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{{Short description|Oblast of the Russian Empire}} |
{{Short description|Oblast of the Russian Empire}} |
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{{Italic title|string=oblast}} |
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| name = Batum Oblast |
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{{Infobox settlement |
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| extinct_date = 1917 |
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| area_total_km2 = 6,975.65 |
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| |
| established_date = 1873 |
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| |
| established_title = Established |
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| |
| extinct_date = 3 March 1918 |
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| |
| extinct_title = [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] |
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| image_map = Batum Oblast ATD.png |
| image_map = Batum Oblast ATD.png |
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| image_shield = Coat of arms of Batum Oblast 1881.svg |
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| map_caption = Administrative map of the Batum Oblast |
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| mapsize = 220px |
| mapsize = 220px |
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| |
| coordinates = |
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{{coord|41|38|45|N|41|38|30|E|type:admin2_region:GE|display=title,inline}} |
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| shield_link = <!-- established --> |
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| |
| name = Batum ''oblast'' |
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| established_date = 1873 |
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| extinct_title = Abolished |
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| subdivision_type = Country |
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| area_total_km2 = 6,976 |
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<!-- population -->| subdivision_name = [[Russian Empire]] |
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| subdivision_type1 = Viceroyalty |
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| native_name = Батумская область |
| native_name = Батумская область |
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| native_name_lang = ru |
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| subdivision_name1 = [[Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)|Caucasus]] |
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| population_as_of = 1916 |
| population_as_of = 1916 |
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| population_total = 122,811 |
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| population_density_km2 = auto |
| population_density_km2 = auto |
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<!-- government -->| settlement_type = [[Oblast]] |
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| seat = Batum ([[Batumi]]) |
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| map_caption = Administrative map of the Batum Oblast |
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| population_urban = 22.02% |
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| population_rural = 87.98% |
| population_rural = 87.98% |
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| |
| population_total = 122,811 |
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| population_urban = 22.02% |
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| seat = Batum<br>(present-day [[Batumi]]) |
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| seat_type = Capital |
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| settlement_type = ''[[Oblasts of the Russian Empire|Oblast]]'' |
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| subdivision_name = [[Russian Empire]] |
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| subdivision_name1 = [[Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)|Caucasus]] |
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| subdivision_type = Country |
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| subdivision_type1 = [[List of viceroyalties of the Russian Empire|Viceroyalty]] |
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| total_type = Total |
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}} |
}} |
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The '''Batum |
The '''Batum ''oblast'''''{{efn|{{bulletedlist|{{lang-ru|Батумская область|translit=Batumskaya oblast}} {{IPA|ru|bətʊmskəjə ɐbɫəsʲtʲ|}}|{{lang-ka|ბათუმის ოლქი|tr}} {{IPA|ka|b̥atʰumis olkʰi|}}|{{lang-tr|Batum Oblastı}} {{IPA|tr|batum obɫastɯ|}}}}}} was a province (''[[oblast]]'') of the [[Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)|Caucasus Viceroyalty]] of the [[Russian Empire]], with the [[Black Sea]] port of Batum (present-day [[Batumi]]) as its administrative center. The Batum ''oblast'' roughly corresponded to most of present-day southwestern [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], and part of the [[Artvin Province]] of [[Turkey]].{{sfn|Tsutsiev|2014}} |
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==Geography== |
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In the north, the Batumi region bordered on the Ozurgeti district of the Kutaisi province , in the east - on the Akhaltsikhe district of the Tiflis province and the Ardagan district of the Kars region . |
