Ceftazidime: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Antibiotic medication}} |
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| image2 = Ceftazidime-from-xtal-3D-bs-17.png |
| image2 = Ceftazidime-from-xtal-3D-bs-17.png |
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| alt2 = <!-- Clinical data --> |
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| pronounce = {{IPAc-en|s|ɛ|f|ˈ|t|æ|z|ᵻ|d|iː|m}} |
| pronounce = {{IPAc-en|s|ɛ|f|ˈ|t|æ|z|ᵻ|d|iː|m}}<br />{{respell|sef|TAZ|i|deem}} |
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| tradename = Fortaz, Tazicef, others<ref name=AHFS2016/> |
| tradename = Fortaz, Tazicef, others<ref name=AHFS2016/> |
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| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|ceftazidime}} |
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|ceftazidime}} |
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| legal_US_comment = <ref>{{cite web | title=Fortaz- ceftazidime injection, powder, for solution | |
| legal_US_comment = <ref>{{cite web | title=Fortaz- ceftazidime injection, powder, for solution | work = DailyMed | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine | date=28 July 2017 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=78982c98-7866-49f1-989f-a289c4242358 | access-date=12 June 2022 | archive-date=28 December 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228201711/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=78982c98-7866-49f1-989f-a289c4242358 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Tazicef- ceftazidime injection, powder, for solution | work = DailyMed | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine | date=24 March 2022 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=40d48c5d-650e-461b-a67b-7e65772d1b92 | access-date=12 June 2022 | archive-date=28 December 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228200954/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=40d48c5d-650e-461b-a67b-7e65772d1b92 | url-status=live }}</ref> |
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<!-- Definition and medical uses --> |
<!-- Definition and medical uses --> |
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'''Ceftazidime''', sold under the brand name '''Fortaz''' among others, is a third-generation cephalosporin [[antibiotic]] useful for the treatment of a number of [[bacterial infections]].<ref name=AHFS2016/><ref>{{Cite book| |
'''Ceftazidime''', sold under the brand name '''Fortaz''' among others, is a third-generation cephalosporin [[antibiotic]] useful for the treatment of a number of [[bacterial infections]].<ref name=AHFS2016/><ref>{{Cite book| vauthors = Katzung B |title=Basic & Clinical Pharmacology | edition = 14th|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=2019|pages=803 | isbn = 978-1-259-64115-2 }}</ref> Specifically it is used for [[joint infections]], [[meningitis]], [[pneumonia]], [[sepsis]], [[urinary tract infections]], [[malignant otitis externa]], [[pseudomonas aeruginosa infection|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'' infection]], and [[vibrio infection]].<ref name=AHFS2016/> It is given by [[intravenous|injection into a vein]], [[intramuscular|muscle]], or [[intravitreal administration|eye]].<ref name=AHFS2016>{{cite web |title=Ceftazidime |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ceftazidime.html |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=8 December 2016 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220230855/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ceftazidime.html|archive-date=20 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Kamjoo S |title=Intravitreal Injections | work = EyeWiki | publisher = American Academy of Ophthalmology |url=https://eyewiki.aao.org/Intravitreal_Injections |access-date=12 January 2020 |archive-date=5 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305065813/https://eyewiki.aao.org/Intravitreal_Injections |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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<!-- Side effects and mechanism --> |
<!-- Side effects and mechanism --> |
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Common side effects include nausea, [[allergic reactions]], and pain at the site of injection.<ref name=AHFS2016/> Other side effects may include [[Clostridium difficile diarrhea|''Clostridium difficile'' diarrhea]].<ref name=AHFS2016/> It is not recommended in people who have had previous [[anaphylaxis]] to a [[penicillin]].<ref name=AHFS2016/> Its use is relatively safe during [[pregnancy]] and [[breastfeeding]].<ref name=Ric2015>{{cite book| |
Common side effects include nausea, [[allergic reactions]], and pain at the site of injection.<ref name=AHFS2016/> Other side effects may include [[Clostridium difficile diarrhea|''Clostridium difficile'' diarrhea]].<ref name=AHFS2016/> It is not recommended in people who have had previous [[anaphylaxis]] to a [[penicillin]].<ref name=AHFS2016/> Its use is relatively safe during [[pregnancy]] and [[breastfeeding]].<ref name=Ric2015>{{cite book| vauthors = Hamilton R |title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition|date=2015|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=9781284057560|page=87}}</ref> It is in the [[third-generation cephalosporin]] family of medications and works by interfering with the bacteria's [[cell wall]].<ref name=AHFS2016/> |
