Petah Tikva: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|City in |
{{Short description|City in Israel}} |
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{{Infobox settlement |
{{Infobox settlement |
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| name = Petah Tikva |
| name = Petah Tikva |
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| native_name = {{Lang|he|{{Script/Hebrew| |
| native_name = {{Lang|he|{{Script/Hebrew|פתח תקווה}}|rtl=yes}} |
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| settlement_type = [[List of cities in Israel|City]] (from 1937) |
| settlement_type = [[List of cities in Israel|City]] (from 1937) |
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| translit_lang1 = Hebrew |
| translit_lang1 = Hebrew |
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| translit_lang1_type3 = Also spelled |
| translit_lang1_type3 = Also spelled |
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| translit_lang1_info3 = {{br separated entries|Petah Tiqwa (official)| Petach Tikva, Petach Tikvah (unofficial) }} |
| translit_lang1_info3 = {{br separated entries|Petah Tiqwa (official)| Petach Tikva, Petach Tikvah (unofficial) }} |
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| image_skyline = |
| image_skyline = Petah Tikva 2023.jpg |
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| image_caption = |
| image_caption = |
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| image_blank_emblem = Coat of arms of Petah-Tiqua.svg |
| image_blank_emblem = Coat of arms of Petah-Tiqua.svg |
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| blank_emblem_type = Emblem of Petah Tikva |
| blank_emblem_type = Emblem of Petah Tikva |
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| area_total_dunam = {{formatnum:35868|R}} |
| area_total_dunam = {{formatnum:35868|R}} |
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| population_footnotes = {{Israel populations|reference}} |
| population_footnotes = {{Israel populations|reference}} |
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| population_total = |
| population_total = 255,387 |
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| population_as_of = {{Israel populations|year}} 2022 |
| population_as_of = {{Israel populations|year}} 2022 |
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| population_density_km2 = auto |
| population_density_km2 = auto |
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| blank_name_sec1 = Name meaning |
| blank_name_sec1 = Name meaning |
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| blank_info_sec1 = Opening of hope |
| blank_info_sec1 = Opening of hope |
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| website = {{ |
| website = {{URL|http://www.petah-tikva.muni.il/}} |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Petah Tikva''' ({{lang-he| |
'''Petah Tikva''' ({{lang-he|{{Script/Hebrew|פתח תקווה}}}} {{IPA|he|ˈpetaχ ˈtikva|}}, {{Literal translation|Opening of Hope}}), also known as '''Em HaMoshavot''' ({{literal translation|Mother of the ''[[Moshava|Moshavot]]''}}), is a city in the [[Central District (Israel)|Central District]] of [[Israel]], {{convert|10.6|km|1|abbr=on}} east of [[Tel Aviv]]. It was founded in 1878, mainly by [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi Jews]] of the [[Old Yishuv]], and became a permanent settlement in 1883 with the financial help of [[Edmond James de Rothschild|Baron Edmond de Rothschild]]. |
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In {{Israel populations|Year}}, the city had a population of {{Israel populations|Petah Tiqwa}},{{Israel populations|reference}} being so the [[List of cities in Israel|fifth-largest city]] in Israel. Its population density is approximately {{convert|6277|PD/km2}}. Its jurisdiction covers 35,868 [[dunam]]s (~35.9 km<sup>2</sup> or 15 sq mi). Petah Tikva is part of the [[Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area]]. |
In {{Israel populations|Year}}, the city had a population of {{Israel populations|Petah Tiqwa}},{{Israel populations|reference}} being so the [[List of cities in Israel|fifth-largest city]] in Israel. Its population density is approximately {{convert|6277|PD/km2}}. Its jurisdiction covers 35,868 [[dunam]]s (~35.9 km<sup>2</sup> or 15 sq mi). Petah Tikva is part of the [[Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area]]. |
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[[File:Moshava Petach Tikva. 1911 (id.13975687).jpg|thumb|250px|Petah Tikva in 1911]] |
[[File:Moshava Petach Tikva. 1911 (id.13975687).jpg|thumb|250px|Petah Tikva in 1911]] |
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Tell |
[[Mulabbes|Tell Mulabbes]], an [[tell (archaeology)|archaeological mound]] in modern Petah Tikva, is an important archaeological site from the [[Yarkon River]] basin, with habitation remains from the Roman, Byzantine, Early Islamic, Crusader, Mamluk and Late Ottoman periods.<ref name="Marom">{{Cite journal |last=Marom |first=Roy |date=April 3, 2019 |title=A short history of Mulabbis (Petah Tikva, Israel) |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00310328.2019.1621734 |url-status=live |journal=Palestine Exploration Quarterly |volume=151 |issue=2 |pages=134–145 |doi=10.1080/00310328.2019.1621734 |s2cid=197799335 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529124508/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00310328.2019.1621734 |archive-date=May 29, 2021 |access-date=November 30, 2020 |via=Taylor and Francis+NEJM}}</ref> The place was inhabited sporadically, and was known in Arabic as '''Mulabbis,''' and was the site of a [[Palestinians|Palestinian village]] of the same name, inhabited by the Abu Hamed al-Masri clan.<ref name=Marom/> |
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===Crusader and Mamluk periods=== |
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Khirbat Mulabbis is believed to have been built on the site of the [[Crusader states|Crusader village]] of ''Bulbus'', an identification proposed in the nineteenth century by French scholar [[:fr:Joseph Delaville Le Roulx (1855-1911)|fr]]. A Crusader source from 1133 CE states that the [[Hugh II of Jaffa|Count of Jaffa]] granted the land to the [[Knights Hospitaller|Hospitaller]] order, including “the mills of the three bridges” (“des moulins des trios ponts”).<ref>Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. [http://archive.org/stream/registaregnihier00rhuoft#page/n44/mode/1up 37], No. 147</ref><ref>Delaville Le Roulx, 1894, pp. [https://archive.org/details/cgohvol1/page/n317/mode/1up 86]−87, No. 97</ref><ref>Clermont-Ganneau, 1895, pp. [https://archive.org/details/tudesdarchologi00hangoog/page/n208/mode/1up 192]−196: "Les Trois−Ponts, [[Jarisha|Jorgilia]]"</ref><ref name=Haddad2013/> |
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In 1478 CE (AH 883), the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] [[Sultan of Egypt]], [[Qaitbay]], endowed a quarter of the revenues of Mulabbis to two newly established institutions: [[Madrasa Al-Ashrafiyya]] in Jerusalem, and a [[mosque]] in Gaza.<ref name=Marom>{{Cite journal |last= Marom |first= Roy |title= A short history of Mulabbis (Petah Tikva, Israel) |date=April 3, 2019 |journal= Palestine Exploration Quarterly |volume= 151 |issue=2 |pages= 134–145 |via= Taylor and Francis+NEJM |doi= 10.1080/00310328.2019.1621734 |s2cid= 197799335 |url= https://doi.org/10.1080/00310328.2019.1621734 |access-date= November 30, 2020 |archive-date= May 29, 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210529124508/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00310328.2019.1621734 |url-status= live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Marom|first=Roy|date=2021-06-09|title=The Abu Hameds of Mulabbis: an oral history of a Palestinian village depopulated in the Late Ottoman period|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2021.1934817|journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies|volume=50 |pages=87–106|doi=10.1080/13530194.2021.1934817|s2cid=236222143|issn=1353-0194}}</ref> |
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===Ottoman period=== |
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====Mulabbis==== |
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It has been suggested that Mulabbis was "Milus", a village with 42 [[Muslim]] households, mentioned in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[Defter|tax records]] in 1596.<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 154. Suggested by David Grossman, 1986, p. 372, cited in [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00310328.2019.1621734 Marom, 2019] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122131500/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00310328.2019.1621734 |date=2020-01-22 }}</ref> |
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The village appeared under the name of "Melebbes" on [[Pierre Jacotin|Jacotin's]] map drawn up during [[Napoleon]]'s [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria|invasion in 1799]],<ref>Karmon, 1960, p. [http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf 170] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222063351/http://jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf |date=2019-12-22 }}</ref> and shows up as "el Mulebbis" on [[Kiepert maps of Palestine and Jerusalem|Kiepert's map of Palestine]], published in 1856.<ref>Kiepert, 1856, [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:KiepertSouthernPalestine1856.jpg Map of Southern Palestine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308192509/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:KiepertSouthernPalestine1856.jpg |date=2021-03-08 }}</ref> Following the invasion of the Levant by [[Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt]] (1831-1841), the village was repopulated by [[Egypt]]ian emigrants belonging to the Abu Hamed al-Masri clan, as part of a wider wave of migration that settled in Palestine's coastal lowlands.<ref name="Marom2">Marom, [https://www.academia.edu/44491372/The_Village_of_Mullabes_and_Its_Residents_Before_the_Establishment_of_Petah_Tikva_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A4%D7%A8_%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%97_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%94_Hebrew_ The village of Mulabbis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529124527/https://www.academia.edu/44491372/The_Village_of_Mulabbes_and_Its_Residents_Before_the_Establishment_of_Petah_Tikva_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A4%D7%A8_%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%97_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%94_Hebrew_ |date=2021-05-29 }}, Cathedra 176, 2020, pp. 48-64.</ref> |
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In 1870, [[Victor Guérin]] noted that "Melebbes" was a small village with 140 inhabitants, surrounded by fields of watermelon and tobacco.<ref>Guérin, 1875, p. [http://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr04gugoog#page/n397/mode/1up 372]</ref> An Ottoman village list from about the same year showed that "Mulebbes" had 43 houses and a population of 125, though the population count included men only. It was also noted that the village was located on a hill, ("Auf einer Anhöhe"), 2 3/4 hours northeast of [[Jaffa]].<ref>Socin, 1879, p. [https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftdesde01deut#page/158/mode/1up 158]</ref><ref>Hartmann, 1883, p. [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ#page/n944/mode/1up 136], also noted 43 houses at "Mulebbes".</ref> |
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The [[Palestine Exploration Fund]]'s [[Survey of Western Palestine]] visited "Mulebbis" in 1874 and described it as "a similar [[adobe|mud]] village [as [[Al-Mirr]]], with a [[well]]."<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/252/mode/1up 252]</ref> Following the sale of Mulabbis' lands to Jewish entrepreneurs, its residents dispersed in neighboring villages like [[Jaljulia]] and [[Fajja]].<ref name="Marom2"/><ref name=":0" /> |
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====Petah Tikva==== |
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[[File:PikiWiki Israel 1204 Settlements in Israel פתח תקוה העיריה הישנה.jpg|thumb|Petah Tikva in the 1920s]] |
[[File:PikiWiki Israel 1204 Settlements in Israel פתח תקוה העיריה הישנה.jpg|thumb|Petah Tikva in the 1920s]] |