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In the west and south, the border of the Batumi region coincided with the Russian-Turkish border of 1878: in the west , with the Lazistan sanjak , in the southwest, the border began at Cape Kop-mysh , heading further along the spurs of the Pontic Range to the south and southeast, crossing the river Chorokhi is slightly higher than the city of Artvin and the river Olty-chai above the city of Olta , passed along the spurs of the Saganlug Range, crossing the Araks River and entering at the top of Kesa-Dag on the watershed Egri-Dag (or Shah-Iol-Dag), separating the basins of the Araks and Euphrates (Murad tea).<ref>{{Cite web |title=ЭСБЕ/Кавказский край — Викитека |url=https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%95/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9 |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=ru.wikisource.org |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ЭСБЕ/Батумская область — Викитека |url=https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%95/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=ru.wikisource.org |language=ru}}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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The Batum |
The Batum ''oblast'' was created out of the territories of the [[Ottoman Empire]]'s sanjak of Batum following the region's annexation into the [[Russian Empire]] in the aftermath of the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|1878 Russo-Turkish War]]. Established in 1878, the Batum Oblast was later downgraded to an okrug in 1883 and incorporated into the Kutais Governorate (until 1903). |
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Established in 1878, the Batum Oblast was later downgraded to an okrug in 1883 and incorporated into the Kutais Governorate (until 1903).<ref>{{Citation|last=Tsutsiev|first=Arthur|title=Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus|date=2014|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/884858065|pages=38|place=New Haven and London|isbn=978-0-300-15308-8|oclc=884858065|access-date=2021-12-25}}</ref> |
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According to the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]], the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]] ceded the Batum Oblast to the Ottoman Empire, however, the [[Transcaucasian Seim]], the authority in [[Transcaucasia]] by 1918, rejected the treaty, opting to negotiate with the Ottoman Empire on its own terms. Such action led to the former's dissolution and the subsequent [[Treaty of Batum]], which resulted in the inevitable reannexation of Batum to the Ottoman Empire. |
According to the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]], the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]] ceded the Batum Oblast to the Ottoman Empire, however, the [[Transcaucasian Seim]], the authority in [[Transcaucasia]] by 1918, rejected the treaty, opting to negotiate with the Ottoman Empire on its own terms. Such action led to the former's dissolution and the subsequent [[Treaty of Batum]], which resulted in the inevitable reannexation of Batum to the Ottoman Empire. |
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After the [[Armistice of Mudros|Mudros Armistice]], in which the Ottoman Empire was forced to withdraw its troops from the territories of the former [[Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)|Russian Transcaucasus]] including Batum, [[British Army|British troops]] under the [[27th Division (United Kingdom)|27th Division]] occupied the district to support the British military presence in the Transcaucasus, and to serve as a terminal for supplying [[Anton Denikin|Denikin's]] [[Volunteer Army]]. |
After the [[Armistice of Mudros|Mudros Armistice]], in which the Ottoman Empire was forced to withdraw its troops from the territories of the former [[Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)|Russian Transcaucasus]] including Batum, [[British Army|British troops]] under the [[27th Division (United Kingdom)|27th Division]] occupied the district to support the British military presence in the Transcaucasus, and to serve as a terminal for supplying [[Anton Denikin|Denikin's]] [[Volunteer Army]]. |
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The Batum Oblast was finally evacuated by the British in the summer of |
The Batum Oblast was finally evacuated by the British in the summer of 1920, and handed over to the [[Democratic Republic of Georgia]], whom administered the district until it was occupied by [[Turkish Revolutionaries|Turkish revolutionaries]], leading to the [[Treaty of Kars]] which resulted in the partition of the district. The north including the port of Batum was retained by [[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic|Georgia]] as an [[Adjarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|autonomy]], and the southern Artvin district was incorporated into [[Turkey]] as the [[Artvin Province]]. |
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== Administrative divisions == |
== Administrative divisions == |
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The |
The districts (''[[okrug]]s'') of the Batum ''oblast'' in 1917 were as follows:<ref name=":1" />{{sfn|Кавказский календарь на 1917 год|pp=182–185}} |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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! rowspan="2" |Name |
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* [[Artvin Okrug]] ({{lang|ru|Артвинский округ}}) |
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! rowspan="2" |Administrative centre |
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** <small>Ardanuch</small> |
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! colspan="2" |Population |
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** <small>Artvin</small> |
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! rowspan="2" |Area |
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** <small>Shavsheti-Imerkhevi</small> |
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|- |
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* [[Batum Okrug]] ({{lang|ru|Батумский округ}}) |
