Non-binary gender: Difference between revisions

Non-binary
	Non-binary pride flag
Classification	Gender identity
Abbreviations	Enby; NB;
Other terms
Synonyms	Genderqueer
Associated terms	third gender; genderfluid; two-spirit;

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Non-binary^[a] and genderqueer are umbrella terms for gender identities that are not solely male or female (identities outside the gender binary).^[2]^[3] Non-binary identities often fall under the transgender umbrella since non-binary people typically identify with a gender that is different from the sex assigned to them at birth,^[3] though some non-binary people do not consider themselves transgender.^[4]^[5]

Non-binary people may identify as an intermediate or separate third gender,^[6] identify with more than one gender^[7]^[8] or no gender, or have a fluctuating gender identity.^[9] Gender identity is separate from sexual or romantic orientation:^[10] non-binary people have various sexual orientations.^[11]

Being non-binary is also not the same as being intersex. Most intersex people identify as either men or women,^[12] though some identify as only non-binary, some identify as non-binary and genderfluid, such as Hida Viloria, while others identify as non-binary men or non-binary women.

Non-binary people as a group vary in their gender expressions, and some may reject gender identity altogether.^[13] Some non-binary people receive gender-affirming care to reduce the mental distress caused by gender dysphoria, such as gender-affirming surgery or hormone replacement therapy.^[14]

Terms and definitions

The term genderqueer first appeared in queer zines of the 1980s, preceding the more widely used "non-binary."^[15] It gained prominence in the 1990s through activists,^[16] like Riki Anne Wilchins.^[17] who used it in a 1995 essay and a 1997 autobiography to describe individuals deviating from traditional gender norms. ^[18]^[19] By 2002, the term had further dissemination through the anthology Genderqueer: Voices Beyond the Sexual Binary. ^[20] The rise of the internet and public identification by celebrities brought genderqueer into mainstream awareness during the 2010s. ^[16]

Genderqueer serves as both an umbrella term for non-binary identities and an adjective describing those who challenge or diverge from conventional gender distinctions, regardless of how they personally identify. It encompasses a range of expressions that transcend the typical binary categories of "man" and "woman.".^[21] ^[22]

Additionally, genderqueer is associated with gender ambiguity,^[23]^{[page needed]} and Androgynous (also androgyne) often used to describe a blend of socially defined masculine and feminine traits. ^[24]^{[page needed]} However, not all genderqueer individuals identify as androgynous; some may identify with traditionally masculine or feminine traits or use alternative descriptors like "masculine woman" or "feminine man."^[25] The term "enby," derived from the initials "NB" for non-binary, is also commonly used.^[26]^[27] It’s important to note that being non-binary is distinct from being intersex, with most intersex individuals identifying as either male or female.^[12]

The term transgender often includes those who are genderqueer or non-binary, reflecting a broad spectrum of gender diversity.^[13]^[28]^[29] This inclusive usage dates back to at least 1992, with significant contributions from figures like Leslie Feinberg^[16] and Kate Bornstein, who emphasized the shared experiences of "gender outlaws." "^[30] Organizations like the Human Rights Campaign Foundation and Gender Spectrum use gender-expansive to denote a broader range of gender identities and expressions than those typically associated with the binary gender system.^[31]

Identities

Agender

Agender individuals, also known as genderless, gender-free, non-gendered, or ungendered,^[32]^[33] identify as having no gender or gender identity.^[34]^[35]^[13] This group represents a spectrum of identities that diverge from conventional gender norms. According to scholar Finn Enke, not all agender individuals may self-identify as transgender.^[36] While there is no universally accepted set of pronouns for agender people, singular they is commonly used, but it is not the default.^[37] Notably, "Agender" and "Neutrois" were among the custom gender options added to Facebook in February 2014 and to OkCupid since November 2014.^[38]^[39]

Multigender/polygender

These terms describe individuals who experience more than one gender identity, either simultaneously or alternately. This category includes identities such as demigender, bigender, pangender, and genderfluid.^[40]^[41] In contrast, those who experience a singular, unchanging gender are referred to as monogender or genderstatic.^[42]