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Petah Tikva was founded in 1878 by [[Haredi]] Jewish |
Petah Tikva was founded in 1878 by [[Haredi]] Jewish settlers from Europe, among them [[Yehoshua Stampfer]], Moshe Shmuel Raab, [[Yoel Moshe Salomon]], [[Zerach Barnett]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rishonim.org.il/petach-tikva/info/founder_show.aspx?id=51 |script-title=he:זאב וולף ברנדה ז"ל |language=he |trans-title=Ze'ev Wolf Branda memorial |publisher=Rishonim.org.il |access-date=September 16, 2011 |archive-date=April 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408202051/http://www.rishonim.org.il/petach-tikva/Info/founder_show.aspx?id=51 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and David Gutmann, as well as [[Lithuania]]n Rabbi [[Aryeh Leib Frumkin]] who built the first house.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chiefrabbi.org/ReadArtical.aspx?id=447 |title=Future Tense – Israel at 60: A Dream Fulfilled |publisher=Office of the Chief Rabbi |date=December 2007 |access-date=16 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613014131/http://chiefrabbi.org/ReadArtical.aspx?id=447 |archive-date=June 13, 2010 }}</ref> It was the first modern Jewish agricultural settlement in [[Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem|Ottoman Southern Syria]] (hence its nickname as "Mother of the [[Moshava|Moshavot]]"). |
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[[File:VIEW OF PETAH TIKVA. פתח תקוה.D29-101.jpg|thumb|250px|Petah Tikva in 1936]] |
[[File:VIEW OF PETAH TIKVA. פתח תקוה.D29-101.jpg|thumb|250px|Petah Tikva in 1936]] |
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[[File:בית הכנסת הגדול בפתח תקוה בחוף יהודה-JNF003051.jpeg|thumb|Petah Tikva in 1936]] |
[[File:בית הכנסת הגדול בפתח תקוה בחוף יהודה-JNF003051.jpeg|thumb|Petah Tikva in 1936]] |
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Originally intending to establish a new settlement in the [[Achor Valley]], near [[Jericho]], the |
Originally intending to establish a new settlement in the [[Achor Valley]], near [[Jericho]], the settlers purchased land in that area. However, [[Abdul Hamid II|Abdülhamid II]] cancelled the purchase and forbade them from settling there, but they retained the name Petah Tikva as a symbol of their aspirations. |
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In 1878 the founders of Petah Tikva learned of the availability of land northeast of [[Jaffa]] near the village of Mulabes (or Umlabes). The land was owned by two [[Christians|Christian]] businessmen from Jaffa, Antoine Bishara Tayan and Selim Qassar, and was worked by some thirty tenant farmers. Tayan's property was the larger, some 8,500 dunams, but much of it was in the malarial swamp of the [[Yarkon River|Yarkon Valley]]. Qassar's property, approximately 3,500 dunams, lay a few kilometers to the south of the Yarkon, away from the swampland. It was Qassar's that was purchased on July 30, 1878. Tayan's holdings were purchased when a second group of settlers, known as the Yarkonim, arrived in Petah Tikva the following year.<ref>{{harvtxt|Avneri|1984|p=71}}; {{harvtxt|Glass|Kark|1991|pp=137–138}}; {{harvtxt|Ben Ezer|2013}} has a more detailed discussion of the Yarkonim, in Hebrew.</ref> [[Ottoman Sultan]] [[Abdul Hamid II]] allowed the purchase because of the poor quality of the land.<ref>{{cite book |last= Yaari|first= Avraham|date= 1958|title= The Goodly Heritage: Memoirs Describing the Life of the Jewish Community of Eretz Yisrael From the Seventeenth to the Twentieth Centuries|location= Jerusalem|publisher= Youth and Hechalutz Dept. of the Zionist Organization|others= (Translated and abridged by Israel Schen; edited by Isaac Halevy-Levin)|page=93}}</ref> |
In 1878, the founders of Petah Tikva learned of the availability of land northeast of [[Jaffa]] near the village of Mulabes (or Umlabes). The land was owned by two [[Christians|Christian]] businessmen from Jaffa, Antoine Bishara Tayan and Selim Qassar, and was worked by some thirty tenant farmers. Tayan's property was the larger, some 8,500 dunams, but much of it was in the malarial swamp of the [[Yarkon River|Yarkon Valley]]. Qassar's property, approximately 3,500 dunams, lay a few kilometers to the south of the Yarkon, away from the swampland. It was Qassar's that was purchased on July 30, 1878. Tayan's holdings were purchased when a second group of settlers, known as the Yarkonim, arrived in Petah Tikva the following year.<ref>{{harvtxt|Avneri|1984|p=71}}; {{harvtxt|Glass|Kark|1991|pp=137–138}}; {{harvtxt|Ben Ezer|2013}} has a more detailed discussion of the Yarkonim, in Hebrew.</ref> [[Ottoman Sultan]] [[Abdul Hamid II]] allowed the purchase because of the poor quality of the land.<ref>{{cite book |last= Yaari|first= Avraham|date= 1958|title= The Goodly Heritage: Memoirs Describing the Life of the Jewish Community of Eretz Yisrael From the Seventeenth to the Twentieth Centuries|location= Jerusalem|publisher= Youth and Hechalutz Dept. of the Zionist Organization|others= (Translated and abridged by Israel Schen; edited by Isaac Halevy-Levin)|page=93}}</ref> |
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A [[malaria]] epidemic broke out in 1880, forcing the abandonment of the settlements on both holdings.<ref>{{harvtxt|Yaari|1958|pp=89–93}} suggests that the colonists began to abandon Petah Tikva in late 1880, and had all left in 1881.</ref> Those who remained in the area moved south to [[Yehud, Israel|Yehud]]. After Petah Tikva was reoccupied by [[Bilu (movement)|Bilu]] immigrants in 1883 some of the original families returned. With funding for swamp drainage provided by Baron [[Edmond de Rothschild]], the colony became more stable.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jafi.org/JewishAgency/English/Jewish+Education/Compelling+Content/Eye+on+Israel/Places+in+Israel/Petah+Tikvah.htm |title=Petah Tikva |website=The Jewish Agency for Israel |access-date=17 July 2014 |archive-date=25 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825064341/http://jafi.org/JewishAgency/English/Jewish+Education/Compelling+Content/Eye+on+Israel/Places+in+Israel/Petah+Tikvah.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> |
A [[malaria]] epidemic broke out in 1880, forcing the abandonment of the settlements on both holdings.<ref>{{harvtxt|Yaari|1958|pp=89–93}} suggests that the colonists began to abandon Petah Tikva in late 1880, and had all left in 1881.</ref> Those who remained in the area moved south to [[Yehud, Israel|Yehud]]. After Petah Tikva was reoccupied by [[Bilu (movement)|Bilu]] immigrants in 1883, some of the original families returned. With funding for swamp drainage provided by Baron [[Edmond de Rothschild]], the colony became more stable.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jafi.org/JewishAgency/English/Jewish+Education/Compelling+Content/Eye+on+Israel/Places+in+Israel/Petah+Tikvah.htm |title=Petah Tikva |website=The Jewish Agency for Israel |access-date=17 July 2014 |archive-date=25 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825064341/http://jafi.org/JewishAgency/English/Jewish+Education/Compelling+Content/Eye+on+Israel/Places+in+Israel/Petah+Tikvah.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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Upon learning that the Austrian post office in Jaffa wanted to open a branch in Petah Tikva, Yitzchak Goldenhirsch, an early resident, offered his assistance on condition that the Austrian consulate issued a Hebrew stamp and a special postmark for Petah Tikva. The stamp was designed by an unknown artist featuring a plow, green fields and a blossoming orange tree. The price was 14 [[Para (currency)|paras]] (a Turkish coin) and displayed the name 'Petah Tikva' in Hebrew letters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.auctionzip.com/auction-lot/An-envelope-with-a-Petah-Tikva-stamp,-signed-wit_A3B48448E5|title=Lot - An envelope with a Petah Tikva stamp, signed with a special stamp for this stamp|website=www.auctionzip.com|access-date=2019-11-06|archive-date=2019-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106082038/https://www.auctionzip.com/auction-lot/An-envelope-with-a-Petah-Tikva-stamp,-signed-wit_A3B48448E5|url-status=live}}</ref> |
Upon learning that the Austrian post office in Jaffa wanted to open a branch in Petah Tikva, Yitzchak Goldenhirsch, an early resident, offered his assistance on condition that the Austrian consulate issued a Hebrew stamp and a special postmark for Petah Tikva. The stamp was designed by an unknown artist featuring a plow, green fields and a blossoming orange tree. The price was 14 [[Para (currency)|paras]] (a Turkish coin) and displayed the name 'Petah Tikva' in Hebrew letters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.auctionzip.com/auction-lot/An-envelope-with-a-Petah-Tikva-stamp,-signed-wit_A3B48448E5|title=Lot - An envelope with a Petah Tikva stamp, signed with a special stamp for this stamp|website=www.auctionzip.com|access-date=2019-11-06|archive-date=2019-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106082038/https://www.auctionzip.com/auction-lot/An-envelope-with-a-Petah-Tikva-stamp,-signed-wit_A3B48448E5|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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[[David Ben Gurion]] lived in Petah Tikva for a few months on his arrival in [[Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem|Palestine]] in 1906. It had a population of around 1000, half of them farmers. He found occasional work in the orange groves.<ref>[[Tom Segev|Segev, Tom]] (2018 - 2019 translation [[Haim Watzman]]) ''A State at Any Cost. The Life of David Ben-Gurion.'' Apollo. {{ISBN|978-1-78954-463-3}} |
[[David Ben Gurion]] lived in Petah Tikva for a few months on his arrival in [[Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem|Palestine]] in 1906. It had a population of around 1000, half of them farmers. He found occasional work in the orange groves.<ref>[[Tom Segev|Segev, Tom]] (2018 - 2019 translation [[Haim Watzman]]) ''A State at Any Cost. The Life of David Ben-Gurion.'' Apollo. {{ISBN|978-1-78954-463-3}} |
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. p.62</ref> But he soon caught malaria and his doctor recommended he return to Europe.<ref>Segev. p.64</ref> The following year, after moving to [[Jaffa]], he set up a Jewish workers organisation in Petah Tikva.<ref>Segev. p.81</ref> |
. p.62</ref> But, he soon caught malaria and his doctor recommended he return to Europe.<ref>Segev. p.64</ref> The following year, after moving to [[Jaffa]], he set up a Jewish workers organisation in Petah Tikva.<ref>Segev. p.81</ref> |
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During the [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign]] of [[World War I]], Petah Tikva served as a refugee town for residents of Tel Aviv and [[Jaffa]], following their exile by the Ottoman authorities. The town suffered heavily as it lay between the Ottoman and British fronts during the war.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} |
During the [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign]] of [[World War I]], Petah Tikva served as a refugee town for residents of Tel Aviv and [[Jaffa]], following their exile by the Ottoman authorities. The town suffered heavily as it lay between the Ottoman and British fronts during the war.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} |
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===British Mandate === |
===British Mandate === |
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[[File:פתח תקוה - כריתת ברית שלום בין הערבים והיהודים.-JNF043653.jpeg|thumb|Petah Tikva peace treaty 1927]] |
[[File:פתח תקוה - כריתת ברית שלום בין הערבים והיהודים.-JNF043653.jpeg|thumb|Petah Tikva peace treaty, 1927]] |
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[[File:Zoltan Kluger. Petach Tikvah.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Petah Tikva, late 1930s]] |
[[File:Zoltan Kluger. Petach Tikvah.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Petah Tikva, late 1930s]] |
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In the early 1920s, industry began to develop in the Petah Tikva region. In 1921, Petah Tikva was granted [[local council (Israel)|local council]] status by the British authorities. In May 1921 Petah Tikva was the target of an Arab attack, which left four of its Jewish inhabitants |