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!1897 |
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** <small>Upper Adjara</small> |
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!1916 |
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** <small>Goni</small> |
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|- |
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** <small>Kintrishi</small> |
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|[[Artvin okrug]] ({{Lang|ru|Артвинский округ}}) |
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** <small>Lower Adjara</small> |
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|[[Artvin]] |
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| align="right" |56,140 |
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| align="right" |37,414 |
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|{{Convert|2875.06|verst2|km2 mi2|lk=on}} |
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|- |
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|[[Batumi okrug]] ({{Lang|ru|Батумский округ}}) |
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|Batum ([[Batumi]]) |
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| align="right" |88,444 |
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| align="right" |85,397 |
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|{{Convert|3254.05|verst2|km2 mi2|lk=on}} |
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|} |
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==Demographics== |
==Demographics== |
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=== Russian |
=== Russian Empire Census === |
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According to the [[Russian Empire Census]], the Batum ''oblast'' (at the time part of the Kutaisi Governorate) had a population of 144,584 on {{OldStyleDate|28 January|1897|15 January}}, including 82,213 men and 62,371 women. The plurality of the population indicated [[Georgian language|Georgian]] to be their mother tongue, with significant [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Armenian language|Armenian]] and [[Russian language|Russian]] speaking minorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/emp_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=447 |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=www.demoscope.ru}}</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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|+Linguistic composition of the Batum ''oblast'' in 1897<ref name=":1" /> |
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!Language |
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!Native speakers |
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!% |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Georgian language|Georgian]] |
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! TOTAL |
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| align="right" |62,004 |
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! 144,584 |
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| align="right" |42.88 |
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! 100% |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Turkish language|Turkish]] |
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| [[Georgian people|Kartvelians]] |
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| align="right" |44,667 |
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| 63,012 |
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| align="right" |30.89 |
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| 43,5% |
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|- |
|- |
||
| |
|[[Armenian language|Armenian]] |
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| align="right" |14,939 |
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| 44,667 |
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| align="right" |10.33 |
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| 30,8% |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Russian language|Russian]] |
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| [[Armenians]] |
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| align="right" |7,525 |
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| 14,939 |
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| align="right" |5.20 |
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| 10,3% |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Greek language|Greek]] |
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| [[Russians]] |
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| align="right" |4,717 |
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| 7,532 |
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| align="right" |3.26 |
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| 5,2% |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] |
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| [[Greeks]] |
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| align="right" |2,351 |
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| 4,717 |
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| align="right" |1.63 |
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| 3,2% |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] |
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| align="right" |1,811 |
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| align="right" |1.25 |
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|- |
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|[[Jewish languages|Jewish]] |
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| align="right" |1,076 |
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| align="right" |0.74 |
|||
|- |
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|[[Polish language|Polish]] |
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| align="right" |911 |