Bigender

Bigender individuals possess two distinct gender identities which can manifest simultaneously or fluctuate between masculine and feminine expressions.^[43]^[44]^[45] This differs from genderfluid identities, which may not involve fixed gender states but rather a fluid range across the gender spectrum.^[46]^[47] The American Psychological Association recognizes bigender identity as part of the broader transgender category.^[48] Surveys and studies, including a 1999 San Francisco Department of Public Health survey and a 2016 Harris poll, have documented the prevalence of bigender identification, particularly within younger generations.^[49]^[50]^[51] Trigender people shift among male, female, and third gender.^[52]

Demigender

Individuals identifying as demigender feel a partial connection to one gender while also identifying with another gender or none at all (agender).^[53]^[54] Subcategories include demi-boy or demi-man, who partially identify as male, and demi-girl, who are partly female and partly non-binary. Demiflux people experience a stable non-binary identity with varying intensities of other gender identities.^[54]

Pangender

Pangender individuals identify with multiple or all genders, sometimes experiencing all these identities simultaneously.^[55]^[56]

Genderfluid

Genderfluid individuals do not adhere to a fixed gender identity; their gender expression may change over time, combining elements from various genders at different times.^[57]^[57]^[58] This identity can overlap with bigender, trigender, or pangender expressions.^[7]^[8]

Transfeminine or transmasculine

Transfeminine refers to individuals assigned male at birth but who predominantly identify or express themselves as feminine. Transmasculine refers to those assigned female at birth who predominantly identify or express themselves as masculine. These terms encompass both binary and non-binary identities.^[59]

Two-spirit

Originating from a 1990 Indigenous LGBT gathering in Winnipeg, the term Two-spirit refers to individuals within Indigenous North American communities who embody qualities or fulfill roles across traditional gender distinctions.^[60]

Xenogender

Xenogender encompasses a variety of gender identities that are defined using non-traditional concepts often drawn from natural, inanimate, or abstract sources, representing a departure from the typical human gender binary.^[61]^[62]

Other identities

This includes identities such as maverique, aporagender, ambigender, intergender, and genderflux, each presenting unique perspectives and experiences outside conventional gender norms.^[59]

History

Judith Butler, an American philosopher, who published *Gender Trouble* in 1990 and publicly came out as non-binary in 2019, is a contemporary figure in the non-binary movement.^[65]

Non-binary gender, often included within the concept of third gender, has historical roots that extend well before the modern term was established.^[66] For instance, the Public Universal Friend, who emerged in 1776, was a genderless evangelist who renounced their birth name and gendered pronouns, representing an early instance of non-binary gender expression in America.^[67]^[68]^[69]

In 1781, Jens Andersson from Norway, assigned female at birth but identifying as male, faced imprisonment and a trial after marrying a woman. When questioned, Andersson stated, "Hand troer at kunde henhøre til begge Deele" ("He believes he belongs to both parts"), indicating a recognition of his dual gender identity.^[70]

Judith Butler's Gender Trouble, published in 1990, challenged the fixed male/female binary and advocated for a broader understanding of gender as a spectrum, a view Butler has expanded upon since coming out as non-binary in 2019.^[71]^[72]^[65]^[73]

The term "genderqueer" surfaced in the mid-1990s, notably used by activist Riki Wilchins in the newsletter In Your Face in 1995, and later in their 1997 autobiography. Wilchins contributed significantly to the discourse, particularly with the 2002 anthology GenderQueer: Voices from beyond the Sexual Binary.^[74]^[75]^[76]^[77]

Jim Sinclair, an autism-rights activist and a founder of Autism Network International, publicly embraced a gender-neutral identity in 1997, declaring a physical and social neuter status in an introduction to the Intersex Society of North America.^[78]

In Japan, the expression "X-gender" (x-jendā) has been recognized since the late 1990s, describing a non-binary identity, with notable individuals like manga artists Yūki Kamatani and Yuu Watase identifying as such.^[79]^[80]

In 2012, the Intersex & Genderqueer Recognition Project began advocating for more inclusive gender options on official documents, a milestone realized when Elisa Rae Shupe became the first person in the U.S. to obtain official documents with a non-binary gender marker.^[81]^[82]

Alberta legislator Estefan Cortes-Vargas openly identified as non-binary during a 2015 legislative session, marking a significant moment in political recognition of non-binary identities.^[83]

Pronouns and titles

Many non-binary people use gender-neutral pronouns with the singular "they", "their" and "them" being used most commonly in English. Some non-binary individuals opt for neopronouns such as xe, ze, sie, co, and ey.^[84]^[85]^[86]^[87] Others may use traditional gender-specific pronouns like "he" or "she", switch between them, or prefer to use their name without pronouns.^[88] The title Mx. is also increasingly used as a gender-neutral honorific.^[89]^[90]