In the early 1920s, industry began to develop in the Petah Tikva region. In 1921, Petah Tikva was granted [[local council (Israel)|local council]] status by the British authorities. In May 1921, Petah Tikva was the target of an Arab attack, which left four of its Jewish inhabitants dead–an extension of the [[Jaffa riots of 1921]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/PLACES/pt.html|title=Petah Tikvah|publisher=[[Jewish Agency for Israel]]|access-date=October 21, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121185310/http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/PLACES/pt.html|archive-date=November 21, 2008}}</ref> In 1927, Petah Tikva concluded a local peace treaty with the Arabs living nearby; subsequently, Petah Tikva was untouched by the [[1929 Palestine riots]]. |
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According to the [[1922 census of Palestine]] conducted by the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate authorities]], Petah Tikva had a total population of 3,032 |
According to the [[1922 census of Palestine]] conducted by the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate authorities]], Petah Tikva had a total population of 3,032: 3,008 Jews, 22 Muslims and 2 Orthodox Christians.<ref>Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jaffa, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n22/mode/1up 20]</ref><ref>Barron, 1923, Table XIV, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n48/mode/1up 46]</ref> |
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[[File:חברי מועצת המושבה פתח - תקוה בחוף יהודה-JNF003050.jpeg|thumb|Petah Tikva Council in 1928]] |
[[File:חברי מועצת המושבה פתח - תקוה בחוף יהודה-JNF003050.jpeg|thumb|Petah Tikva Council in 1928]] |
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By the time the [[1931 census of Palestine|1931 census]] was taken, the population had increased to 6,880 inhabitants in 1,688 houses.<ref name="Census1931">Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 14]</ref> In 1937, it was recognized as a city. Its first mayor, Shlomo Stampfer, was the son of one of its founders, [[Yehoshua Stampfer]]. |
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Petah Tikva, a center of citrus farming, was considered by both the British government and the Jaffa Electric Company as a potentially important consumer of electricity for irrigation. The Auja Concession, which was granted to the Jaffa Electric Company on 1921, specifically referred to the relatively large Jewish settlement of Petah-Tikva. But it was only in late 1929 that the company submitted an irrigation scheme for Petah-Tikva, and it was yet to be approved by the government in 1930.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shamir |first=Ronen |date=2013 |title=Current Flow: The Electrification of Palestine |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-8706-2}}</ref> |
Petah Tikva, a center of citrus farming, was considered by both the British government and the Jaffa Electric Company as a potentially important consumer of electricity for irrigation. The Auja Concession, which was granted to the Jaffa Electric Company on 1921, specifically referred to the relatively large Jewish settlement of Petah-Tikva. But, it was only in late 1929 that the company submitted an irrigation scheme for Petah-Tikva, and it was yet to be approved by the government in 1930.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shamir |first=Ronen |date=2013 |title=Current Flow: The Electrification of Palestine |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-8706-2}}</ref> |
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In 1931 Ben Gurion wrote that Petah Tikva had 5000 inhabitants and employed 3000 Arab labourers.<ref>[[Tom Segev|Segev, Tom]] (2018 - 2019 translation [[Haim Watzman]]) ''A State at Any Cost. The Life of David Ben-Gurion.'' Apollo. {{ISBN|978-1-78954-463-3}} p.132</ref> |
In 1931, Ben Gurion wrote that Petah Tikva had 5000 inhabitants and employed 3000 Arab labourers.<ref>[[Tom Segev|Segev, Tom]] (2018 - 2019 translation [[Haim Watzman]]) ''A State at Any Cost. The Life of David Ben-Gurion.'' Apollo. {{ISBN|978-1-78954-463-3}} p.132</ref> |
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In the 1930s, the pioneering founders of [[Kibbutz Yavneh]] from the [[Religious Zionism|Religious Zionist movement]] immigrated to the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]], settling near Petah Tikva on land purchased by a Jewish-owned German company. Refining the agricultural skills they learned in Germany, these pioneers began in 1941 to build their kibbutz in its intended location in the south of Israel, operating from Petah Tikva as a base.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aliyathanoar.massuah.org.il/Product.aspx?Product=39&Category=14&ln=en|title=Kevutsat Rodges (Kevutsat Yavne) est. 1929|publisher=Massuah, International Institute for Holocaust Studies|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2021-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224040422/http://aliyathanoar.massuah.org.il/Product.aspx?Product=39&Category=14&ln=en|url-status=live}}</ref> |
In the 1930s, the pioneering founders of [[Kibbutz Yavneh]] from the [[Religious Zionism|Religious Zionist movement]] immigrated to the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]], settling near Petah Tikva on land purchased by a Jewish-owned German company. Refining the agricultural skills they learned in Germany, these pioneers began in 1941 to build their kibbutz in its intended location in the south of Israel, operating from Petah Tikva as a base.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aliyathanoar.massuah.org.il/Product.aspx?Product=39&Category=14&ln=en|title=Kevutsat Rodges (Kevutsat Yavne) est. 1929|publisher=Massuah, International Institute for Holocaust Studies|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2021-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224040422/http://aliyathanoar.massuah.org.il/Product.aspx?Product=39&Category=14&ln=en|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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[[File:New buildings in Petah-Tikva - 13.jpeg|thumb|Residential high-rises in Petah Tikva]] |
[[File:New buildings in Petah-Tikva - 13.jpeg|thumb|Residential high-rises in Petah Tikva]] |
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[[File:Grand Mall in Petah Tikva.JPG|thumb|Grand Mall]] |
[[File:Grand Mall in Petah Tikva.JPG|thumb|Grand Mall]] |
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After the creation of the State of Israel in 1948, several adjoining |
After the creation of the State of Israel in 1948, several adjoining villages–Amishav and [[Ein Ganim]] to the east (named after the biblical village (Joshua 15:34)), Kiryat Matalon to the west, towards [[Bnei Brak]], Kfar Ganim and Mahaneh Yehuda to the south and [[Kfar Avraham]] on the north–were merged into the municipal boundaries of Petah Tikva, boosting its population to 22,000. |
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As of 2018, with a population of over 240,000 inhabitants, Petah Tikva is the third most populous city in the [[Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area]] ("Gush Dan"). |
As of 2018, with a population of over 240,000 inhabitants, Petah Tikva is the third most populous city in the [[Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area]] ("Gush Dan"). |
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==Transportation== |
==Transportation== |
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{{main|Transportation in Petah Tikva}} |
{{main|Transportation in Petah Tikva}} |
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===Bus=== |
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Petah Tikva is served by a large number of buses. A large number of intercity [[Egged (company)|Egged]] buses stop there, and the city has a network of local buses operated by the [[Kavim]] company. The [[Dan bus company]] operates lines to [[Ramat Gan]], [[Bnei Brak]] and [[Tel Aviv]].{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} |
Petah Tikva is served by a large number of buses. A large number of intercity [[Egged (company)|Egged]] buses stop there, and the city has a network of local buses operated by the [[Kavim]] company. The [[Dan bus company]] operates lines to [[Ramat Gan]], [[Bnei Brak]] and [[Tel Aviv]].{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} Petah Tikva's largest bus terminal is the Petah Tikva Central Bus Station (Tahana Merkazit), while other major stations are located near [[Beilinson Hospital]] and [[Beit Rivka]]. |
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===Mainline rail=== |
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Petah Tikva's largest bus terminal is the Petah Tikva Central Bus Station (Tahana Merkazit), while other major stations are located near [[Beilinson Hospital]] and [[Beit Rivka]]. The [[Red Line (Tel Aviv Light Rail)|Red Line]] of the Greater Tel Aviv [[rapid transit]]/[[light rail]] system connects Petah Tikva to [[Bnei Brak]], [[Ramat Gan]], [[Tel Aviv]] and [[Bat Yam]]. |
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⚫ | [[Israel Railways]] maintains two suburban railroad stations in [[Petah Tikva Segula railway station|Segula]] and [[Petah Tikva-Kiryat Aryeh railway station|Kiryat Aryeh]], in the northern part of the city. A central train station near the main bus station is envisioned as part of Israel Railways's long-term expansion plan. |
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===Road transport=== |
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⚫ | [[Israel Railways]] maintains two suburban railroad stations in [[Petah Tikva Segula railway station|Segula]] and [[Petah Tikva-Kiryat Aryeh railway station|Kiryat Aryeh]], in the northern part of the city. A central train station near the main bus station is envisioned as part of Israel Railways's long-term expansion plan. |
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There are eight taxi fleets based in Petah Tikva, and the city is bordered by three of the major vehicle arteries in Israel: Geha Highway ([[Highway 4 (Israel)|Highway 4]]) on the west, the Trans-Samaria Highway ([[Highway 5 (Israel)|Highway 5]]) on the north, and the Trans-Israel Highway ([[Highway 6 (Israel)|Highway 6]]) on the east.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} |
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===Santiago Calatrava designed bridge=== |
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[[Santiago Calatrava]]'s bridge, a {{convert|50|m|ft}} long span Y-shaped cable-stayed pedestrian [[three-way bridge]] connecting Rabin Hospital to a shopping mall, a residential development and a public park. The structure is supported from a {{convert|29|m|ft|adj=on}} high inclined steel pylon, which is situated where the three spans intersect. Light in construction, the bridge is built principally of steel with a glass-paved deck.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldarchitecturenews.com/index.php?fuseaction=wanappln.projectview&upload_id=747|date=December 15, 2006|title=Calatrava in Israel: Museum exhibition lands 's Calatrava first project in Israel|publisher=World Architecture News|access-date=February 5, 2014|archive-date=February 1, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201193949/http://www.worldarchitecturenews.com/index.php?fuseaction=wanappln.projectview&upload_id=747|url-status=live}}</ref> |
[[Santiago Calatrava]]'s bridge, a {{convert|50|m|ft}} long span Y-shaped cable-stayed pedestrian [[three-way bridge]] connecting Rabin Hospital to a shopping mall, a residential development and a public park. The structure is supported from a {{convert|29|m|ft|adj=on}} high inclined steel pylon, which is situated where the three spans intersect. Light in construction, the bridge is built principally of steel with a glass-paved deck.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldarchitecturenews.com/index.php?fuseaction=wanappln.projectview&upload_id=747|date=December 15, 2006|title=Calatrava in Israel: Museum exhibition lands 's Calatrava first project in Israel|publisher=World Architecture News|access-date=February 5, 2014|archive-date=February 1, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201193949/http://www.worldarchitecturenews.com/index.php?fuseaction=wanappln.projectview&upload_id=747|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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=== Light rail=== |