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<!-- Society and culture --> |
<!-- Society and culture --> |
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Ceftazidime was patented in 1978 and came into commercial use in 1984.<ref>{{cite book| |
Ceftazidime was patented in 1978 and came into commercial use in 1984.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Fischer J, Ganellin CR |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=495|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA495|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220085422/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA495|archive-date=2016-12-20}}</ref> It is on the [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO21st">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019 | year = 2019 | hdl = 10665/325771 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO | hdl-access=free }}</ref> Ceftazidime is available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=AHFS2016/> |
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==Medical uses== |
==Medical uses== |
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Ceftazidime is used to treat lower respiratory tract, skin, urinary tract, blood-stream, joint, and abdominal infections, and meningitis.<ref name="Sagent"/> |
Ceftazidime is used to treat lower respiratory tract, skin, urinary tract, blood-stream, joint, and abdominal infections, and meningitis.<ref name="Sagent"/> |
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Ceftazidime is the first-line treatment for the tropical infection, [[melioidosis]], an important cause of sepsis in Asia and Australia.<ref>{{cite journal | |
Ceftazidime is the first-line treatment for the tropical infection, [[melioidosis]], an important cause of sepsis in Asia and Australia.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = White NJ | title = Melioidosis | journal = Lancet | volume = 361 | issue = 9370 | pages = 1715–1722 | date = May 2003 | pmid = 12767750 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13374-0 | s2cid = 208790913 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = White NJ, Dance DA, Chaowagul W, Wattanagoon Y, Wuthiekanun V, Pitakwatchara N | title = Halving of mortality of severe melioidosis by ceftazidime | journal = Lancet | volume = 2 | issue = 8665 | pages = 697–701 | date = September 1989 | pmid = 2570956 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)90768-X | s2cid = 28919574 }}</ref> |
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Labeled indications include the treatment of patients with: |
Labeled indications include the treatment of patients with: |
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* neutropenic fever<ref name="Lexi"/> |
* neutropenic fever<ref name="Lexi"/> |
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As a class, cephalosporins have activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The balance of activity tips toward Gram-positive organisms for earlier generations; later generations of cephalosporins have more Gram-negative coverage. Ceftazidime is one of the few in this class with activity against ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.<ref>{{ |
As a class, cephalosporins have activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The balance of activity tips toward Gram-positive organisms for earlier generations; later generations of cephalosporins have more Gram-negative coverage. Ceftazidime is one of the few in this class with activity against ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = O'Callaghan H | title = Ceftazidime, a broad spectrum cephalosporin with activity against Ps. aeruginosa | journal = Journal of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Microbiology, and Immunology | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | pages = 449–453 | date = 1986 | pmid = 3100612 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3100612/ }}</ref> However, ceftazidime is less effective for ''S. aureus'' than first and second generation cephalosporins.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Richards DM, Brogden RN | title = Ceftazidime. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use | journal = Drugs | volume = 29 | issue = 2 | pages = 105–161 | date = February 1985 | pmid = 3884319 | doi = 10.2165/00003495-198529020-00002 | s2cid = 265707490 }}</ref> Also. cephalosporins until fourth generation are not active against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus''.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Bui T, Preuss CV | chapter = Cephalosporins |date=2023 |chapter-url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551517/ | title = StatPearls |access-date=2023-04-13 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=31855361 |quote=However, what makes it unique from the rest of the cephalosporins is that it has coverage against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). }}</ref> |
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=== Spectrum of activity === |
=== Spectrum of activity === |
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* '''Gram-negative aerobes''' such as ''Enterobacter'', ''Escherichia coli'', ''Haemophilus influenzae'', ''Klebsiella spp.'', ''Proteus spp.'', ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', and ''Neisseria meningitidis'' |