A significant 2015 study by the National Center for Transgender Equality surveyed nearly 28,000 transgender people in the United States, finding that 35% identified as non-binary or genderqueer. Among them, 84% used pronouns different from those associated with the gender on their birth certificates. The breakdown of preferred pronouns was 37% for "he/him," 37% for "she/her," and 29% for "they/them." Additionally, 20% did not request specific pronouns be used for them, and 4% used pronouns not listed in the survey.^[91]

In a 2023 Gender Census survey, 40,375 participants provided insights into how they describe their gender identity and their preferred references. The key identity labels reported were nonbinary, used by 63.1% of respondents (down 0.8% from the previous year), queer (54.8%, up 0.2%), trans (46.7%, up 8.5%), a category described simply as a person/human/[my name]/“I’m just me” (42.5%, newly included this year), and transgender (40.3%, up 6.4%).^[92] The survey also explored title preferences, with 40.1% preferring no title at all (up 1.5%), followed by Mx (18.7%, down 1.4%), Mr (11.5%, up 2.1%), non-gendered professional/academic titles (9.4%, up 1.0%), and Ms (5.5%, up 1.1%). Pronoun usage varied, with "they/them" being the most popular at 74.5% (down 1.2%), "he/him" at 42.5% (up 2.1%), "she/her" at 32.7% (no change), "it/its" at 19.4% (up 3.2%), and a preference for avoiding pronouns or using names as pronouns at 13.2% (up 2.1%). This data offers a comprehensive view of the diverse and evolving ways individuals within the non-binary community identify and prefer to be referred to.^[93]

Legal recognition

Many non-binary/genderqueer people use the gender they were given at birth to conduct everyday business, as many institutions and forms of identification—such as passports and driver's licenses—only accept, in the sense of recorded recognition, binary gender identities. But with the increasing acceptance of non-binary gender identities and the rise in wider societal recognition, this is slowly changing, as more governments and institutions recognize and allow non-binary identities.^[2]

Multiple countries legally recognize non-binary or third gender classifications. Some non-Western societies have long recognized transgender people as a third gender, though this may not (or may only recently)^[94] include formal legal recognition. In Western societies, Australia may have been the first country to legally recognize a classification of sex outside of "male" and "female" on legal documentation, with the recognition of Alex MacFarlane's intersex status in 2003.^[95] The wider legal recognition of non-binary people—following the recognition of intersex people in 2003—in Australian law followed between 2010 and 2014, with legal action taken against the New South Wales Government Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages by transgender activist Norrie May-Welby to recognize Norrie's legal gender identity as "non-specific". India's Supreme Court formally recognized transgender and non-binary people as a distinct third gender in 2014, following legal action taken by transgender activist Laxmi Narayan Tripathi.^[96] In July 2021, Argentina incorporated non-binary gender in its national ID card, becoming the first country in South America to legally recognize non-binary gender on all official documentation; non-binary people in the country will have the option to renew their ID with the letter "X" under gender.^[97]^[98]

While the United States does not federally recognize a non-binary gender, in 2016 Oregon became the first state to recognize a non-binary gender identity.^[99] In 2017, California passed an act allowing citizens to identify as "non-binary" on official documents.^[99] As of 2019^[update], eight states have passed acts that allow "non-binary" or "X" designations on certain identifying documents.^[99] One of the main arguments against the inclusion of a third gender identifier in the U.S. is that it would make law enforcement and surveillance harder, but countries that have officially recognized a third gender marker have not reported these issues.^[99] In the U.S. there are no explicit laws to protect non-binary people from discrimination, but under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, it is illegal for an employer to require employees to conform to gender stereotypes,^[100] or to fire them merely for being transgender.^[101]

Discrimination

Various countries throughout history have criminalized transgender and non-binary gender identities.^[102]^[103]

In the U.S., 13% of respondents to the 2008 National Transgender Discrimination Survey chose "A gender not listed here".^[b] The "not listed here" respondents were 9 percentage points more likely to report forgoing healthcare due to fear of discrimination than the general sample (36% compared to 27%). 90 percent reported experiencing anti-trans bias at work, and 43 percent reported having attempted suicide.^[104]