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The [[Red Line (Tel Aviv Light Rail)|Red Line]] of the [[Tel Aviv Light Rail]] system is split into 2 branches upon entrance to Petah Tikva. One branch travels to an underground terminal at the Kiryat Aryeh railway station, while the other continues east to the Petach Tikva Central Bus Station. The Light Rail's train depot is also located at Kiryat Aryeh. It was opened to service on August 18, 2023.<ref name="ToI">{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/we-waited-a-long-time-for-this-tel-aviv-light-rail-sets-off-after-years-of-delays/|title='We waited a long time for this': Tel Aviv light rail sets off after years of delays|publisher=The Times of Israel|date=2023-08-18|accessdate=2023-08-18}}</ref> |
The [[Red Line (Tel Aviv Light Rail)|Red Line]] of the Greater Tel Aviv [[rapid transit]]/[[light rail]] system connects Petah Tikva to [[Bnei Brak]], [[Ramat Gan]], [[Tel Aviv]] and [[Bat Yam]]. The [[Red Line (Tel Aviv Light Rail)|Red Line]] of the [[Tel Aviv Light Rail]] system is split into 2 branches upon entrance to Petah Tikva. One branch travels to an underground terminal at the Kiryat Aryeh railway station, while the other continues east to the Petach Tikva Central Bus Station. The Light Rail's train depot is also located at Kiryat Aryeh. It was opened to service on August 18, 2023.<ref name="ToI">{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/we-waited-a-long-time-for-this-tel-aviv-light-rail-sets-off-after-years-of-delays/|title='We waited a long time for this': Tel Aviv light rail sets off after years of delays|publisher=The Times of Israel|date=2023-08-18|accessdate=2023-08-18}}</ref> |
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==Local government== |
==Local government== |
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[[File:Petah Tikva Great Synagogue.jpg|thumb|right|[[Great Synagogue (Petah Tikva)|Great Synagogue]], Petah Tikva]] |
[[File:Petah Tikva Great Synagogue.jpg|thumb|right|[[Great Synagogue (Petah Tikva)|Great Synagogue]], Petah Tikva]] |
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Petah Tikva is home to 300 educational institutions from kindergarten through high school, catering to the secular, religious and [[Haredi]] populations. There are over 43,000 students enrolled in these schools, which are staffed by some 2,400 teachers. |
Petah Tikva is home to 300 educational institutions from kindergarten through high school, catering to the secular, religious and [[Haredi]] populations. There are over 43,000 students enrolled in these schools, which are staffed by some 2,400 teachers. |
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In 2006, five schools participated in the nationwide Mofet program, which promotes academic excellence.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} |
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Petah Tikva has seventeen public libraries, the main one located in the city hall building.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fsk-ko-pt.de/?page_id=65&lang=en|title=Petah Tikva today|work=Koblenz–Petah Tikva Friendship Circle|access-date=November 6, 2013|archive-date=October 17, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017064230/http://www.fsk-ko-pt.de/?page_id=65&lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref> |
Petah Tikva has seventeen public libraries, the main one located in the city hall building.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fsk-ko-pt.de/?page_id=65&lang=en|title=Petah Tikva today|work=Koblenz–Petah Tikva Friendship Circle|access-date=November 6, 2013|archive-date=October 17, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017064230/http://www.fsk-ko-pt.de/?page_id=65&lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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[[File:PTBeilinson.jpg|thumb|[[Rabin Medical Center]] (Belinson)]] |
[[File:PTBeilinson.jpg|thumb|[[Rabin Medical Center]] (Belinson)]] |
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Six hospitals are located in the city. The [[Rabin Medical Center]] Beilinson complex includes the Beilinson Medical Center, the Davidoff Oncologic Center, the Geha Psychiatric Hospital, the [[Schneider Children's Medical Center|Schneider Pediatric Hospital]] and Tel Aviv University's Faculty of Medical Research.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/.premium--1.5171245|title=A hospital's journey from architectural paean to beacon of bad taste|newspaper=Haaretz |access-date=2019-11-06|archive-date=2019-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106091345/https://www.haaretz.com/.premium--1.5171245|url-status=live}}</ref> Other medical facilities in Petah Tikva are HaSharon Hospital, the Beit Rivka Geriatric Center, the Kupat Holim Medical Research Center and a private hospital, Ramat Marpeh, affiliated with Assuta Hospital. The [[Schneider Children's Medical Center|Schneider Pediatric Center]] is one of the largest and most modern children's hospitals in the Middle East. In addition, there are many family health clinics in Petah Tikva as well as Kupat Holim clinics operated by Israel's [[health maintenance organization]]s. The city is also served by [[Mayanei Hayeshua Medical Center]], a Haredi hospital in nearby Bnei Brak.{{ |
Six hospitals are located in the city. The [[Rabin Medical Center]] Beilinson complex includes the Beilinson Medical Center, the Davidoff Oncologic Center, the Geha Psychiatric Hospital, the [[Schneider Children's Medical Center|Schneider Pediatric Hospital]] and Tel Aviv University's Faculty of Medical Research.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/.premium--1.5171245|title=A hospital's journey from architectural paean to beacon of bad taste|newspaper=Haaretz |access-date=2019-11-06|archive-date=2019-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106091345/https://www.haaretz.com/.premium--1.5171245|url-status=live}}</ref> Other medical facilities in Petah Tikva are HaSharon Hospital, the Beit Rivka Geriatric Center, the Kupat Holim Medical Research Center and a private hospital, Ramat Marpeh, affiliated with Assuta Hospital. The [[Schneider Children's Medical Center|Schneider Pediatric Center]] is one of the largest and most modern children's hospitals in the Middle East. In addition, there are many family health clinics in Petah Tikva as well as Kupat Holim clinics operated by Israel's [[health maintenance organization]]s. The city is also served by [[Mayanei Hayeshua Medical Center]], a Haredi hospital in nearby Bnei Brak.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} |
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==Landmarks and cultural institutions== |
==Landmarks and cultural institutions== |
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[[File:PetahTikva FoundersSquare.jpg|thumb|Founders' Square]] |
[[File:PetahTikva FoundersSquare.jpg|thumb|Founders' Square]] |
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Petah Tikva's Independence Park includes a zoo at its northeastern edge, the Museum of Man and Nature, a memorial to the victims of the 1921 Arab riots, an archaeological display, Yad Labanim soldiers memorial, a local history museum, a Holocaust museum and the [[Petah Tikva Museum of Art]].<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=30245584 |journal=Israel Studies|title=Sleep, Teddy Bear, Sleep: Independence Park, Petach Tikva: An Israeli Realm of Memory |author=Tamar Berger |s2cid=144392733|volume=7 |issue=2 |date=Summer 2002 |pages=1–32 |publisher=Indiana University Press |doi=10.2979/isr.2002.7.2.1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.leumi.co.il/Articles/28365/ |title=Petach Tikva Museum Hosted at Leumi Bet Mani House |publisher=Bank Leumi |access-date=2013-06-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327030117/http://english.leumi.co.il/Articles/28365/ |archive-date=2013-03-27 }}</ref> |
Petah Tikva's Independence Park includes a zoo at its northeastern edge, the Museum of Man and Nature, a memorial to the victims of the 1921 Arab riots, an archaeological display, [[Yad Labanim]] soldiers' memorial, a local history museum, a Holocaust museum and the [[Petah Tikva Museum of Art]].<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=30245584 |journal=Israel Studies|title=Sleep, Teddy Bear, Sleep: Independence Park, Petach Tikva: An Israeli Realm of Memory |author=Tamar Berger |s2cid=144392733|volume=7 |issue=2 |date=Summer 2002 |pages=1–32 |publisher=Indiana University Press |doi=10.2979/isr.2002.7.2.1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.leumi.co.il/Articles/28365/ |title=Petach Tikva Museum Hosted at Leumi Bet Mani House |publisher=Bank Leumi |access-date=2013-06-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327030117/http://english.leumi.co.il/Articles/28365/ |archive-date=2013-03-27 }}</ref> |
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==Sports== |
==Sports== |
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==Notable people== |
==Notable people== |
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[[File:Yoni S. Hamenachem movie four (cropped).jpg|thumb|right| |
[[File:Yoni S. Hamenachem movie four (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|175px|[[Gila Almagor]]]] |
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[[File:עמיחי קורא בתמול.jpg|thumb|right|175px|[[Yehuda Amichai]]]] |
[[File:עמיחי קורא בתמול.jpg|thumb|right|175px|[[Yehuda Amichai]]]] |
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[[File:Gal Gadot cropped lighting corrected 2b.jpg|thumb|right|175px|[[Gal Gadot]]]] |
[[File:Gal Gadot cropped lighting corrected 2b.jpg|thumb|right|175px|[[Gal Gadot]]]] |
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* [[Hannah Barnett-Trager]] (1870–1943), wrote about early Petah Tikva<ref name=book1>{{cite book|title=Pioneers in Palestine: Stories of One of the First Settlers in Petach Tikvah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_N4hAAAAMAAJ|year=1923|publisher=G. Routledge & sons, Limited}}</ref> |
* [[Hannah Barnett-Trager]] (1870–1943), wrote about early Petah Tikva<ref name=book1>{{cite book|title=Pioneers in Palestine: Stories of One of the First Settlers in Petach Tikvah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_N4hAAAAMAAJ|year=1923|publisher=G. Routledge & sons, Limited}}</ref> |
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* [[Hanoch Bartov]] (1926-2016), author |
* [[Hanoch Bartov]] (1926-2016), author |
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* Apollo Braun (born 1976), artist, author, playwright |
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* [[Mor Bulis]] (born 1996), tennis player |
* [[Mor Bulis]] (born 1996), tennis player |
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* [[Tal Burstein]] (born 1980), basketball player |
* [[Tal Burstein]] (born 1980), basketball player |
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* [[Yosef Karduner]] (born 1969), [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] singer-songwriter |
* [[Yosef Karduner]] (born 1969), [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] singer-songwriter |
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* [[Haim Kaufman]] (1934–1995), Knesset member |
* [[Haim Kaufman]] (1934–1995), Knesset member |
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* [[Yehoshua Kenaz]] ( |
* [[Yehoshua Kenaz]] (1937-2020), novelist |
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* [[Itzik Kol]] (1932–2007), television and movie producer |
* [[Itzik Kol]] (1932–2007), television and movie producer |
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* [[Alona Koshevatskiy]] (born 1997), Olympic [[rhythmic gymnast]] |
* [[Alona Koshevatskiy]] (born 1997), Olympic [[rhythmic gymnast]] |
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* [[Amnon Krauz]] (born 1952), Olympic swimmer |
* [[Amnon Krauz]] (born 1952), Olympic swimmer |
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* [[Peretz Lavie]] (born 1949), expert in the [[psychophysiology]] of [[sleep disorders|sleep and sleep disorders]], 16th president of the [[Technion - Israel Institute of Technology]], Dean of the [[Rappaport Faculty of Medicine]] |
* [[Peretz Lavie]] (born 1949), expert in the [[psychophysiology]] of [[sleep disorders|sleep and sleep disorders]], 16th president of the [[Technion - Israel Institute of Technology]], Dean of the [[Rappaport Faculty of Medicine]] |
