White Bolivians: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox ethnic group| |
{{Infobox ethnic group| |
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|group = Caucasian Bolivians<br />''{{small|Bolivianos caucásicos}}'' |
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|group= Bolivians of European descent |
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|image= |
|image = |
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|caption= |
|caption = |
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|pop= {{circa| |
|pop = {{circa|'''600,000'''}},<ref name="cia"/><br/>5% of total population |
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|popplace= Mainly in [[Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)|Santa Cruz]] and to a lesser extent the rest of the [[Media Luna|Media Luna Region]] |
|popplace = Mainly in [[Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)|Santa Cruz]], [[La Paz]] and to a lesser extent the rest of the [[Media Luna|Media Luna Region]] |
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|langs= [[Bolivian Spanish]]<br/>[[German language|German]] ([[Plautdietsch language|Plautdietsch]], [[Standard German]])<br/>[[Bolivian Sign Language]] |
|langs = [[Bolivian Spanish]]<br/>[[German language|German]] ([[Plautdietsch language|Plautdietsch]], [[Standard German]])<br/>[[Bolivian Sign Language]] |
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|rels= [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]], [[Anabaptists|Anabaptism]], [[Evangelicalism]], [[Judaism]], [[Irreligion]] |
|rels = [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]], [[Anabaptists|Anabaptism]], [[Evangelicalism]], [[Judaism]], [[Irreligion]]{{cn|date=August 2024}} |
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|related= [[ |
|related = [[Spaniards]]{{*}}[[Germans]]{{dubious|date=August 2024}} |
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}} |
}} |
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'''White Bolivians''' |
'''White Bolivians''', also known as '''Caucasian Bolivians''', are [[Bolivians]] who have predominantly or total [[Europe]]an and [[West Asia]]n ancestry (formerly called [[Criollo people|criollos]] or [[Castizo|castizos]] in the viceregal era), most notably from [[Spain]] and [[Germany]], and to a lesser extent, [[Italy]] and [[Croatia]].{{citation needed|date=November 2023}} |
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Bolivian people of European ancestry mostly descend from people who arrived over the centuries from [[Spain]], beginning five hundred years ago.<ref name="Bolivia is Burning">{{cite web|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2003/10/22/bolivia-is-burning-bolivia-is-burning/ |title=Bolivia is Burning |publisher=The Harvard Crimson |access-date=2019-06-01}}</ref> |
Bolivian people of European ancestry mostly descend from people who arrived over the centuries from [[Spain]], beginning five hundred years ago.<ref name="Bolivia is Burning">{{cite web|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2003/10/22/bolivia-is-burning-bolivia-is-burning/ |title=Bolivia is Burning |publisher=The Harvard Crimson |access-date=2019-06-01}}</ref> |
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European Bolivians are a minority ethnic |
European Bolivians are a minority ethnic group in Bolivia, accounting for 5% of the country's population. The majority of white Bolivians are the descendants of [[Criollos]] of Spanish descent as well as the Europeans or [[Arabs]] from Spain, Germany, Italy, Turkey, Lebanon, and Croatia. White Bolivians mainly live in the largest cities and major towns in Bolivia like Santa Cruz and La Paz.<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/ethnic-groups-of-bolivia.html Ethnic Groups Of Bolivia]</ref> An additional 68% of the population is mestizo, having mixed European and indigenous ancestry.<ref name="cia">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bolivia/|title=The World Factbook: Bolivia|publisher=CIA|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref> |
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[[File:SamuelDM.png|thumb|[[Samuel Doria Medina]] is the president of the [[National Unity Front]].]] |
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==History== |
==History== |
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{{Expand section|date=May 2024}} |
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Compared to the [[Indigenous peoples in Bolivia|Indigenous]] population, considerably fewer white and [[mestizo]] Bolivians live in poverty.<ref name="BRE 2010">{{cite web|url=https://www.psa.ac.uk/sites/default/files/page-files/EPP002_0.pdf |title=Bolivia's Regional Elections 2010 |publisher=Political Studies Association |access-date=2019-06-01}}</ref> |
Compared to the [[Indigenous peoples in Bolivia|Indigenous]] population, considerably fewer white and [[mestizo]] Bolivians live in poverty.<ref name="BRE 2010">{{cite web|url=https://www.psa.ac.uk/sites/default/files/page-files/EPP002_0.pdf |title=Bolivia's Regional Elections 2010 |publisher=Political Studies Association |access-date=2019-06-01}}</ref> |
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Conceptions of racial boundaries in Bolivia may be fluid and perceptions of race may be tied to socioeconomic status, with the possibility of a person achieving "whitening" via economic advancement. Differences in language, educational status, and employment status may also reinforce perceptions of what constitutes a person as "white", "mestizo", or "Indigenous".<ref name="BRE 2010"/> |
Conceptions of racial boundaries in Bolivia may be fluid and perceptions of race may be tied to socioeconomic status, with the possibility of a person achieving "whitening" via economic advancement. Differences in language, educational status, and employment status may also reinforce perceptions of what constitutes a person as "white", "mestizo", or "Indigenous".<ref name="BRE 2010"/> |
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==Numbers== |
==Numbers== |
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===Census data=== |
===Census data=== |
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In the official census in 1900, people who self-identified as "Blanco" (white) composed 12.72% or 231,088 of the total population. This was the last time data on race was collected. There were 529 Italians, 420 Spaniards, 295 Germans, 279 French, 177 Austrians, 141 English and 23 Belgians living in Bolivia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bolivia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/Censo_Poblacion_1900_T2.pdf|title=Censo National De La Poblacion de la Republica 1900 "Segunda parte"| |