The reported discrimination non-binary people face includes disregard, disbelief, condescending interactions, and disrespect.^[99] Non-binary people are also often viewed as partaking in a trend and thus deemed insincere or attention-seeking. As an accumulation, erasure is often a significant form of discrimination non-binary people face.^[99]

Misgendering, intentional or not, is also a problem that many face. In the case of intentional misgendering, transphobia is a driving force. Additionally, the use of they/them pronouns is lumped into^{[clarification needed]} the larger, controversial, subject of safe spaces and political correctness,^[105] causing pushback and intentional misgendering by some people.^[106]

Non-binary and transgender identifying people also face discrimination in sports participation. Non-binary identifying athletes have an immediate barrier as most sports competitions are divided into men's and women's categories.^[107]

Healthcare

Nonbinary people may report significantly less well-being and overall health than binary transgender people, though current research demonstrates conflicting perspectives on this topic.^[108] These health disparities may be exacerbated by minority stress by breaking gender and social norms.^[109]^[110]

Healthcare professionals are often uninformed about nonbinary people's specific health needs, sometimes requiring nonbinary patients to educate them.^[111] Some providers may believe that nonbinary people do not require transition-related treatment,^[112] while others may not understand the difference between their identity and the identities of binary transgender patients.^[113] Nonbinary patients report lower rates of respect from healthcare providers than binary transgender people.^[114]

Transgender health care

Some nonbinary people desire gender-affirming health care, including hormone replacement therapy or surgery.^[115] Others do not,^[116] and the ratio of those who desire care to those who do not is unclear. The factors that lead to this decision are complex and unique to each person.^[117]

Nonbinary patients seeking gender-affirming care typically begin treatment earlier than binary transgender patients.^[118]

Mental health care

Nonbinary people are likely to face more mental stress than binary transgender individuals.^[91]^[119]

Symbols and observances

Many flags have been used in non-binary and genderqueer communities to represent various identities. There are distinct non-binary and genderqueer pride flags. The genderqueer pride flag was designed in 2011 by Marilyn Roxie. Lavender represents androgyny or queerness, white represents agender identity, and green represents those whose identities which are defined outside the binary.^[122]^[123]^[124] The non-binary pride flag was created in 2014 by Kye Rowan.^[125] Yellow represents people whose gender exists outside the binary, purple represents those whose gender is a mixture of—or between—male and female, black represents people who have no gender, and white represents those who embrace many or all genders.^[126]

Genderfluid people, who fall under the genderqueer umbrella, also have their own flag. Pink represents femininity, white represents lack of gender, purple represents mixed gender or androgyny, black represents all other genders, and blue represents masculinity.^[123]^[127]

Agender people, who also sometimes identify as genderqueer, have their own flag. This flag uses black and white stripes to represent an absence of gender, and a green stripe to represent non-binary genders.^[128]

International Non-Binary People's Day is celebrated on July 14.^[129]^[130]^[131]^[132] Other observances with non-binary participation include International Transgender Day of Visibility, observed on March 31,^[133]^[134] and International Day Against Homophobia, Biphobia, and Transphobia, observed on May 17.^[135]

Transgender pride flag, in which white represents non-binary people^[136]^[137]
Agender pride flag
Bigender pride flag
Genderfluid pride flag
Genderqueer pride flag
Non-binary flag
Trigender pride flag
Non-binary gender symbol
Agender symbol
Genderfluid symbol

Population figures

Argentina

On July 20, 2021, President Alberto Fernández signed Decreto 476/2021, mandating that the National Registry of Persons (RENAPER) allow a third gender option on all national identity cards and passports, marked as "X". The measure also applies to non-citizen permanent residents who possess Argentine identity cards.^[138] The 2022 national census, carried out less than a year after the resolution was implemented, counted 8,293 (roughly 0.12%) of the country's population identifying with the "X / other" gender marker.^[139]

Brazil

A 2021 survey published in Scientific Reports concluded that 1.19% of Brazilian adults are non-binary, but the study did not ask whether they self-identified as non-binary. Because the authors considered most Brazilians unfamiliar with North American gender terminology, more open-ended questions about gender were asked.^[140]^[141]

Canada

In April 2022, Statistics Canada released findings from the 2021 census, making Canada the first country to ask a core question about gender identity, and found that 41,355 Canadians aged 15 and over identified as nonbinary.^[142]