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| align="right" |0.63 |
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|- |
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|[[Persian language|Persian]] |
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| align="right" | 767 |
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| align="right" |0.53 |
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|- |
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|[[Abkhaz language|Abkhazian]] |
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| align="right" |693 |
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| align="right" |0.48 |
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|- |
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|[[Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]] |
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| align="right" |635 |
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| align="right" |0.44 |
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|- |
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|[[German language|German]] |
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| align="right" |369 |
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| align="right" |0.26 |
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|- |
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|[[Imeretian language|Imeretian]] |
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| align="right" |356 |
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| align="right" |0.25 |
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|- |
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|Tatar{{Caucasian Tatars}} |
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| align="right" |355 |
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| align="right" |0.25 |
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|- |
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|[[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] |
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| align="right" |157 |
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| align="right" | 0.11 |
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|- |
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|[[Inuit languages|Sartic]] |
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| align="right" |156 |
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| align="right" |0.11 |
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|- |
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|[[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] |
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| align="right" |80 |
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| align="right" |0.06 |
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|- |
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|[[Avar language|Avar-Andean]] |
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| align="right" |56 |
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| align="right" |0.04 |
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|- |
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|[[Gazikumukh Khanate|Kazi-Kumukh]] |
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| align="right" |47 |
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| align="right" |0.03 |
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|- |
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|[[English language|English]] |
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| align="right" |38 |
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| align="right" |0.03 |
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|- |
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|[[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] |
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| align="right" |29 |
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| align="right" |0.02 |
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|- |
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|[[Romanian language|Romanian]] |
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| align="right" |27 |
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| align="right" |0.02 |
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|- |
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|[[Svan language|Svan]] |
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| align="right" |17 |
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| align="right" | 0.01 |
|||
|- |
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|[[Estonian language|Estonian]] |
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| align="right" |11 |
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| align="right" |0.01 |
|||
|- |
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|Other |
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| align="right" |790 |
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| align="right" |0.55 |
|||
|- |
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!ТОТАL |
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!144,584 |
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!100.00 |
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|} |
|} |
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=== |
=== ''Kavkazskiy kalendar'' === |
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According to the 1917 publication of ''[[Kavkazskiy kalendar]]'', the Batum ''oblast'' had a population of 122,811 on {{OldStyleDate|14 January|1916|1 January}}, including 66,808 men and 56,003 women, 95,292 of whom were the permanent population, and 27,519 were temporary residents:{{sfn|Кавказский календарь на 1917 год|pp=182–185}} |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
||