In the official census in 1900, people who self-identified as "Blanco" (white) composed 12.72% or 231,088 of the total population. This was the last time data on race was collected. There were 529 Italians, 420 Spaniards, 295 Germans, 279 French, 177 Austrians, 141 English and 23 Belgians living in Bolivia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bolivia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/Censo_Poblacion_1900_T2.pdf|title=Censo National De La Poblacion de la Republica 1900 "Segunda parte"|pages=25–32|date=1900|access-date=September 5, 2020}}</ref> |
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===Surveys=== |
===Surveys=== |
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==Geographic distribution== |
==Geographic distribution== |
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Geographically, the white and mixed-race populations of Bolivia tend to be centered in the country's eastern lowlands. The white and mixed-race Bolivians in this region are relatively affluent compared to poorer, predominantly Indigenous regions of Bolivia.<ref name="BRE 2010"/> |
Geographically, the white and mixed-race populations of Bolivia tend to be centered in the country's eastern lowlands. The white and mixed-race Bolivians in this region are relatively affluent compared to poorer, predominantly Indigenous regions of Bolivia.<ref name="BRE 2010"/> |
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===1900 |
===1900=== |
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According to the 1900 official Bolivian census, a person who self-identified as “Blanca” white was a descendant of a foreigner, principally a Spaniard. |
According to the 1900 official Bolivian census, a person who self-identified as “Blanca” white was a descendant of a foreigner, principally a Spaniard. This was the last census to ask a more detailed question about ethnic background.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ine.gob.bo/index.php/cepal-recomienda-no-usar-categorias-como-mestizo-en-identificacion-de-pueblos/|title=CEPAL RECOMIENDA NO USAR CATEGORÍAS COMO MESTIZO EN IDENTIFICACIÓN DE PUEBLOS|date=18 April 2022|language=Spanish|website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística|accessdate=11 April 2023}}</ref> |
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Overall there are [[Italians]], Spanish, [[Germans]] and French. In total, they represented 12.7 percent of the total population with large populations in Cochabamba (60,605) and Santa Cruz de la Sierra (59,470) representing 36.8 percent combined.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bolivia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Censo_Poblacion_1900_T2.pdf|title=Censo general de la población de la Republica de Bolivia 1900|page=25|language=es|access-date=September 5, 2020}}</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable sortable |
{| class="wikitable sortable |
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! [[Departments of Bolivia|Departments]] |
! [[Departments of Bolivia|Departments]] |
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[[Caporales]] is a dance popular in the Andean region of Bolivia. It gained popularity in 1969 by the Estrada Pacheco brothers, inspired by the character of the 'Caporal' or "overseer" of which, historically black slaves, usually mixed race, wore boots and held a whip, the dance originates from the region of the Yungas in Bolivia. The dance has European elements especially with the costumes.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-02-22|title=Danzas autóctonas de Bolivia|url=http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9750175/spanisch/caporales.htm|access-date=2021-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222053509/http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9750175/spanisch/caporales.htm|archive-date=2012-02-22}}</ref> |
[[Caporales]] is a dance popular in the Andean region of Bolivia. It gained popularity in 1969 by the Estrada Pacheco brothers, inspired by the character of the 'Caporal' or "overseer" of which, historically black slaves, usually mixed race, wore boots and held a whip, the dance originates from the region of the Yungas in Bolivia. The dance has European elements especially with the costumes.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-02-22|title=Danzas autóctonas de Bolivia|url=http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9750175/spanisch/caporales.htm|access-date=2021-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222053509/http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9750175/spanisch/caporales.htm|archive-date=2012-02-22}}</ref> |
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==Politics== |
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White Bolivians and mestizos have tended to favor the political opposition against the [[Evo Morales]] administration.{{cn|date=November 2021}} |
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== Notable White Bolivians == |
== Notable White Bolivians == |
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{{ |
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2023}} |
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*[[Claudia Arce]] - model of Spanish and Italian descent |
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*[[Ana María Ortiz]] - Bolivian Model |
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*[[Romina Rocamonje]] - Bolivian model |
*[[Romina Rocamonje]] - Bolivian model |
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*[[Ronald Rivero]] - Bolivian football central defender |
*[[Ronald Rivero]] - Bolivian football central defender |
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*[[Fernando Saucedo]] - Bolivian footballer |
*[[Fernando Saucedo]] - Bolivian footballer |
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*[[Carlos Lampe]] - Bolivian footballer |
*[[Carlos Lampe]] - Bolivian footballer |
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*[[Alejandro Chumacero]] - Bolivian politician |
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*[[Alvaro Garcia Linera]] - Bolivian politician |
*[[Alvaro Garcia Linera]] - Bolivian politician |
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*[[Samuel Doria Medina]] - Bolivian politician |
*[[Samuel Doria Medina]] - Bolivian politician |