A 2019 survey of the two-spirit and LGBTQ+ population in Hamilton, Ontario, called Mapping the Void: Two-Spirit and LGBTQ+ Experiences in Hamilton showed that 19% of the 906 respondents identified as non-binary.^[143]

A 2017 survey of Canadian LGBT+ people called LGBT+ Realities Survey found that 4% of the 1,897 respondents identified as non-binary transgender and 1% identified as non-binary outside of the transgender umbrella.^[144]

Switzerland

A 2021 survey found that 0.4% of adults in Switzerland describe themselves as non-binary.^[145] The survey of 2,690 Swiss residents was weighted to be reflective of the entire population.^[146]

United Kingdom

According to the 2021 United Kingdom census, 0.06% of the population in England and Wales identified as non-binary.^[147] The proportion was highest among people aged 16 to 24 years (0.26% or 17,000).^[148]

United States

According to a 2021 study by the Williams Institute, an estimated 1.2 million American adults aged between 18 and 60 identify as non-binary, making up 11% of the LGBTQ population in that age bracket.^[149]

A 2020 survey by The Trevor Project found that 26% of LGBTQ youth (ages 13–24) in the U.S. identify as non-binary.^[5]^[150]

According to The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey, 35% of the nearly 28,000 transgender respondents to the anonymous online survey identified as non-binary.^[151]^[152]

Explanatory notes

^ Also spelled nonbinary. The term enby, from the abbreviation NB, is also used.^[1]
^ Q3 asked "What is your primary gender identity today?". Possible answers were male, female, "part time as one gender, part time as another", and "a gender not listed here, please specify".

References

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External links

The dictionary definition of non-binary at Wiktionary
Quotations related to Non-binary gender at Wikiquote

[2] Also spelled nonbinary. The term enby, from the abbreviation NB, is also used.^[1]

[105] Q3 asked "What is your primary gender identity today?". Possible answers were male, female, "part time as one gender, part time as another", and "a gender not listed here, please specify".

[BergmanBarker-1] Bergman, S. Bear; Barker, Meg-John (2017). "Non-binary Activism". In Richards, Christina; Bouman, Walter Pierre; Barker, Meg-John (eds.). Genderqueer and Non-Binary Genders. Critical and Applied Approaches in Sexuality, Gender and Identity. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-137-51052-5.

[richardsetal-3] Richards, Christina; Bouman, Walter Pierre; Seal, Leighton; Barker, Meg John; Nieder, Timo O.; T'Sjoen, Guy (2016). "Non-binary or genderqueer genders". International Review of Psychiatry. 28 (1): 95–102. doi:10.3109/09540261.2015.1106446. hdl:1854/LU-7279758. PMID 26753630. S2CID 29985722. Archived from the original on June 26, 2019. Retrieved June 9, 2019.

[aap-4] "Supporting & Caring for Transgender Children" (PDF). Human Rights Campaign. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 24, 2021. Retrieved April 8, 2021.

[5] "Trans + Gender Identity". The Trevor Project. Archived from the original on July 4, 2018. Retrieved October 11, 2019.

[Ennis2021-6] Ennis, Dawn (July 13, 2021). "New Research Reveals Insights Into America's Nonbinary Youth". Forbes. Archived from the original on January 6, 2022. Retrieved January 6, 2022.

[7] Beemyn, Brett Genny (2008). "Genderqueer". glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture. Chicago, Illinois: glbtq, Inc. Archived from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved May 3, 2012.^{[page needed]}

[Bosson-2018-8] Bosson, Jennifer K.; Vandello, Joseph A.; Buckner, Camille E. (2018). The Psychology of Sex and Gender. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-5063-3134-8. OCLC 1038755742. Archived from the original on May 28, 2020. Retrieved August 4, 2019 – via Google Books.

[Whyte-9] Whyte, Stephen; Brooks, Robert C.; Torgler, Benno (September 25, 2018). "Man, Woman, "Other": Factors Associated with Nonbinary Gender Identification". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 47 (8). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Science+Business Media: 2397–2406. doi:10.1007/s10508-018-1307-3. PMID 30255409. S2CID 52823167. 2 out of 7479 (0.03 percent) of respondents to the Australian Sex Survey, a 2016 online research survey, self-identified as trigender.