* '''Gram-negative aerobes''' such as ''Enterobacter'', ''Escherichia coli'', ''Haemophilus influenzae'', ''Klebsiella spp.'', ''Proteus spp.'', ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', and ''Neisseria meningitidis'' |
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* '''Gram-positive aerobes''', such as group B streptococci, ''Streptococcus pneumoniae'', and ''Streptococcus pyogenes'' |
* '''Gram-positive aerobes''', such as group B streptococci, ''Streptococcus pneumoniae'', and ''Streptococcus pyogenes'' |
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Ceftazidime generally has poor efficacy against anaerobes, such as ''Bacteroides'' spp.<ref name="Sagent"/><ref>{{cite journal | |
Ceftazidime generally has poor efficacy against anaerobes, such as ''Bacteroides'' spp.<ref name="Sagent"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Richards DM, Brogden RN | title = Ceftazidime. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use | journal = Drugs | volume = 29 | issue = 2 | pages = 105–161 | date = February 1985 | pmid = 3884319 | doi = 10.2165/00003495-198529020-00002 | s2cid = 265707490 }}</ref> |
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The following represents MIC susceptibility data for a few clinically significant pathogens: |
The following represents MIC susceptibility data for a few clinically significant pathogens: |
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* ''Escherichia coli'' |
* ''Escherichia coli'': 0.015–512 μg/mL |
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* ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'' |
* ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'': ≤0.03–1024 μg/mL <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.toku-e.com/Assets/MIC/Ceftazidime%20pentahydrate.pdf |title=Ceftazidime pentahydrate Susceptibility and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Data | work = Toku-e |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204114533/http://www.toku-e.com/Assets/MIC/Ceftazidime%20pentahydrate.pdf |archive-date=2014-12-04}}</ref> |
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== Side effects == |
== Side effects == |
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Ceftazidime is generally well tolerated. When side effects occur, they are most commonly local effects from the intravenous line site, allergic reactions, and gastrointestinal symptoms. According to one manufacturer, in clinical trials, allergic reactions including itching, rash, and fever, happened in fewer than 2% of patients. Rare but more serious allergic reactions, such as [[toxic epidermal necrolysis]], [[Stevens–Johnson syndrome]], and [[erythema multiforme]], have been reported with this class of antibiotics, including ceftazidime. Gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, were reported in fewer than 2% of patients.<ref name="Sagent"/> |
Ceftazidime is generally well tolerated. When side effects occur, they are most commonly local effects from the intravenous line site, allergic reactions, and gastrointestinal symptoms. According to one manufacturer, in clinical trials, allergic reactions including itching, rash, and fever, happened in fewer than 2% of patients. Rare but more serious allergic reactions, such as [[toxic epidermal necrolysis]], [[Stevens–Johnson syndrome]], and [[erythema multiforme]], have been reported with this class of antibiotics, including ceftazidime. Gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, were reported in fewer than 2% of patients.<ref name="Sagent"/> |
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Another source reported, in addition, blood tests of patients may show increased [[eosinophils]] (8%), increased lactate dehydrogenase (6%), increased gamma-glutamyl transferase (5%), positive direct [[Coombs test]] (4%), increased [[platelets]] (thrombocythemia) (2%), increased [[Alanine transaminase|ALT]] (7%), increased [[Aspartate transaminase|AST]] (6%), or increased alkaline phosphatase (4%).<ref name="Lexi">Lexicomp Online |
Another source reported, in addition, blood tests of patients may show increased [[eosinophils]] (8%), increased lactate dehydrogenase (6%), increased gamma-glutamyl transferase (5%), positive direct [[Coombs test]] (4%), increased [[platelets]] (thrombocythemia) (2%), increased [[Alanine transaminase|ALT]] (7%), increased [[Aspartate transaminase|AST]] (6%), or increased alkaline phosphatase (4%).<ref name="Lexi">{{cite web | work = Lexicomp Online | publisher = Lexi-Drugs | location = Hudson, Ohio | date = April 2014 | url=http://online.lexi.com/lco/action/doc/retrieve/docid/patch_f/6560 |title=Ceftazidime |access-date=2014-04-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423041750/http://online.lexi.com/lco/action/doc/retrieve/docid/patch_f/6560 |archive-date=2014-04-23 }}</ref> |
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=== Contraindications === |
=== Contraindications === |
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[[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]] |
[[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]] |
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[[Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate]] |
[[Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate]] |
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[[Category:Oxime ethers]] |