! rowspan="2" |Nationality |
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|+Ethnoreligious groups in the Batum Oblast according to the 1917 Caucasian Calendar<ref name=":0" /> |
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! |
! colspan="2" |[[Urban area|Urban]] |
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! colspan="2" |[[ |
! colspan="2" |[[Rural area|Rural]] |
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! |
! colspan="2" |TOTAL |
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! colspan="2" |[[Adjarians|Georgians]] |
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! rowspan="2" |[[Armenians]] |
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! rowspan="2" |[[Peoples of the Caucasus|North Caucasians]] |
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! rowspan="2" |[[Kurds]] |
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! colspan="3" |Other Asian Nationalities |
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! rowspan="2" |[[Romani people|Gypsies]] |
|||
! rowspan="2" |[[Jews]] |
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! rowspan="2" |TOTAL |
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|- |
|- |
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!Number |
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![[Russian Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] |
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!% |
|||
![[Molokan|Sectarian]] |
|||
!Number |
|||
![[Georgian Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] |
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!% |
|||
![[Muslim Georgians|Muslim]] |
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!Number |
|||
![[Caucasus Greeks|Christian]] |
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!% |
|||
![[Azerbaijanis|Shia Muslim]] |
|||
![[Turkish people|Sunni Muslim]] |
|||
|- |
|- |
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|[[Georgians]] |
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! rowspan="2" |[[Artvin Okrug|Artvin]] |
|||
| align="right" |7,363 |
|||
|320 |
|||
| align="right" |27.25 |
|||
|6 |
|||
| align="right" |71,476 |
|||
|24 |
|||
| align="right" |74.61 |
|||
|1,187 |
|||
| align="right" |78,839 |
|||
|25,544 |
|||
| align="right" |64.20 |
|||
|9,428 |
|||
|304 |
|||
|0 |
|||
|69 |
|||
|283 |
|||
|104 |
|||
|145 |
|||
|0 |
|||
|37,414 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Armenians]] |
|||
|<small>0.9%</small> |
|||
| align="right" |10,975 |
|||
|<small>0.0%</small> |
|||
| align="right" |40.62 |
|||
|<small>0.1%</small> |
|||
| align="right" |4,217 |
|||
|<small>3.2%</small> |
|||
| align="right" |4.40 |
|||
|<small>68.3%</small> |
|||
| align="right" |15,192 |
|||
|<small>25.2%</small> |
|||
| align="right" |12.37 |
|||
|<small>0.8%</small> |
|||
|<small>0.0%</small> |
|||
|<small>0.2%</small> |
|||
|<small>0.8%</small> |
|||
|<small>0.3%</small> |
|||
|<small>0.4%</small> |
|||
|<small>0.0%</small> |
|||
|<small>100.0%</small> |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]]{{Efn|Primarily Turco-Tatars.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=67}}}} |
|||
! rowspan="2" |[[Batum Okrug|Batum]] |
|||
| align="right" |75 |
|||
|7,925 |
|||
| align="right" |0.28 |
|||
|294 |
|||
| align="right" |14,267 |
|||
|951 |
|||
| align="right" |14.89 |
|||
|7,411 |
|||
| align="right" |14,342 |
|||
|44,697 |
|||
| align="right" |11.68 |
|||
|5,764 |
|||
|352 |
|||
|552 |
|||
|2,175 |
|||
|411 |
|||
|14,238 |
|||
|20 |
|||
|607 |
|||
|85,397 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Russians]] |
|||
|<small>9.3%</small> |
|||
| align="right" |5,042 |
|||
|<small>0.3%</small> |
|||
| align="right" |18.66 |
|||
|<small>1.1%</small> |
|||
| align="right" |3,503 |
|||
|<small>8.7%</small> |
|||
| align="right" |3.66 |
|||
|<small>52.3%</small> |
|||
| align="right" |8,545 |
|||
|<small>6.7%</small> |
|||
| align="right" |6.96 |
|||
|<small>0.4%</small> |
|||
|<small>0.6%</small> |
|||
|<small>2.5%</small> |
|||
|<small>0.5%</small> |
|||
|<small>16.7%</small> |
|||
|<small>0.0%</small> |
|||
|<small>0.7%</small> |
|||
|<small>100.0%</small> |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Christianity in Asia|Asiatic Christians]] |
|||
! rowspan="2" |TOTAL |
|||
| align="right" |1,097 |
|||
!8,245 |
|||
| align="right" |4.06 |
|||
!300 |
|||
| align="right" |1,147 |
|||
!975 |
|||
| align="right" |1.20 |
|||
!8,598 |
|||
| align="right" |2,244 |
|||
!70,241 |
|||
| align="right" |1.83 |
|||
!15,192 |
|||
!656 |
|||
!552 |
|||
!2,244 |
|||
!694 |
|||
!14,342 |
|||
!165 |
|||
!607 |
|||
!122,811 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Europeans|Other Europeans]] |
|||
!<small>6.7%</small> |
|||
| align="right" |855 |
|||
!<small>0.2%</small> |
|||
| align="right" |3.16 |
|||
!<small>0.8%</small> |
|||
| align="right" |120 |
|||
!<small>7.0%</small> |
|||
| align="right" |0.13 |
|||
!<small>57.2%</small> |
|||
| align="right" |975 |
|||
!<small>12.4%</small> |
|||
| align="right" |0.79 |
|||
!<small>0.5%</small> |
|||
|- |
|||
!<small>0.4%</small> |
|||
|[[Shia Muslims]]{{Efn|Primarily Tatars.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=67}}}} |
|||
!<small>1.8%</small> |
|||
| align="right" |529 |
|||
!<small>0.6%</small> |
|||
| align="right" |1.96 |
|||
!<small>11.7%</small> |
|||
| align="right" |165 |
|||
!<small>0.1%</small> |
|||
| align="right" |0.17 |
|||
!<small>0.5%</small> |
|||
| align="right" |694 |
|||
!<small>100.0%</small> |
|||
| align="right" |0.57 |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Peoples of the Caucasus|North Caucasians]] |
|||
| align="right" |476 |
|||
| align="right" |1.76 |
|||
| align="right" |180 |
|||
| align="right" |0.19 |
|||
| align="right" |656 |
|||
| align="right" |0.53 |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Jews]] |
|||
| align="right" |597 |
|||
| align="right" |2.21 |
|||
| align="right" |10 |
|||