[10] Winter, Claire Ruth (2010). Understanding Transgender Diversity: A Sensible Explanation of Sexual and Gender Identities. Scotts Valley, California: CreateSpace. ISBN 978-1-4563-1490-3. OCLC 703235508.^{[page needed]}

[glaad_transgender-11] "Transgender Glossary of Terms". GLAAD Media Reference Guide. Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. Archived from the original on May 30, 2012. Retrieved May 25, 2011.

[12] Stryker, Susan (2008). Transgender History. Berkeley, California: Seal Press. ISBN 978-1-58005-224-5. OCLC 183914566.^{[page needed]}

[intersex-2016-13] "Understanding Non-Binary People: How to Be Respectful and Supportive". National Center for Transgender Equality. July 9, 2016. Archived from the original on April 6, 2020. Retrieved June 17, 2020.

[Schorn-14] Schorn, Johanna. "Taking the 'Sex' out of Transsexual: Representations of Trans Identities in Popular Media" (PDF). Inter-Disciplinary.Net. Cologne, Germany: University of Cologne. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 25, 2014. Retrieved October 23, 2014. The term transgender is an umbrella term 'and generally refers to any and all kinds of variation from gender norms and expectations' (Stryker 19). Most often, the term transgender is used for someone who feels that the sex assigned to them at birth does not reflect their own gender identity. They may identify as the gender "opposite" to their assigned gender, or they may feel that their gender identity is fluid, or they may reject all gender categorizations and identify as agender or genderqueer.

[15] Hastings, Jennifer (June 17, 2016). "Approach to genderqueer, gender non-conforming, and gender nonbinary people". UCSF Transgender Care. Archived from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved October 10, 2021.

[16] Hendrie, Theo, ed. (2019). X Marks the Spot: An Anthology of Nonbinary Experiences. Independently Published. p. 238. ISBN 978-1-0809-6803-9.

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[142] Spizzirri, Giancarlo; Eufrásio, Raí; Lima, Maria Cristina Pereira; de Carvalho Nunes, Hélio Rubens; Kreukels, Baudewijntje P. C.; Steensma, Thomas D.; Abdo, Carmita Helena Najjar (January 26, 2021). "Proportion of people identified as transgender and non-binary gender in Brazil". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 2240. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-81411-4. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7838397. PMID 33500432.

[143] Sampaio, Jana; Cerqueira, Sofia; de Barros, Duda Monteiro (June 26, 2021). "Nem ele nem ela: os não binários ganham espaço e voz na sociedade". VEJA (in Portuguese). Retrieved January 28, 2023.

[144] Easton, Rob (April 27, 2022). "'Historic' census data sheds light on number of trans and non-binary people for first time". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved April 28, 2022.

[145] "Mapping the Void: Two-Spirit and LGBTQ+ Experiences in Hamilton" (PDF). June 11, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved July 19, 2019.

[146] "The values, needs and realities of LGBT people in Canada in 2017". 2017. Archived from the original on July 27, 2019. Retrieved July 27, 2019.

[swi2021-147] "Only 0.4% of Swiss residents describe themselves as non-binary". SWI swissinfo.ch. December 29, 2021. Archived from the original on January 6, 2022. Retrieved January 6, 2022.

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[149] "Gender identity, England and Wales". Office for National Statistics.