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* [[Talya Lavie]] (born 1978), filmmaker |
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* [[Karina Lykhvar]] (born 1998), Olympic rhythmic gymnast |
* [[Karina Lykhvar]] (born 1998), Olympic rhythmic gymnast |
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* [[Menachem Magidor]] (born 1946), mathematician |
* [[Menachem Magidor]] (born 1946), mathematician, president of the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] |
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* [[Samir Naqqash]] (1938–2004), Iraqi-Jewish author |
* [[Samir Naqqash]] (1938–2004), Iraqi-Jewish author |
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* [[Zvi Nishri]] (Orloff) (1878–1973), physical education pioneer |
* [[Zvi Nishri]] (Orloff) (1878–1973), physical education pioneer |
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* [[Uri Orbach]] (1960–2015), [[The Jewish Home]] politician, journalist and writer |
* [[Uri Orbach]] (1960–2015), [[The Jewish Home]] politician, journalist and writer |
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* [[Elyakum Ostashinski]] (1909–1983), first mayor of [[Rishon LeZion]] |
* [[Elyakum Ostashinski]] (1909–1983), first mayor of [[Rishon LeZion]] |
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* [[Ravid Plotnik]] (born 1988), rapper<ref>{{cite news |last1=Leibovitz |first1=Liel |title=Israeli Rap for Grown-Ups: Nechi Nech, Hebrew’s Greatest Hip-hop Star, Releases New Masterful Album |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/israeli-rap-for-grown-ups |access-date=3 March 2024 |work=[[Tablet (magazine)|Tablet]] |date=21 June 2017}}</ref> |
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* [[Leah Rabin]] (1928–2000), wife of Israeli prime minister [[Yitzhak Rabin]] |
* [[Leah Rabin]] (1928–2000), wife of Israeli prime minister [[Yitzhak Rabin]] |
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* [[Neta Rivkin]] (born 1991), rhythmic gymnast |
* [[Neta Rivkin]] (born 1991), rhythmic gymnast |
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* [[Giora Spiegel]] (born 1947), football player and coach |
* [[Giora Spiegel]] (born 1947), football player and coach |
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* [[Nahum Stelmach]] (1936–1999), football player |
* [[Nahum Stelmach]] (1936–1999), football player |
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* [[David Appel (businessman)|Noga Appel]] (born 2004), infamous flop, student, online troll, and granddaughter of [[David Appel (businessman)]] |
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* [[Pnina Tamano-Shata]] (born 1981), politician |
* [[Pnina Tamano-Shata]] (born 1981), politician |
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* [[Moshe Gaon]] (born 1964), political |
* [[Moshe Gaon]] (born 1964), businessman and political consultant |
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* [[Kfir Tsafrir]] (born 1990), singer-songwriter, rapper and music producer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-10 |title=כפיר צפריר מראשון לציון ריסק את השופטים ב"כוכב הבא" עם שיר על סיפור חייו |url=https://rishon.mynet.co.il/gossip/article/byrpq3xr5 |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=mynetrishon |language=he}}</ref> |
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==In popular culture== |
==In popular culture== |
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Petah Tikva is referenced in the [[Tony Award]]-winning 2016 musical ''[[The Band's Visit (musical)|The Band's Visit]]'' |
Petah Tikva is referenced in the [[Tony Award]]-winning 2016 musical ''[[The Band's Visit (musical)|The Band's Visit]]'' as the main plot derives from a mix-up between the city and the fictional town of "Bet Hatikva" in the Negev Desert of southern Israel.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thebandsvisitmusical.com/The_Band's_Visit_Study_Guide.pdf |title=The Band's Visit Study Guide |website=The Band's Visit |access-date=1 July 2020 |archive-date=3 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403034021/https://thebandsvisitmusical.com/The_Band's_Visit_Study_Guide.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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Petah Tikva is known for being a part of a satirical [[conspiracy theory]] which claims that it does not exist, much like the German [[Bielefeld conspiracy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=האם פתח תקווה קיימת? |url=https://www.osimhistoria.com/theanswer/hatshuva_ep46 |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=רשת עושים היסטוריה |language=he}}</ref> "Free Petah Tikvah" became a meme during 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israeli TikTok Influencer Mocks ‘Palestinian’ Rally: ‘From the River to the Sea, Petah Tikvah Will Be Free’ |url=https://www.jewishpress.com/news/media/social-media/israeli-tiktok-influencer-mocks-palestinian-rally-from-the-river-to-the-sea-petah-tikvah-will-be-free/2023/10/11/ |access-date=17 June 2024 |publisher=The Jewish Press |date=<!--26 Tishri 5784 –--> October 11, 2023}}</ref> |
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==International relations== |
==International relations== |
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*{{cite journal|last=Assis|first=Royee|date=2012-12-24|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=2132&mag_id=119|title=Petah Tiqwa, Mahane Yehuda|publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=124|journal=|access-date=2019-08-31|archive-date=2020-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715043324/http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=2132&mag_id=119|url-status=live}} |
*{{cite journal|last=Assis|first=Royee|date=2012-12-24|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=2132&mag_id=119|title=Petah Tiqwa, Mahane Yehuda|publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=124|journal=|access-date=2019-08-31|archive-date=2020-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715043324/http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=2132&mag_id=119|url-status=live}} |
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* {{cite book|last= Avneri|first= Arieh L.|date= 1984|title= The Claim of Dispossession: Jewish Land-Settlement and the Arabs, 1878-1948|location= New Brunswick and London|publisher= Transaction Books|isbn= 978-0878559640|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/claimofdisposses00avne_0}} |
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*{{cite journal|last=‘Azab|first=Anan|date=2008-10-05|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=917&mag_id=114|title=Petah Tiqwa|publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=120|journal=|access-date=2019-08-31|archive-date=2020-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715054300/http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=917&mag_id=114|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite book | editor =Barron, J.B. | title =Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 | url =https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 | publisher =Government of Palestine | year =1923 }} |
*{{cite book | editor =Barron, J.B. | title =Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 | url =https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 | publisher =Government of Palestine | year =1923 }} |
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* {{cite web |url= http://library.osu.edu/projects/hebrew-lexicon/hbe/hbe00896.php|title= The Yarkonim Affair|trans-title=פרשת הירקונים|language=he |last=Ben Ezer|first=Ehud|date= 2 December 2013|website=Ben Ezer News [חדשות בן עזר], no. 896|access-date= 10 July 2014}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Clermont-Ganneau|first=C.S.|author-link=Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau|title=Études d'archéologie orientale|url=https://archive.org/details/tudesdarchologi00hangoog/page/n212|year=1895|publisher=E. Bouillon|location=Paris|language=fr}} |
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* {{cite book |last1= Glass|first1= Joseph B.|last2= Kark|first2= Ruth|date= 1991|title= Sephardi Entrepreneurs in Eretz Israel: The Amzalak Family, 1816-1918|location= Jerusalem|publisher= Magnes Press|isbn= 978-9652237514}} |
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*{{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|author-link1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H.H.|author-link2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1882|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp02conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]|volume=2}} |
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*{{cite journal|last1=Dagan|first1=Yehuda|last2=Golan|first2=Dor|date=2009-08-23|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1189&mag_id=115|title=Petah Tiqwa–Rishon Le-Ziyyon, Survey|publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=121|journal=|access-date=2019-08-31|archive-date=2020-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715042308/http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1189&mag_id=115|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite journal|last=Dayan|first=Ayelet|date=2011-08-03|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1757&mag_id=118|title=Petah Tiqwa, Mahane Yehuda|publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=123|journal=|access-date=2019-08-31|archive-date=2020-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717223330/http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1757&mag_id=118|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Delaville Le Roulx|first=J.|author-link=:fr:Joseph Delaville Le Roulx (1855-1911)|title=Cartulaire général de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers|url=https://archive.org/details/cgohvol1|volume=1|year=1894|location=Paris|language=la}} |
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*{{cite journal|last=Gorzalczany|first=Amir|date=2005-11-28|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=267&mag_id=110|title=Petah Tiqwa, Mahane Yehuda|publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=117|journal=|access-date=2019-08-31|archive-date=2020-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715035657/http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=267&mag_id=110|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.|author-link=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=http://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr04gugoog|volume=2: Samarie, pt. 2|year=1875|publisher=L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=fr}} |
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*{{cite journal|last=Haddad|first=Elie|date=2013-08-20|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=2321|title=Petah Tiqwa, Kh. Mulabbis|publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=125|journal=|access-date=2017-06-27|archive-date=2017-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201030425/http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=2321|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite journal | last = Hartmann | first = M. | author-link = Martin Hartmann | title = Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem türkischen Staatskalender für Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871) | journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins | volume = 6 | pages = 102–149 | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ | year = 1883 }} |
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*{{cite book |last1=Hütteroth |first1=Wolf-Dieter |first2=Kamal |last2=Abdulfattah |title=Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ |year=1977 |publisher=Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft |isbn=978-3-920405-41-4 |access-date=2018-12-10 |archive-date=2019-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014140930/https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }} |
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*{{cite journal|author = Karmon, Y.|title = An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine|url = http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf|journal = [[Israel Exploration Journal]]|volume = 10|issue = 3,4|year = 1960|pages = 155–173; 244–253|access-date = 2019-08-25|archive-date = 2019-12-22|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191222063351/http://jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf|url-status = dead}} |