Latest revision as of 08:52, 7 September 2024
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Clinical data | |
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Pronunciation | /sɛfˈtæzɪdiːm/ sef-TAZ-i-deem |
Trade names | Fortaz, Tazicef, others[1] |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a686007 |
License data |
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Pregnancy category |
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Routes of administration | Intravenous, intramuscular, inhalation |
Drug class | Third-generation cephalosporin |
ATC code | |
Legal status | |
Legal status | |
Pharmacokinetic data | |
Bioavailability | 91% (IM) |
Metabolism | negligible |
Elimination half-life | 1.6–2 hours |
Excretion | 90–96% kidney |
Identifiers | |
| |
CAS Number | |
PubChem CID | |
DrugBank | |
ChemSpider | |
UNII | |
ChEBI | |
ChEMBL | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.069.720 |
Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | C22H22N6O7S2 |
Molar mass | 546.57 g·mol−1 |
3D model (JSmol) | |
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![]() ![]() |
Ceftazidime, sold under the brand name Fortaz among others, is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.[1][5] Specifically it is used for joint infections, meningitis, pneumonia, sepsis, urinary tract infections, malignant otitis externa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, and vibrio infection.[1] It is given by injection into a vein, muscle, or eye.[1][6]
Common side effects include nausea, allergic reactions, and pain at the site of injection.[1] Other side effects may include Clostridium difficile diarrhea.[1] It is not recommended in people who have had previous anaphylaxis to a penicillin.[1] Its use is relatively safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding.[7] It is in the third-generation cephalosporin family of medications and works by interfering with the bacteria's cell wall.[1]
Ceftazidime was patented in 1978 and came into commercial use in 1984.[8] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[9] Ceftazidime is available as a generic medication.[1]
Medical uses
[edit]Ceftazidime is used to treat lower respiratory tract, skin, urinary tract, blood-stream, joint, and abdominal infections, and meningitis.[10]
Ceftazidime is the first-line treatment for the tropical infection, melioidosis, an important cause of sepsis in Asia and Australia.[11][12]
Labeled indications include the treatment of patients with:
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections
- other Gram-negative, aerobic infections
- neutropenic fever[13]
As a class, cephalosporins have activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The balance of activity tips toward Gram-positive organisms for earlier generations; later generations of cephalosporins have more Gram-negative coverage. Ceftazidime is one of the few in this class with activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.[14] However, ceftazidime is less effective for S. aureus than first and second generation cephalosporins.[15] Also. cephalosporins until fourth generation are not active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.[16]
Spectrum of activity
[edit]Clinically relevant organisms against which ceftazidime has activity include:
- Gram-negative aerobes such as Enterobacter, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Neisseria meningitidis
- Gram-positive aerobes, such as group B streptococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pyogenes
Ceftazidime generally has poor efficacy against anaerobes, such as Bacteroides spp.[10][17]
The following represents MIC susceptibility data for a few clinically significant pathogens:
- Escherichia coli: 0.015–512 μg/mL
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa: ≤0.03–1024 μg/mL [18]
Side effects
[edit]Ceftazidime is generally well tolerated. When side effects occur, they are most commonly local effects from the intravenous line site, allergic reactions, and gastrointestinal symptoms. According to one manufacturer, in clinical trials, allergic reactions including itching, rash, and fever, happened in fewer than 2% of patients. Rare but more serious allergic reactions, such as toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, and erythema multiforme, have been reported with this class of antibiotics, including ceftazidime. Gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, were reported in fewer than 2% of patients.[10]
Another source reported, in addition, blood tests of patients may show increased eosinophils (8%), increased lactate dehydrogenase (6%), increased gamma-glutamyl transferase (5%), positive direct Coombs test (4%), increased platelets (thrombocythemia) (2%), increased ALT (7%), increased AST (6%), or increased alkaline phosphatase (4%).[13]
Contraindications
[edit]Ceftazidime is contraindicated in people with a known allergy to ceftazidime or to any other cephalosporin antibiotic.[10]
Precautions
[edit]Ceftazidime is mainly eliminated by the kidneys into the urine. As such, drug levels in the blood may build up in persons with kidney injury or kidney disease. This includes those on dialysis. In these cases of renal impairment, the drug is dosed less frequently.[13] No dose adjustment is needed for those with liver disease.[citation needed]
Pregnancy
