. |journal=Zhurnal Neorganicheskoi Khimii|year=2000|volume=45|page=1619-1624}}</ref> |
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==Safety== |
==Safety== |
Latest revision as of 22:18, 10 August 2024
Names | |
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IUPAC name
Beryllium bromide
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Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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ChemSpider | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.029.196 |
EC Number |
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PubChem CID
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UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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Properties | |
BeBr2 | |
Molar mass | 168.820 g/mol |
Appearance | colorless white crystals |
Density | 3.465 g/cm3 (20 °C) |
Melting point | 508 °C (946 °F; 781 K)sublimes at 473 °C (883 °F; 746 K) |
Boiling point | 520 °C (968 °F; 793 K)[1] |
Highly[1] | |
Solubility | soluble in ethanol, diethyl ether, pyridine insoluble in benzene |
Structure | |
Orthorhombic | |
Thermochemistry | |
Heat capacity (C)
|
0.4111 J/g K |
Std molar
entropy (S⦵298) |
9.5395 J/K |
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH⦵298) |
-2.094 kJ/g |
Hazards | |
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): | |
Main hazards
|
see Berylliosis |
GHS labelling: | |
Danger | |
H301, H315, H317, H319, H330, H335, H350i, H372, H411 | |
P260, P301+P310, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P320, P330, P405, P501 | |
NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |
NIOSH (US health exposure limits): | |
PEL (Permissible)
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TWA 0.002 mg/m3 C 0.005 mg/m3 (30 minutes), with a maximum peak of 0.025 mg/m3 (as Be)[2] |
REL (Recommended)
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Ca C 0.0005 mg/m3 (as Be)[2] |
IDLH (Immediate danger)
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Ca [4 mg/m3 (as Be)][2] |
Related compounds | |
Other anions
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Beryllium fluoride Beryllium chloride Beryllium iodide |
Other cations
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Magnesium bromide Calcium bromide Strontium bromide Barium bromide Radium bromide |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Beryllium bromide is the chemical compound with the formula BeBr2. It is very hygroscopic and dissolves well in water. The Be2+ cation, which is relevant to BeBr2, is characterized by the highest known charge density (Z/r = 6.45), making it one of the hardest cations and a very strong Lewis acid.[3]
Preparation and reactions
[edit]It can be prepared by reacting beryllium metal with elemental bromine at temperatures of 500 °C to 700 °C:[1]
- Be + Br2 → BeBr2
When the oxidation is conducted on an ether suspension, one obtains colorless dietherate:[4]
- Be + Br2 + 2 O(C2H5)2 → BeBr2(O(C2H5)2)2
The same dietherate is obtained by suspending beryllium dibromide in diethyl ether:[5]
- BeBr2 2 O(C2H5)2 → BeBr2(O(C2H5)2)2
This ether ligand can be displaced by other Lewis bases.is ether ligand can be displaced by other Lewis bases.
Beryllium bromide hydrolyzes slowly in water: BeBr2 + 2 H2O → 2 HBr + Be(OH)2
Structure
[edit]Two forms (polymorphs) of BeBr2 are known. Both structures consist of tetrahedral Be2+ centers interconnected by doubly bridging bromide ligands. One form consist of edge-sharing polytetrahedra. The other form resembles zinc iodide with interconnected adamantane-like cages.[6][7]
Safety
[edit]Beryllium compounds are toxic if inhaled or ingested.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Perry, Dale L.; Phillips, Sidney L. (1995), Handbook of Inorganic Compounds, CRC Press, pp. 61–62, ISBN 0-8493-8671-3, retrieved 2007-12-10
- ^ a b c NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0054". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- ^ Buchner, M. R. (2017-01-01), "Beryllium Chemistry", Reference Module in Chemistry, Molecular Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Elsevier, ISBN 978-0-12-409547-2, retrieved 2022-10-27
- ^ Paparo, Albert; Jones, Cameron (2019-02-01). "Beryllium Halide Complexes Incorporating Neutral or Anionic Ligands: Potential Precursors for Beryllium Chemistry". Chemistry: An Asian Journal. 14 (3): 486–490. doi:10.1002/asia.201801800. ISSN 1861-4728. PMID 30604490. S2CID 58632466.
- ^ Paparo, Albert; Jones, Cameron (2019-02-01). "Beryllium Halide Complexes Incorporating Neutral or Anionic Ligands: Potential Precursors for Beryllium Chemistry". Chemistry: An Asian Journal. 14 (3): 486–490. doi:10.1002/asia.201801800. ISSN 1861-4728. PMID 30604490. S2CID 58632466.
- ^ Buchner, Magnus R.; Dankert, Fabian; Spang, Nils; Pielnhofer, Florian; von Hänisch, Carsten (2020). "A Second Modification of Beryllium Bromide: β-BeBr2". Inorganic Chemistry. 59 (23): 16783–16788. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02832. PMID 33185106. S2CID 226850424.
- ^ Troyanov, S. I. (2000). "Crystal Modifications of Beryllium Dihalides BeCl2, BeBr2, and BeI2". Zhurnal Neorganicheskoi Khimii. 45: 1619-1624.