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*{{cite book|title=All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_By7AAAAIAAJ|first=W.|last=Khalidi|author-link=Walid Khalidi|year=1992|location=[[Washington D.C.]]|publisher=[[Institute for Palestine Studies]]|isbn=978-0-88728-224-9|access-date=2019-08-31|archive-date=2019-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321100425/https://books.google.com/books?id=_By7AAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}} |
*{{cite book|title=All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_By7AAAAIAAJ|first=W.|last=Khalidi|author-link=Walid Khalidi|year=1992|location=[[Washington D.C.]]|publisher=[[Institute for Palestine Studies]]|isbn=978-0-88728-224-9|access-date=2019-08-31|archive-date=2019-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321100425/https://books.google.com/books?id=_By7AAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite journal|last=Marom|first=Roy|date=2019|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ypeq20|title=A short history of Mulabbis (Petah Tikva, Israel)|publisher=Palestine Exploration Quarterly|number=2|pages=134–145|journal=|volume=151 |access-date=2019-08-25|archive-date=2019-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513202656/https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ypeq20|url-status=live}} |
*{{cite journal|last=Marom|first=Roy|date=2019|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ypeq20|title=A short history of Mulabbis (Petah Tikva, Israel)|publisher=Palestine Exploration Quarterly|number=2|pages=134–145|journal=|volume=151 |access-date=2019-08-25|archive-date=2019-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513202656/https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ypeq20|url-status=live}} |
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⚫ | |||
*{{cite journal|last=Masarwa|first=Durar|date=2012-08-26|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=2035&mag_id=119|title=Petah Tiqwa (Mulabbis)|publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=124|journal=|access-date=2019-08-25|archive-date=2020-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717194558/http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=2035&mag_id=119|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite journal|last=Masarwa|first=Durar|date=2011-12-15|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1889&mag_id=118|title=Petah Tiqwa (Mulabbis)|publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=123|journal=|access-date=2019-08-25|archive-date=2020-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717202118/http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1889&mag_id=118|url-status=live}} |
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⚫ | |||
*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E.H.|author-link=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]}} (p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/216/mode/1up 216]) |
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*{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/regestaregnihie00rhgoog|title=(RRH) Regesta regni Hierosolymitani (MXCVII-MCCXCI)|last=Röhricht|first=R.|publisher=Libraria Academica Wageriana|year=1893|location=Berlin|language=la|author-link=Reinhold Röhricht}} |
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*{{cite journal | last = Socin | first = A. | author-link = Albert Socin | title = Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem | journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins | volume = 2 | pages = 135–163 | url = https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftdesde01deut | year = 1879 }} |
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*{{cite journal|last=Toueg|first=Ron|date=2013-08-08|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=2320&mag_id=120|title=Petah Tiqwa, Mahane Yehuda|publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=125|journal=|access-date=2019-08-31|archive-date=2020-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717220636/http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=2320&mag_id=120|url-status=live}} |
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{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 13: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8375 IAA], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.13.jpg Wikimedia commons] |
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{{Wikivoyage}} |
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*[https://www.petah-tikva.muni.il/Pages/PetachTikvaE.aspx Municipality's official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062257/https://www.petah-tikva.muni.il/Pages/PetachTikvaE.aspx |date=2021-01-19 }} |
*[https://www.petah-tikva.muni.il/Pages/PetachTikvaE.aspx Municipality's official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062257/https://www.petah-tikva.muni.il/Pages/PetachTikvaE.aspx |date=2021-01-19 }} |
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*[http://www.pbase.com/rdavid/petahtikva Photos of Petah Tikva] |
*[http://www.pbase.com/rdavid/petahtikva Photos of Petah Tikva] |
Latest revision as of 06:57, 1 September 2024
Petah Tikva
פתח תקווה | |
---|---|
City (from 1937) | |
Hebrew transcription(s) | |
• Also spelled | Petah Tiqwa (official) Petach Tikva, Petach Tikvah (unofficial) |
![]() | |
Coordinates: 32°05′20″N 34°53′11″E / 32.08889°N 34.88639°E | |
Grid position | 139/166 PAL |
Land | ![]() |
District | Central |
Gegründet | 1878 |
Regierung | |
• Mayor | Rami Greenberg (Likud) |
Area | |
• Total | 35,868 dunams (35.868 km2 or 13.849 sq mi) |
Population (2022)[1] | |
• Total | 255,387 |
• Density | 7,100/km2 (18,000/sq mi) |
Name meaning | Opening of hope |
Website | www |
Petah Tikva (Hebrew: פתח תקווה [ˈpetaχ ˈtikva], lit. 'Opening of Hope'), also known as Em HaMoshavot (lit. 'Mother of the Moshavot'), is a city in the Central District of Israel, 10.6 km (6.6 mi) east of Tel Aviv. It was founded in 1878, mainly by Haredi Jews of the Old Yishuv, and became a permanent settlement in 1883 with the financial help of Baron Edmond de Rothschild.
In 2022, the city had a population of 255,387,[1] being so the fifth-largest city in Israel. Its population density is approximately 6,277 inhabitants per square kilometre (16,260/sq mi). Its jurisdiction covers 35,868 dunams (~35.9 km2 or 15 sq mi). Petah Tikva is part of the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area.
Etymology
[edit]Petah Tikva takes its name (meaning "Door of Hope") from the biblical allusion in Hosea 2:15: "... and make the valley of Achor a door of hope."[2] The Achor Valley, near Jericho, was the original proposed location for the town.
History
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Moshava_Petach_Tikva._1911_%28id.13975687%29.jpg/250px-Moshava_Petach_Tikva._1911_%28id.13975687%29.jpg)
Tell Mulabbes, an archaeological mound in modern Petah Tikva, is an important archaeological site from the Yarkon River basin, with habitation remains from the Roman, Byzantine, Early Islamic, Crusader, Mamluk and Late Ottoman periods.[3] The place was inhabited sporadically, and was known in Arabic as Mulabbis, and was the site of a Palestinian village of the same name, inhabited by the Abu Hamed al-Masri clan.[3]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/PikiWiki_Israel_1204_Settlements_in_Israel_%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%97_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_1204_Settlements_in_Israel_%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%97_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94.jpg)
Petah Tikva was founded in 1878 by Haredi Jewish settlers from Europe, among them Yehoshua Stampfer, Moshe Shmuel Raab, Yoel Moshe Salomon, Zerach Barnett,[4] and David Gutmann, as well as Lithuanian Rabbi Aryeh Leib Frumkin who built the first house.[5] It was the first modern Jewish agricultural settlement in Ottoman Southern Syria (hence its nickname as "Mother of the Moshavot").
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/VIEW_OF_PETAH_TIKVA._%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%97_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%94.D29-101.jpg/250px-VIEW_OF_PETAH_TIKVA._%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%97_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%94.D29-101.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%97_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A3_%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94-JNF003051.jpeg/220px-%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%97_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A3_%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94-JNF003051.jpeg)
Originally intending to establish a new settlement in the Achor Valley, near Jericho, the settlers purchased land in that area. However, Abdülhamid II cancelled the purchase and forbade them from settling there, but they retained the name Petah Tikva as a symbol of their aspirations.
In 1878, the founders of Petah Tikva learned of the availability of land northeast of Jaffa near the village of Mulabes (or Umlabes). The land was owned by two Christian businessmen from Jaffa, Antoine Bishara Tayan and Selim Qassar, and was worked by some thirty tenant farmers. Tayan's property was the larger, some 8,500 dunams, but much of it was in the malarial swamp of the Yarkon Valley. Qassar's property, approximately 3,500 dunams, lay a few kilometers to the south of the Yarkon, away from the swampland. It was Qassar's that was purchased on July 30, 1878. Tayan's holdings were purchased when a second group of settlers, known as the Yarkonim, arrived in Petah Tikva the following year.[6] Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II allowed the purchase because of the poor quality of the land.[7]
A malaria epidemic broke out in 1880, forcing the abandonment of the settlements on both holdings.[8] Those who remained in the area moved south to Yehud. After Petah Tikva was reoccupied by Bilu immigrants in 1883, some of the original families returned. With funding for swamp drainage provided by Baron Edmond de Rothschild, the colony became more stable.[9]
Upon learning that the Austrian post office in Jaffa wanted to open a branch in Petah Tikva, Yitzchak Goldenhirsch, an early resident, offered his assistance on condition that the Austrian consulate issued a Hebrew stamp and a special postmark for Petah Tikva. The stamp was designed by an unknown artist featuring a plow, green fields and a blossoming orange tree. The price was 14 paras (a Turkish coin) and displayed the name 'Petah Tikva' in Hebrew letters.[10]
David Ben Gurion lived in Petah Tikva for a few months on his arrival in Palestine in 1906. It had a population of around 1000, half of them farmers. He found occasional work in the orange groves.[11] But, he soon caught malaria and his doctor recommended he return to Europe.[12] The following year, after moving to Jaffa, he set up a Jewish workers organisation in Petah Tikva.[13]
During the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I, Petah Tikva served as a refugee town for residents of Tel Aviv and Jaffa, following their exile by the Ottoman authorities. The town suffered heavily as it lay between the Ottoman and British fronts during the war.[citation needed]
British Mandate
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%97_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%94_-_%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%95%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D.-JNF043653.jpeg/220px-%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%97_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%94_-_%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%95%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D.-JNF043653.jpeg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Zoltan_Kluger._Petach_Tikvah.jpg/220px-Zoltan_Kluger._Petach_Tikvah.jpg)
In the early 1920s, industry began to develop in the Petah Tikva region. In 1921, Petah Tikva was granted local council status by the British authorities. In May 1921, Petah Tikva was the target of an Arab attack, which left four of its Jewish inhabitants dead–an extension of the Jaffa riots of 1921.[14] In 1927, Petah Tikva concluded a local peace treaty with the Arabs living nearby; subsequently, Petah Tikva was untouched by the 1929 Palestine riots.