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*[[Chris Syler]] - Bolivian singer-songwriter |
*[[Chris Syler]] - Bolivian singer-songwriter |
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*[[Lidia Gueiler Tejada]] - Bolivian politician |
*[[Lidia Gueiler Tejada]] - Bolivian politician |
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*[[Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada]] - Politician |
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*[[Sara Ugarte de Salamanca]] - poet |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{ |
{{Portal|Europe|Bolivia}} |
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*[[Caporales]] |
*[[Caporales]] |
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*[[Croatian Bolivians]] |
*[[Croatian Bolivians]] |
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*[[German Bolivians]] |
*[[German Bolivians]] |
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*[[Indigenous peoples in Bolivia]] |
*[[Indigenous peoples in Bolivia]] |
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*[[Italian Bolivians]] |
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*[[Mennonites in Bolivia]] |
*[[Mennonites in Bolivia]] |
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*[[Mestizos in Bolivia|Mestizos in Bolívia]] |
*[[Mestizos in Bolivia|Mestizos in Bolívia]] |
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{{White people}} |
{{White people}} |
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[[Category:Bolivian people of European descent| ]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Bolivia]] |
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Bolivia]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:White South Americans]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:European diaspora in Bolivia]] |
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[[Category:European diaspora in Latin America]] |
Latest revision as of 01:14, 3 September 2024
Total population | |
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c. 600,000,[1] 5% of total population | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Mainly in Santa Cruz, La Paz and to a lesser extent the rest of the Media Luna Region | |
Languages | |
Bolivian Spanish German (Plautdietsch, Standard German) Bolivian Sign Language | |
Religion | |
Roman Catholicism, Anabaptism, Evangelicalism, Judaism, Irreligion[citation needed] | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Spaniards • Germans[dubious – discuss] |
White Bolivians, also known as Caucasian Bolivians, are Bolivians who have predominantly or total European and West Asian ancestry (formerly called criollos or castizos in the viceregal era), most notably from Spain and Germany, and to a lesser extent, Italy and Croatia.[citation needed]
Bolivian people of European ancestry mostly descend from people who arrived over the centuries from Spain, beginning five hundred years ago.[2]
European Bolivians are a minority ethnic group in Bolivia, accounting for 5% of the country's population. The majority of white Bolivians are the descendants of Criollos of Spanish descent as well as the Europeans or Arabs from Spain, Germany, Italy, Turkey, Lebanon, and Croatia. White Bolivians mainly live in the largest cities and major towns in Bolivia like Santa Cruz and La Paz.[3] An additional 68% of the population is mestizo, having mixed European and indigenous ancestry.[1]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/SamuelDM.png)
History
[edit]![]() | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2024) |
Compared to the Indigenous population, considerably fewer white and mestizo Bolivians live in poverty.[4] Conceptions of racial boundaries in Bolivia may be fluid and perceptions of race may be tied to socioeconomic status, with the possibility of a person achieving "whitening" via economic advancement. Differences in language, educational status, and employment status may also reinforce perceptions of what constitutes a person as "white", "mestizo", or "Indigenous".[4]
Numbers
[edit]Census data
[edit]In the official census in 1900, people who self-identified as "Blanco" (white) composed 12.72% or 231,088 of the total population. This was the last time data on race was collected. There were 529 Italians, 420 Spaniards, 295 Germans, 279 French, 177 Austrians, 141 English and 23 Belgians living in Bolivia.[5]
Surveys
[edit]According to a 2014 survey by Ipsos, 3 percent of people questioned said they were white.[6]
Geographic distribution
[edit]Geographically, the white and mixed-race populations of Bolivia tend to be centered in the country's eastern lowlands. The white and mixed-race Bolivians in this region are relatively affluent compared to poorer, predominantly Indigenous regions of Bolivia.[4]
1900
[edit]According to the 1900 official Bolivian census, a person who self-identified as “Blanca” white was a descendant of a foreigner, principally a Spaniard. This was the last census to ask a more detailed question about ethnic background.[7] Overall there are Italians, Spanish, Germans and French. In total, they represented 12.7 percent of the total population with large populations in Cochabamba (60,605) and Santa Cruz de la Sierra (59,470) representing 36.8 percent combined.[8]
Departments | Men | Women | Total[9] | % |
---|---|---|---|---|
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2,981 | 2,132 | 5,113 | 15.88 |
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15,413 | 16,354 | 31,767 | 15.53 |
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28,938 | 31,667 | 60,605 | 18.46 |
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18,340 | 17,915 | 36,255 | 8.13 |
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3,996 | 3,778 | 7,774 | 9.03 |
National territory | 202 | 5 | 207 | 0.64 |
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11,229 | 10,484 | 21,713 | 6.66 |
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29,672 | 29,798 | 59,470 | 18.37[10] |
![]() |
4,368 | 3,816 | 8,184 | 7.95 |
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115,139 | 115,949 | 231,088 | 12.72 |
Mennonites
[edit]In 1995, there were a total of 25 Mennonite colonies in Bolivia with a total population of 28,567. The most populous ones were Riva Palacios (5,488), Swift Current (2,602), Nueva Esperanza (2,455), Valle Esperanza (2,214) and Santa Rita (1,748).[11] In 2002 there were 40 Mennonite colonies with a population of about 38,000 people. An outreach of Conservative Mennonites can be found at La Estrella, with others in progress.