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[WilsonMeyer-151] Wilson, Bianca D.M.; Meyer, Ilan H. (June 2021). "Nonbinary LGBTQ Adults in the United States". Williams Institute. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 25, 2021.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Gender identities other than male or female}}
+{{Short description|Gender identities that are neither exclusively male nor female}}
 {{Redirect|Genderqueer|the book|Gender Queer{{!}}''Gender Queer''}}
 {{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 | title            = Non-binary
 | image            = Nonbinary_flag.svg
-| alt              = The Non-Binary Pride Flag
+| alt              = The flag consists of four horizontal stripes: yellow at the top, white, purple, and black at the bottom.
-| caption          = The Non-Binary Pride Flag
+| caption          = [[Non-binary pride flag]]
 | definition       =
-| classification   = [[Gender Identity]]
+| classification   = [[Gender identity]]
 | abbreviations    = {{hlist|Enby|NB}}
 | synonyms         = Genderqueer
@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 {{Transgender sidebar|identities}}
-'''''Non-binary'''''{{efn|Also spelled '''''nonbinary'''''. The term '''''enby''''', from the abbreviation ''NB'', is also used.<ref name="BergmanBarker">{{cite book |last1=Bergman |first1=S. Bear |last2=Barker |first2=Meg-John |editor1-last=Richards |editor1-first=Christina |editor2-last=Bouman |editor2-first=Walter Pierre |editor3-last=Barker |editor3-first=Meg-John |title=Genderqueer and Non-Binary Genders |date=2017 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-1-137-51052-5 |page=43 |chapter=Non-binary Activism |series=Critical and Applied Approaches in Sexuality, Gender and Identity}}</ref>}} and '''''genderqueer''''' are inclusive terms that are neither exclusively male nor female, existing outside the traditional [[gender binary]]).<ref name=richardsetal/><ref name=aap>{{cite web |title=Supporting & Caring for Transgender Children |url=https://www.aap.org/en-us/Documents/solgbt_resource_transgenderchildren.pdf |publisher=[[Human Rights Campaign]] |access-date=April 8, 2021 |archive-date=July 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724123917/https://www.aap.org/en-us/Documents/solgbt_resource_transgenderchildren.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> These identities often overlap with [[transgender]] identities, as non-binary individuals usually have a gender different from their assigned sex at birth. However, not all non-binary individuals consider themselves part of the transgender community. <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thetrevorproject.org/trvr_support_center/trans-gender-identity |title=Trans + Gender Identity |website=[[The Trevor Project]] |access-date=October 11, 2019 |archive-date=July 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704175733/https://www.thetrevorproject.org/trvr_support_center/trans-gender-identity |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ennis2021" />
+'''Non-binary'''{{efn|Also spelled '''nonbinary'''. The term '''enby''', from the abbreviation '''NB''', is also used.<ref name="BergmanBarker">{{cite book |last1=Bergman |first1=S. Bear |last2=Barker |first2=Meg-John |editor1-last=Richards |editor1-first=Christina |editor2-last=Bouman |editor2-first=Walter Pierre |editor3-last=Barker |editor3-first=Meg-John |title=Genderqueer and Non-Binary Genders |date=2017 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-1-137-51052-5 |page=43 |chapter=Non-binary Activism |series=Critical and Applied Approaches in Sexuality, Gender and Identity}}</ref>}} and '''genderqueer''' are [[umbrella term]]s for [[Gender identity|gender identities]] that are not solely male or female (identities outside the [[gender binary]]).<ref name=richardsetal/><ref name=aap>{{cite web |title=Supporting & Caring for Transgender Children |url=https://www.aap.org/en-us/Documents/solgbt_resource_transgenderchildren.pdf |publisher=[[Human Rights Campaign]] |access-date=April 8, 2021 |archive-date=July 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724123917/https://www.aap.org/en-us/Documents/solgbt_resource_transgenderchildren.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> Non-binary identities often fall under the [[transgender]] umbrella since non-binary people typically identify with a [[gender]] that is different from the [[Sex assignment|sex assigned to them at birth]],<ref name=aap/> though some non-binary people do not consider themselves transgender.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thetrevorproject.org/trvr_support_center/trans-gender-identity |title=Trans + Gender Identity |website=[[The Trevor Project]] |access-date=October 11, 2019 |archive-date=July 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704175733/https://www.thetrevorproject.org/trvr_support_center/trans-gender-identity |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ennis2021" />