According to the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Petah Tikva had a total population of 3,032: 3,008 Jews, 22 Muslims and 2 Orthodox Christians.[15][16]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%97_-_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A3_%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94-JNF003050.jpeg/220px-%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%97_-_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A3_%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94-JNF003050.jpeg)
By the time the 1931 census was taken, the population had increased to 6,880 inhabitants in 1,688 houses.[17] In 1937, it was recognized as a city. Its first mayor, Shlomo Stampfer, was the son of one of its founders, Yehoshua Stampfer.
Petah Tikva, a center of citrus farming, was considered by both the British government and the Jaffa Electric Company as a potentially important consumer of electricity for irrigation. The Auja Concession, which was granted to the Jaffa Electric Company on 1921, specifically referred to the relatively large Jewish settlement of Petah-Tikva. But, it was only in late 1929 that the company submitted an irrigation scheme for Petah-Tikva, and it was yet to be approved by the government in 1930.[18]
In 1931, Ben Gurion wrote that Petah Tikva had 5000 inhabitants and employed 3000 Arab labourers.[19]
In the 1930s, the pioneering founders of Kibbutz Yavneh from the Religious Zionist movement immigrated to the British Mandate of Palestine, settling near Petah Tikva on land purchased by a Jewish-owned German company. Refining the agricultural skills they learned in Germany, these pioneers began in 1941 to build their kibbutz in its intended location in the south of Israel, operating from Petah Tikva as a base.[20]
State of Israel
[edit]After the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Petah Tikva annexed all of the lands of the newly depopulated Palestinian village of Fajja.[21] The city has suffered a series of terror attacks as a result of the ongoing regional conflict, including the bombing of a vegetable market in 1977, and three attacks during the Second Intifada: On May 27, 2002, a suicide bomber blew himself up at a small cafe outside a shopping mall, leaving two dead, including a baby;[22] on December 25, 2003, a suicide bomber blew himself up at a bus stop near the Geha bridge, killing 4 civilians,[23][24][25] and on February 5, 2006, a Palestinian got into a shuttle taxi, pulled out a knife, and began stabbing passengers killing two of them, but a worker from a nearby factory hit him with a log, subduing him.[26]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/New_buildings_in_Petah-Tikva_-_13.jpeg/220px-New_buildings_in_Petah-Tikva_-_13.jpeg)
After the creation of the State of Israel in 1948, several adjoining villages–Amishav and Ein Ganim to the east (named after the biblical village (Joshua 15:34)), Kiryat Matalon to the west, towards Bnei Brak, Kfar Ganim and Mahaneh Yehuda to the south and Kfar Avraham on the north–were merged into the municipal boundaries of Petah Tikva, boosting its population to 22,000.
As of 2018, with a population of over 240,000 inhabitants, Petah Tikva is the third most populous city in the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area ("Gush Dan").
Petah Tikva is divided into 33 neighborhoods for municipal purposes.[27]
Economy
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Azorim_Park_PT.jpg/220px-Azorim_Park_PT.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/IBM_building_Petax_Tikva_201203_02.jpg/220px-IBM_building_Petax_Tikva_201203_02.jpg)
Petah Tikva is the second-largest industrial sector in Israel after the northern city of Haifa. The industry is divided into three zones—Kiryat Aryeh (named after Aryeh Shenkar, founder and first president of the Manufacturers Association of Israel and a pioneer in the Israeli textile industry), Kiryat Matalon (named after Moshe Yitzhak Matalon), and Segula, and includes textiles, metalwork, carpentry, plastics, processed foods, tires and other rubber products, and soap.[28]
Numerous high-tech companies and start-ups have moved into the industrial zones of Petah Tikva, which now house the Israeli headquarters for the Oracle Corporation, IBM, Intel, Alcatel-Lucent, ECI Telecom, and GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals. The largest data center in Israel, operated by the company TripleC, is also located in Petah Tikva.[29] Furthermore, the Israeli Teva company, the world's largest generic drug manufacturer, is headquartered in Petah Tikva. One of Israel's leading food processing corporations, Osem opened in Petah Tikva in 1976 and has since been joined by the company's administrative offices, distribution center and sauce factory. Strauss is also based in Petach Tikva.[30]
Over time, the extensive citrus groves that once ringed Petah Tikva have disappeared as real-estate developers acquired the land for construction projects. Many new neighborhoods are going up in and around Petah Tikva. A quarry for building stone is located east of Petah Tikva.[31] As well as general hi-tech firms, Petah Tikva has developed a position as a base for many communications firms. As such, the headquarters of the Bezeq International international phone company is located in the Kiryat Matalon industrial zone as are those of the 012 Smile Internet Service Provider. The headquarters of Tadiran Telecom are in the Ramat Siv industrial zone. Arutz Sheva, the right wing Religious Zionist Israeli media network, operates an internet radio studio in Petah Tikva, where Arutz Sheva internet TV is located as well as the printing press for its B'Sheva newspaper.[32]
The Israeli secret service, Shin Bet, has an interrogation facility in Petah Tikva.[33]
Transport
[edit]Bus
[edit]Petah Tikva is served by a large number of buses. A large number of intercity Egged buses stop there, and the city has a network of local buses operated by the Kavim company. The Dan bus company operates lines to Ramat Gan, Bnei Brak and Tel Aviv.[citation needed] Petah Tikva's largest bus terminal is the Petah Tikva Central Bus Station (Tahana Merkazit), while other major stations are located near Beilinson Hospital and Beit Rivka.
Mainline rail
[edit]Israel Railways maintains two suburban railroad stations in Segula and Kiryat Aryeh, in the northern part of the city. A central train station near the main bus station is envisioned as part of Israel Railways's long-term expansion plan.
Road transport
[edit]There are eight taxi fleets based in Petah Tikva, and the city is bordered by three of the major vehicle arteries in Israel: Geha Highway (Highway 4) on the west, the Trans-Samaria Highway (Highway 5) on the north, and the Trans-Israel Highway (Highway 6) on the east.[citation needed]
Santiago Calatrava designed bridge
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Caltrava_bridge_in_Petah_Tikva01.jpg/220px-Caltrava_bridge_in_Petah_Tikva01.jpg)
Santiago Calatrava's bridge, a 50 metres (160 ft) long span Y-shaped cable-stayed pedestrian three-way bridge connecting Rabin Hospital to a shopping mall, a residential development and a public park. The structure is supported from a 29-metre (95 ft) high inclined steel pylon, which is situated where the three spans intersect. Light in construction, the bridge is built principally of steel with a glass-paved deck.[34]
Light rail
[edit]The Red Line of the Greater Tel Aviv rapid transit/light rail system connects Petah Tikva to Bnei Brak, Ramat Gan, Tel Aviv and Bat Yam. The Red Line of the Tel Aviv Light Rail system is split into 2 branches upon entrance to Petah Tikva. One branch travels to an underground terminal at the Kiryat Aryeh railway station, while the other continues east to the Petach Tikva Central Bus Station. The Light Rail's train depot is also located at Kiryat Aryeh. It was opened to service on August 18, 2023.[35]
Local government
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/PetahTikvaMunicipalityBuilding.jpg/220px-PetahTikvaMunicipalityBuilding.jpg)
Petah Tikva's history of government goes back to 1880, when the pioneers elected a council of seven members to run the new colony. From 1880 to 1921, members of the council were David Meir Guttman, Yehoshua Stampfer, Ze'ev Wolf Branda, Abraham Ze'ev Lipkis, Yitzhak Goldenhirsch, Chaim Cohen-Rice, Moshe Gissin, Shlomo Zalman Gissin and Akiva Librecht. This governing body was declared a local council in 1921, and Petah Tikva became a city in 1937. Kadima, the political party founded by former Israeli prime minister Ariel Sharon, had its headquarters in Petah Tikva.[36]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/YehoshuaStampfer.jpg/150px-YehoshuaStampfer.jpg)
Council heads and mayors
[edit]- Shlomo Zalman Gissin (1921)
- Pinchas Meiri (1922–1928)[37]
- Shlomo Stampfer (1928–1937)
- Shlomo Stampfer (1938–1940)
- Yosef Sapir (1940–1950)
- Mordechai Krausman (1951)
- Pinchas Rashish (1951–1966)
- Yisrael Feinberg (1966–1978)
- Dov Tavori (1978–1989)
- Giora Lev (1989–1999)
- Yitzhak Ohayon (1999–2013)
- Uri Ohad (2013)
- Itzik Braverman (2013–2018)
- Rami Greenberg (2018–)[38]
Schools and religious institutions
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Petah_Tikva_Great_Synagogue.jpg/220px-Petah_Tikva_Great_Synagogue.jpg)
Petah Tikva is home to 300 educational institutions from kindergarten through high school, catering to the secular, religious and Haredi populations. There are over 43,000 students enrolled in these schools, which are staffed by some 2,400 teachers. Petah Tikva has seventeen public libraries, the main one located in the city hall building.[39]
Some 70,000 Orthodox Jews live in Petah Tikva. The community of Petah Tikva is served by 300 synagogues,[40] including the 120-year-old Great Synagogue,[41] eight mikvaot (ritual baths)[42] and two major Haredi yeshivot, Lomzhe Yeshiva and Or-Yisrael (founded by the Chazon Ish, Rabbi Avraham Yeshayahu Karelitz). Yeshivat Hesder Petah Tikva, a Modern Orthodox Hesder Yeshiva affiliated with the Religious Zionist movement, directed by Rabbi Yuval Cherlow, is also located in Petah Tikva. Additionally, Rav Michael Laitman, PhD in Philosophy and Kabbalah (see Bnei Baruch), daily leads 200-300 students and hundreds of thousands virtually (some estimates of up to 2 million) in the method of Kabbalah learned from his teacher Rav Baruch Ashlag, known as the RABASH.
Petah Tikva has two cemeteries: Segula Cemetery, east of the city, and Yarkon Cemetery, to the northeast.