| align="right" |0.01 |
|||
| align="right" |607 |
|||
| align="right" |0.49 |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Kurds]] |
|||
| align="right" |8 |
|||
| align="right" |0.03 |
|||
| align="right" |544 |
|||
| align="right" |0.57 |
|||
| align="right" |552 |
|||
| align="right" |0.45 |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Romani people|Roma]] |
|||
| align="right" |0 |
|||
| align="right" |0.00 |
|||
| align="right" |165 |
|||
| align="right" |0.17 |
|||
| align="right" |165 |
|||
| align="right" |0.13 |
|||
|- |
|||
!TOTAL |
|||
!27,017 |
|||
!100.00 |
|||
!95,794 |
|||
!100.00 |
|||
!122,811 |
|||
!100.00 |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
== See also == |
== See also == |
||
* [[Artvin Okrug]] |
|||
* [[Batum Okrug]] |
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* [[Kars Oblast]] |
* [[Kars Oblast]] |
||
* [[Treaty of San Stefano]] |
|||
* [[Treaty of Berlin (1878)]] |
* [[Treaty of Berlin (1878)]] |
||
* [[Treaty of San Stefano]] |
|||
== Notes == |
|||
{{notelist}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
||
{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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== Bibliography == |
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{{Refbegin}} |
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*{{Cite Armenia and Imperial Decline}} |
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*{{Cite The Republic of Armenia Volume 1}} |
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*{{Cite Kavkazskiy Kalendar 1917}} |
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*{{Cite Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus}} |
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{{Refend}} |
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{{Subdivisions of the Russian Empire}} |
{{Subdivisions of the Russian Empire}} |
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{{Caucasus Viceroyalty}} |
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[[Category:Batum Oblast| ]] |
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[[Category:Oblasts of the Russian Empire]] |
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[[Category:Modern history of Georgia (country)]] |
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[[Category:History of Adjara]] |
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[[Category:19th century in Georgia (country)]] |
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[[Category:1900s in Georgia (country)]] |
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[[Category:1910s in Georgia (country)]] |
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[[Category:States and territories established in 1878]] |
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[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1883]] |
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[[Category:States and territories established in 1903]] |
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[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1917]] |
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[[Category:1870s establishments in Georgia (country)]] |
[[Category:1870s establishments in Georgia (country)]] |
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[[Category:1917 disestablishments in Georgia (country)]] |
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[[Category:1878 establishments in the Russian Empire]] |
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[[Category:1880s disestablishments in the Russian Empire]] |
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[[Category:1903 establishments in the Russian Empire]] |
[[Category:1903 establishments in the Russian Empire]] |
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[[Category:1910s in Georgia (country)]] |
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[[Category:1917 disestablishments in Georgia (country)]] |
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[[Category:1917 disestablishments in Russia]] |
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[[Category:19th century in Georgia (country)]] |
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[[Category:Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)]] |
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[[Category:Modern history of Georgia (country)]] |
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{{Georgia-hist-stub}} |
Latest revision as of 04:18, 21 August 2024
Batum oblast
Батумская область | |
---|---|
![]() Administrative map of the Batum Oblast | |
Coordinates: 41°38′45″N 41°38′30″E / 41.64583°N 41.64167°E | |
Land | Russian Empire |
Viceroyalty | Caucasus |
Established | 1873 |
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | 3 March 1918 |
Capital | Batum (present-day Batumi) |
Area | |
• Total | 6,975.65 km2 (2,693.31 sq mi) |
Population (1916) | |
• Total | 122,811 |
• Density | 18/km2 (46/sq mi) |
• Urban | 22.02% |
• Rural | 87.98% |
The Batum oblast[a] was a province (oblast) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, with the Black Sea port of Batum (present-day Batumi) as its administrative center. The Batum oblast roughly corresponded to most of present-day southwestern Georgia, and part of the Artvin Province of Turkey.[1]
History
[edit]The Batum oblast was created out of the territories of the Ottoman Empire's sanjak of Batum following the region's annexation into the Russian Empire in the aftermath of the 1878 Russo-Turkish War. Established in 1878, the Batum Oblast was later downgraded to an okrug in 1883 and incorporated into the Kutais Governorate (until 1903).
According to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Russian SFSR ceded the Batum Oblast to the Ottoman Empire, however, the Transcaucasian Seim, the authority in Transcaucasia by 1918, rejected the treaty, opting to negotiate with the Ottoman Empire on its own terms. Such action led to the former's dissolution and the subsequent Treaty of Batum, which resulted in the inevitable reannexation of Batum to the Ottoman Empire.