The total population was estimated at 60,000 by Lisa Wiltse in 2010.[12][13] In 2012 there were 23,818 church members in congregations of Russian Mennonites, indicating a total population of about 70,000. Another 1,170 Mennonites were in Spanish-speaking congregations.[14] The number of colonies was 57 in 2011. In the Santa Cruz Department there is an important colony (70.000 inhabitants) of German-speaking Mennonites.[15]
Culture
[edit]Caporales
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Caporales_de_Puno.jpg/220px-Caporales_de_Puno.jpg)
Caporales is a dance popular in the Andean region of Bolivia. It gained popularity in 1969 by the Estrada Pacheco brothers, inspired by the character of the 'Caporal' or "overseer" of which, historically black slaves, usually mixed race, wore boots and held a whip, the dance originates from the region of the Yungas in Bolivia. The dance has European elements especially with the costumes.[16]
Notable White Bolivians
[edit]- Claudia Arce - model of Spanish and Italian descent
- Romina Rocamonje - Bolivian model
- Ronald Rivero - Bolivian football central defender
- Fernando Saucedo - Bolivian footballer
- Carlos Lampe - Bolivian footballer
- Alvaro Garcia Linera - Bolivian politician
- Samuel Doria Medina - Bolivian politician
- Jimena Antelo - Bolivian journalist
- Chris Syler - Bolivian singer-songwriter
- Lidia Gueiler Tejada - Bolivian politician
- Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada - Politician
- Sara Ugarte de Salamanca - poet
See also
[edit]- Caporales
- Croatian Bolivians
- German Bolivians
- Indigenous peoples in Bolivia
- Italian Bolivians
- Mennonites in Bolivia
- Mestizos in Bolívia
- History of the Jews in Bolivia
References and footnotes
[edit]- ^ a b "The World Factbook: Bolivia". CIA. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
- ^ "Bolivia is Burning". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved 2019-06-01.
- ^ Ethnic Groups Of Bolivia
- ^ a b c "Bolivia's Regional Elections 2010" (PDF). Political Studies Association. Retrieved 2019-06-01.
- ^ "Censo National De La Poblacion de la Republica 1900 "Segunda parte"" (PDF). 1900. pp. 25–32. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
- ^ "El 52% de la población se identifica como mestiza". El Día (in Spanish). 27 January 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
- ^ "CEPAL RECOMIENDA NO USAR CATEGORÍAS COMO MESTIZO EN IDENTIFICACIÓN DE PUEBLOS". Instituto Nacional de Estadística (in Spanish). 18 April 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
- ^ "Censo general de la población de la Republica de Bolivia 1900" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 25. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
- ^ "Censo general de la población de la Republica de Bolivia 1900" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 32. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
- ^ Census has incorrect percentage of 28.37%.
- ^ Schroeder, William; Huebert, Helmut (1996). Mennonite historical atlas. Kindred Productions. pp. 144–145. ISBN 978-0-920643-05-1. Retrieved February 22, 2020.
- ^ Wiltse, Lisa (2010). "The Mennonites of Manitoba, Bolivia". Burn. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
- ^ "Plautdietsch". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2019-05-19.
- ^ "Bolivia". Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
- ^ "Bolivian Reforms Raise Anxiety on Mennonite Frontier". The New York Times. 21 December 2006. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
- ^ "Danzas autóctonas de Bolivia". 2012-02-22. Archived from the original on 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2021-07-28.