[edit]According to the manufacturer, research studies in mice and rats showed no evidence of harm to the fetus, even at up to 40 times the human dose of ceftazidime. Importantly, though, no high-quality research studies of the effects of the drug in pregnant women were conducted.[10]
Mechanism of action
[edit]Third-generation cephalosporins differ from earlier generations in the presence of a C=N-OCH3 group in their chemical structure (cefuroxime & cefuzonam also bear this functional group but are only listed as class II). This group provides improved stability against certain beta-lactamase enzymes produced by Gram-negative bacteria. These bacterial enzymes rapidly destroy earlier-generation cephalosporins by breaking open the drug's beta-lactam chemical ring, leading to antibiotic resistance. Though initially active against these bacteria, with widespread use of third-generation cephalosporins, some Gram-negative bacteria that produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are even able to inactivate the third-generation cephalosporins. Infections caused by ESBL-producing Gram-negative bacteria are of particular concern in hospitals and other healthcare facilities.[19]
Chemistry
[edit]In addition to the syn-configuration of the imino side chain, compared to other third-generation cephalosporins, the more complex moiety (containing two methyl and a carboxylic acid group) confers extra stability to beta-lactamase enzymes produced by many Gram-negative bacteria. The extra stability to β-lactamases increases the activity of ceftazidime against otherwise resistant Gram-negative organisms including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The charged pyridinium moiety increases water-solubility. Ceftazidime shares the same variable R-group side chain with aztreonam, a monobactam antibiotic; the two drugs share a similar spectrum of activity, including activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.[citation needed]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Ceftazidime". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
- ^ "FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved 22 Oct 2023.
- ^ "Fortaz- ceftazidime injection, powder, for solution". DailyMed. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 28 July 2017. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
- ^ "Tazicef- ceftazidime injection, powder, for solution". DailyMed. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 24 March 2022. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
- ^ Katzung B (2019). Basic & Clinical Pharmacology (14th ed.). McGraw Hill. p. 803. ISBN 978-1-259-64115-2.
- ^ Kamjoo S. "Intravitreal Injections". EyeWiki. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
- ^ Hamilton R (2015). Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 87. ISBN 9781284057560.
- ^ Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 495. ISBN 9783527607495. Archived from the original on 2016-12-20.
- ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
- ^ a b c d e Ceftazidime for Injection(R) [package insert]. Schaumburg, IL: Sagent; 2012. PDF of insert Archived 2014-04-23 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ White NJ (May 2003). "Melioidosis". Lancet. 361 (9370): 1715–1722. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13374-0. PMID 12767750. S2CID 208790913.
- ^ White NJ, Dance DA, Chaowagul W, Wattanagoon Y, Wuthiekanun V, Pitakwatchara N (September 1989). "Halving of mortality of severe melioidosis by ceftazidime". Lancet. 2 (8665): 697–701. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(89)90768-X. PMID 2570956. S2CID 28919574.
- ^ a b c "Ceftazidime". Lexicomp Online. Hudson, Ohio: Lexi-Drugs. April 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-04-23. Retrieved 2014-04-21.
- ^ O'Callaghan H (1986). "Ceftazidime, a broad spectrum cephalosporin with activity against Ps. aeruginosa". Journal of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Microbiology, and Immunology. 30 (4): 449–453. PMID 3100612.
- ^ Richards DM, Brogden RN (February 1985). "Ceftazidime. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use". Drugs. 29 (2): 105–161. doi:10.2165/00003495-198529020-00002. PMID 3884319. S2CID 265707490.
- ^ Bui T, Preuss CV (2023). "Cephalosporins". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 31855361. Retrieved 2023-04-13.
However, what makes it unique from the rest of the cephalosporins is that it has coverage against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
- ^ Richards DM, Brogden RN (February 1985). "Ceftazidime. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use". Drugs. 29 (2): 105–161. doi:10.2165/00003495-198529020-00002. PMID 3884319. S2CID 265707490.
- ^ "Ceftazidime pentahydrate Susceptibility and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Data" (PDF). Toku-e. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-12-04.
- ^ Sharma M, Pathak S, Srivastava P (October 2013). "Prevalence and antibiogram of Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) producing Gram negative bacilli and further molecular characterization of ESBL producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp". J Clin Diagn Res. 7 (10): 2173–7. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2013/6460.3462. PMC 3843424. PMID 24298468.
External links
[edit]- "Ceftazidime". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.