After the Mudros Armistice, in which the Ottoman Empire was forced to withdraw its troops from the territories of the former Russian Transcaucasus including Batum, British troops under the 27th Division occupied the district to support the British military presence in the Transcaucasus, and to serve as a terminal for supplying Denikin's Volunteer Army.
The Batum Oblast was finally evacuated by the British in the summer of 1920, and handed over to the Democratic Republic of Georgia, whom administered the district until it was occupied by Turkish revolutionaries, leading to the Treaty of Kars which resulted in the partition of the district. The north including the port of Batum was retained by Georgia as an autonomy, and the southern Artvin district was incorporated into Turkey as the Artvin Province.
Administrative divisions
[edit]The districts (okrugs) of the Batum oblast in 1917 were as follows:[2][3]
Name | Administrative centre | Population | Area | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1897 | 1916 | |||
Artvin okrug (Артвинский округ) | Artvin | 56,140 | 37,414 | 2,875.06 square versts (3,272.00 km2; 1,263.33 sq mi) |
Batumi okrug (Батумский округ) | Batum (Batumi) | 88,444 | 85,397 | 3,254.05 square versts (3,703.31 km2; 1,429.86 sq mi) |
Demographics
[edit]Russian Empire Census
[edit]According to the Russian Empire Census, the Batum oblast (at the time part of the Kutaisi Governorate) had a population of 144,584 on 28 January [O.S. 15 January] 1897, including 82,213 men and 62,371 women. The plurality of the population indicated Georgian to be their mother tongue, with significant Turkish, Armenian and Russian speaking minorities.[2]
Sprache | Native speakers | % |
---|---|---|
Georgian | 62,004 | 42.88 |
Turkish | 44,667 | 30.89 |
Armenian | 14,939 | 10.33 |
Russian | 7,525 | 5.20 |
Greek | 4,717 | 3.26 |
Ukrainian | 2,351 | 1.63 |
Kurdish | 1,811 | 1.25 |
Jewish | 1,076 | 0.74 |
Polish | 911 | 0.63 |
Persian | 767 | 0.53 |
Abkhazian | 693 | 0.48 |
Mingrelian | 635 | 0.44 |
German | 369 | 0.26 |
Imeretian | 356 | 0.25 |
Tatar[b] | 355 | 0.25 |
Lithuanian | 157 | 0.11 |
Sartic | 156 | 0.11 |
Belarusian | 80 | 0.06 |
Avar-Andean | 56 | 0.04 |
Kazi-Kumukh | 47 | 0.03 |
Englisch | 38 | 0.03 |
Ossetian | 29 | 0.02 |
Romanian | 27 | 0.02 |
Svan | 17 | 0.01 |
Estonian | 11 | 0.01 |
Other | 790 | 0.55 |
ТОТАL | 144,584 | 100.00 |
Kavkazskiy kalendar
[edit]According to the 1917 publication of Kavkazskiy kalendar, the Batum oblast had a population of 122,811 on 14 January [O.S. 1 January] 1916, including 66,808 men and 56,003 women, 95,292 of whom were the permanent population, and 27,519 were temporary residents:[3]
Nationality | Urban | Rural | TOTAL | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
Georgians | 7,363 | 27.25 | 71,476 | 74.61 | 78,839 | 64.20 |
Armenians | 10,975 | 40.62 | 4,217 | 4.40 | 15,192 | 12.37 |
Sunni Muslims[c] | 75 | 0.28 | 14,267 | 14.89 | 14,342 | 11.68 |
Russians | 5,042 | 18.66 | 3,503 | 3.66 | 8,545 | 6.96 |
Asiatic Christians | 1,097 | 4.06 | 1,147 | 1.20 | 2,244 | 1.83 |
Other Europeans | 855 | 3.16 | 120 | 0.13 | 975 | 0.79 |
Shia Muslims[d] | 529 | 1.96 | 165 | 0.17 | 694 | 0.57 |
North Caucasians | 476 | 1.76 | 180 | 0.19 | 656 | 0.53 |
Jews | 597 | 2.21 | 10 | 0.01 | 607 | 0.49 |
Kurds | 8 | 0.03 | 544 | 0.57 | 552 | 0.45 |
Roma | 0 | 0.00 | 165 | 0.17 | 165 | 0.13 |
TOTAL | 27,017 | 100.00 | 95,794 | 100.00 | 122,811 | 100.00 |
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^
- Russian: Батумская область, romanized: Batumskaya oblast [bətʊmskəjə ɐbɫəsʲtʲ]
- Georgian: ბათუმის ოლქი, romanized: batumis olki [b̥atʰumis olkʰi]
- Turkish: Batum Oblastı [batum obɫastɯ]
- ^ Before 1918, Azerbaijanis were generally known as "Tatars". This term, employed by the Russians, referred to Turkic-speaking Muslims of the South Caucasus. After 1918, with the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and "especially during the Soviet era", the Tatar group identified itself as "Azerbaijani".[4][5]
- ^ Primarily Turco-Tatars.[6]
- ^ Primarily Tatars.[6]
References
[edit]- ^ Tsutsiev 2014.
- ^ a b c "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2022-03-26.
- ^ a b Кавказский календарь на 1917 год, pp. 182–185.
- ^ Bournoutian 2018, p. 35 (note 25).
- ^ Tsutsiev 2014, p. 50.
- ^ a b Hovannisian 1971, p. 67.
Bibliography
[edit]- Bournoutian, George A. (2018). Armenia and Imperial Decline: The Yerevan Province, 1900–1914. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-06260-2. OCLC 1037283914.
- Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971). The Republic of Armenia: The First Year, 1918–1919. Vol. 1. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520019843.
- Кавказский календарь на 1917 год [Caucasian calendar for 1917] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021.
- Tsutsiev, Arthur (2014). Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus (PDF). Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300153088. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2023.
- Batum Oblast
- 1870s establishments in Georgia (country)
- 1878 establishments in the Russian Empire
- 1880s disestablishments in the Russian Empire
- 1900s in Georgia (country)
- 1903 establishments in the Russian Empire
- 1910s in Georgia (country)
- 1917 disestablishments in Georgia (country)
- 1917 disestablishments in Russia
- 19th century in Georgia (country)
- Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)
- History of Adjara
- Modern history of Georgia (country)
- Oblasts of the Russian Empire
- States and territories disestablished in 1883
- States and territories disestablished in 1917
- States and territories established in 1878
- States and territories established in 1903
- Georgia (country) history stubs