Health care
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/PTBeilinson.jpg/220px-PTBeilinson.jpg)
Six hospitals are located in the city. The Rabin Medical Center Beilinson complex includes the Beilinson Medical Center, the Davidoff Oncologic Center, the Geha Psychiatric Hospital, the Schneider Pediatric Hospital and Tel Aviv University's Faculty of Medical Research.[43] Other medical facilities in Petah Tikva are HaSharon Hospital, the Beit Rivka Geriatric Center, the Kupat Holim Medical Research Center and a private hospital, Ramat Marpeh, affiliated with Assuta Hospital. The Schneider Pediatric Center is one of the largest and most modern children's hospitals in the Middle East. In addition, there are many family health clinics in Petah Tikva as well as Kupat Holim clinics operated by Israel's health maintenance organizations. The city is also served by Mayanei Hayeshua Medical Center, a Haredi hospital in nearby Bnei Brak.[citation needed]
Landmarks and cultural institutions
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/PetahTikva_FoundersSquare.jpg/220px-PetahTikva_FoundersSquare.jpg)
Petah Tikva's Independence Park includes a zoo at its northeastern edge, the Museum of Man and Nature, a memorial to the victims of the 1921 Arab riots, an archaeological display, Yad Labanim soldiers' memorial, a local history museum, a Holocaust museum and the Petah Tikva Museum of Art.[44][45]
Sports
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Petah_Tikva_HaMoshava_Stadium_2.jpg/220px-Petah_Tikva_HaMoshava_Stadium_2.jpg)
The main stadium in Petah Tikva is the 11,500-seat HaMoshava Stadium. Petah Tikva has two football teams – Hapoel Petah Tikva and Maccabi Petah Tikva. The local baseball team, the Petach Tikva Pioneers, played in the inaugural 2007 season of the Israel Baseball League. The league folded the following year. In 2014, Hapoel Petah Tikva's women's football team recruited five Arab-Israeli women to play on the team. One of them is now a team captain.[46]
Archaeology
[edit]In November–December 2006 and May 2007, a salvage excavation was conducted at Khirbat Mulabbis, east of Moshe Sneh Street in Petah Tikva on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority. Four main strata (I–IV) were identified, dating to the Byzantine period (fourth–seventh centuries CE; Stratum IV), Early Islamic period (eighth–tenth centuries CE; Stratum III), Crusader period (twelfth–thirteenth centuries CE; Stratum II) and Ottoman period (Stratum I).[47]
Notable people
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Yoni_S._Hamenachem_movie_four_%28cropped%29.jpg/175px-Yoni_S._Hamenachem_movie_four_%28cropped%29.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%97%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90_%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9C.jpg/175px-%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%97%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90_%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9C.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Gal_Gadot_cropped_lighting_corrected_2b.jpg/175px-Gal_Gadot_cropped_lighting_corrected_2b.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Avram_Grant_2012.jpg/175px-Avram_Grant_2012.jpg)
- Gila Almagor (born 1939), actress and author
- Yehuda Amichai (1924–2000), poet
- Zvi Arad (1942–2018), mathematician, acting president of Bar-Ilan University, president of Netanya Academic College
- Hannah Barnett-Trager (1870–1943), wrote about early Petah Tikva[48]
- Hanoch Bartov (1926-2016), author
- Mor Bulis (born 1996), tennis player
- Tal Burstein (born 1980), basketball player
- Moran Buzovski (born 1992), Olympic rhythmic gymnast
- Shmuel Dayan (1891–1968), Zionist activist
- Israel Finkelstein (born 1949), archaeologist
- Dudu Fisher (born 1951), cantor and stage performer
- Gal Gadot (born 1985), actress and model
- Zehava Gal-On (born 1956), Meretz politician
- A. D. Gordon (1856–1922), Labor Zionist ideologue
- Tamar Gozansky (born 1940), politician
- Avraham Grant (born 1955), football coach
- Tzofit Grant (born 1964), television personality
- Tzachi Halevy (born 1975), film and television actor, singer
- Simcha Jacobovici (born 1953), filmmaker
- Doron Jamchi (born 1961), basketball player
- Nimrod Kamer (born 1981), poet and class warrior residing in London
- Yosef Karduner (born 1969), Hasidic singer-songwriter
- Haim Kaufman (1934–1995), Knesset member
- Yehoshua Kenaz (1937-2020), novelist
- Itzik Kol (1932–2007), television and movie producer
- Alona Koshevatskiy (born 1997), Olympic rhythmic gymnast
- Amnon Krauz (born 1952), Olympic swimmer
- Peretz Lavie (born 1949), expert in the psychophysiology of sleep and sleep disorders, 16th president of the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Dean of the Rappaport Faculty of Medicine
- Talya Lavie (born 1978), filmmaker
- Karina Lykhvar (born 1998), Olympic rhythmic gymnast
- Menachem Magidor (born 1946), mathematician, president of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Samir Naqqash (1938–2004), Iraqi-Jewish author
- Zvi Nishri (Orloff) (1878–1973), physical education pioneer
- Uri Orbach (1960–2015), The Jewish Home politician, journalist and writer
- Elyakum Ostashinski (1909–1983), first mayor of Rishon LeZion
- Ravid Plotnik (born 1988), rapper[49]
- Leah Rabin (1928–2000), wife of Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin
- Neta Rivkin (born 1991), rhythmic gymnast
- Pnina Rosenblum (born 1954), actress, fashion model, businesswoman and politician
- Michal Rozin (born 1969), Meretz politician
- Rami Saari (born 1963), poet, translator and linguist
- Dan Shechtman (born 1941), winner of Nobel Prize for Chemistry[50]
- Sigal Shachmon (born 1971), model, actress and television presenter
- Giora Spiegel (born 1947), football player and coach
- Nahum Stelmach (1936–1999), football player
- Noga Appel (born 2004), infamous flop, student, online troll, and granddaughter of David Appel (businessman)
- Pnina Tamano-Shata (born 1981), politician
- Moshe Gaon (born 1964), businessman and political consultant
- Kfir Tsafrir (born 1990), singer-songwriter, rapper and music producer.[51]
In popular culture
[edit]Petah Tikva is referenced in the Tony Award-winning 2016 musical The Band's Visit as the main plot derives from a mix-up between the city and the fictional town of "Bet Hatikva" in the Negev Desert of southern Israel.[52]
Petah Tikva is known for being a part of a satirical conspiracy theory which claims that it does not exist, much like the German Bielefeld conspiracy.[53] "Free Petah Tikvah" became a meme during 2023.[54]
International relations
[edit]Petah Tikva is twinned with:[55][56][57][58]
Bacău, Romania
Cherkasy, Ukraine
Chernihiv, Ukraine
Chicago, United States
Las Condes, Chile
Gabrovo, Bulgaria
Gyumri, Armenia
Kadıköy, Turkey
Koblenz, Germany
Międzyrzec Podlaski, Poland
Șimleu Silvaniei, Romania
Taichung, Taiwan
Trondheim, Norway
Norrköping, Sweden
See also
[edit]References
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- ^ a b Marom, Roy (April 3, 2019). "A short history of Mulabbis (Petah Tikva, Israel)". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 151 (2): 134–145. doi:10.1080/00310328.2019.1621734. S2CID 197799335. Archived from the original on May 29, 2021. Retrieved November 30, 2020 – via Taylor and Francis+NEJM.
- ^ זאב וולף ברנדה ז"ל [Ze'ev Wolf Branda memorial] (in Hebrew). Rishonim.org.il. Archived from the original on April 8, 2016. Retrieved September 16, 2011.
- ^ "Future Tense – Israel at 60: A Dream Fulfilled". Office of the Chief Rabbi. December 2007. Archived from the original on June 13, 2010. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
- ^ Avneri (1984, p. 71); Glass & Kark (1991, pp. 137–138); Ben Ezer (2013) has a more detailed discussion of the Yarkonim, in Hebrew.
- ^ Yaari, Avraham (1958). The Goodly Heritage: Memoirs Describing the Life of the Jewish Community of Eretz Yisrael From the Seventeenth to the Twentieth Centuries. (Translated and abridged by Israel Schen; edited by Isaac Halevy-Levin). Jerusalem: Youth and Hechalutz Dept. of the Zionist Organization. p. 93.
- ^ Yaari (1958, pp. 89–93) suggests that the colonists began to abandon Petah Tikva in late 1880, and had all left in 1881.
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- ^ Segev, Tom (2018 - 2019 translation Haim Watzman) A State at Any Cost. The Life of David Ben-Gurion. Apollo. ISBN 978-1-78954-463-3 . p.62
- ^ Segev. p.64
- ^ Segev. p.81
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- ^ Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jaffa, p. 20
- ^ Barron, 1923, Table XIV, p. 46
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- ^ Segev, Tom (2018 - 2019 translation Haim Watzman) A State at Any Cost. The Life of David Ben-Gurion. Apollo. ISBN 978-1-78954-463-3 p.132
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- ^ הנהגת הישוב, השלטון המקומי והעומדים בראשם [Community Leadership, local government and their leaders] (in Hebrew). Petah Tikva Summit. Archived from the original on October 6, 2011. Retrieved September 16, 2011.
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- ^ "Places to Live – Petah Tikvah". Tehilla – Pilot Trips. Archived from the original on March 23, 2008. Retrieved October 21, 2008.
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- ^ "List of Mikvaot in the City". Petah Tikva municipality. Archived from the original on January 1, 2009. Retrieved October 21, 2008.
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{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - Avneri, Arieh L. (1984). The Claim of Dispossession: Jewish Land-Settlement and the Arabs, 1878-1948. New Brunswick and London: Transaction Books. ISBN 978-0878559640.
- Barron, J.B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
- Ben Ezer, Ehud (2 December 2013). "The Yarkonim Affair" [פרשת הירקונים]. Ben Ezer News [חדשות בן עזר], no. 896 (in Hebrew). Retrieved 10 July 2014.
- Glass, Joseph B.; Kark, Ruth (1991). Sephardi Entrepreneurs in Eretz Israel: The Amzalak Family, 1816-1918. Jerusalem: Magnes Press. ISBN 978-9652237514.
- Khalidi, W. (1992). All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 978-0-88728-224-9. Archived from the original on 2019-03-21. Retrieved 2019-08-31.
- Marom, Roy (2019). "A short history of Mulabbis (Petah Tikva, Israel)". 151 (2). Palestine Exploration Quarterly: 134–145. Archived from the original on 2019-05-13. Retrieved 2019-08-25.
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(help) - Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
External links
[edit]- Municipality's official website Archived 2021-01-19 at the Wayback Machine
- Photos of Petah Tikva
- Cadastral map of Petah Tiqva, Ein Ganim, Al Mirr, Mahne Yehuda, 1934 - Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The National Library of Israel