-Non-binary people might identify with a range of gender experiences, including a [[third gender]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/genderqueer.html |title=Genderqueer |last=Beemyn |first=Brett Genny |year=2008 |encyclopedia=glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture |location=Chicago, Illinois |publisher=glbtq, Inc. |access-date=May 3, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425081046/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/genderqueer.html |archive-date=April 25, 2012}}{{page needed|date=January 2024}}</ref> multiple genders, <ref name="Bosson-2018"/><ref name=Whyte/> no gender at all, or have a fluid gender identity that changes over time.<ref>{{cite book |title=Understanding Transgender Diversity: A Sensible Explanation of Sexual and Gender Identities |last=Winter |first=Claire Ruth |year=2010 |publisher=CreateSpace |location=Scotts Valley, California |isbn=978-1-4563-1490-3 |oclc=703235508}}{{Page needed|date=August 2021}}</ref> Importantly, gender identity is distinct from [[sexual orientation|sexual]] or [[romantic orientation]] and non-binary individuals have diverse sexual orientations.:<ref name="glaad_transgender">{{cite web |url=http://www.glaad.org/reference/transgender |title=Transgender Glossary of Terms |work=GLAAD Media Reference Guide |publisher=[[Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation]] |access-date=May 25, 2011 |archive-date=May 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530061657/http://www.glaad.org/reference/transgender |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-link=Susan Stryker |title=Transgender History |last=Stryker |first=Susan |publisher=[[Seal Press]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-58005-224-5 |location=[[Berkeley, California]] |oclc=183914566}}{{Page needed|date=August 2021}}</ref>
+Non-binary people may identify as an intermediate or separate [[third gender]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/genderqueer.html |title=Genderqueer |last=Beemyn |first=Brett Genny |year=2008 |encyclopedia=glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture |location=Chicago, Illinois |publisher=glbtq, Inc. |access-date=May 3, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425081046/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/genderqueer.html |archive-date=April 25, 2012}}{{page needed|date=January 2024}}</ref> identify with more than one gender<ref name="Bosson-2018"/><ref name=Whyte/> or no gender, or have a [[Genderfluid|fluctuating gender identity]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Understanding Transgender Diversity: A Sensible Explanation of Sexual and Gender Identities |last=Winter |first=Claire Ruth |year=2010 |publisher=CreateSpace |location=Scotts Valley, California |isbn=978-1-4563-1490-3 |oclc=703235508}}{{Page needed|date=August 2021}}</ref> Gender identity is separate from [[sexual orientation|sexual]] or [[romantic orientation]]:<ref name="glaad_transgender">{{cite web |url=http://www.glaad.org/reference/transgender |title=Transgender Glossary of Terms |work=GLAAD Media Reference Guide |publisher=[[Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation]] |access-date=May 25, 2011 |archive-date=May 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530061657/http://www.glaad.org/reference/transgender |url-status=live}}</ref> non-binary people have various sexual orientations.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Susan Stryker |title=Transgender History |last=Stryker |first=Susan |publisher=[[Seal Press]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-58005-224-5 |location=[[Berkeley, California]] |oclc=183914566}}{{Page needed|date=August 2021}}</ref>
-It’s also critical to note that being non-binary is different from being [[intersex]]. While most intersex individuals identify as men or women, some may identify solely as non-binary or have identities that combine non-binary and other gender experiences, such as genderfluidity.<ref name="intersex-2016">{{Cite web |date=July 9, 2016 |title=Understanding Non-Binary People: How to Be Respectful and Supportive |url=https://transequality.org/issues/resources/understanding-non-binary-people-how-to-be-respectful-and-supportive |access-date=June 17, 2020 |website=National Center for Transgender Equality |archive-date=April 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406081742/https://transequality.org/issues/resources/understanding-non-binary-people-how-to-be-respectful-and-supportive |url-status=live}}</ref>
+Being non-binary is also not the same as being [[intersex]]. Most intersex people identify as either men or women,<ref name="intersex-2016">{{Cite web |date=July 9, 2016 |title=Understanding Non-Binary People: How to Be Respectful and Supportive |url=https://transequality.org/issues/resources/understanding-non-binary-people-how-to-be-respectful-and-supportive |access-date=June 17, 2020 |website=National Center for Transgender Equality |archive-date=April 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406081742/https://transequality.org/issues/resources/understanding-non-binary-people-how-to-be-respectful-and-supportive |url-status=live}}</ref> though some identify as only non-binary, some identify as non-binary and genderfluid, such as [[Hida Viloria]], while others identify as non-binary men or non-binary women.
-The expression of non-binary identities can vary widely. Some non-binary people may choose not to define their gender at all. <ref name=Schorn/> To alleviate [[gender dysphoria]], some might pursue [[gender-affirming care]] including surgeries or hormone therapy, which are aimed at aligning their physical appearance more closely with their gender identity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hastings |first=Jennifer |date=June 17, 2016 |title=Approach to genderqueer, gender non-conforming, and gender nonbinary people |url=https://transcare.ucsf.edu/guidelines/gender-nonconforming |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006101614/https://transcare.ucsf.edu/guidelines/gender-nonconforming |archive-date=October 6, 2021 |access-date=October 10, 2021 |website=UCSF Transgender Care}}</ref>
+Non-binary people as a group vary in their [[gender expression]]s, and some may reject gender identity altogether.<ref name=Schorn/> Some non-binary people receive [[gender-affirming care]] to reduce the mental distress caused by [[gender dysphoria]], such as [[gender-affirming surgery]] or [[Transgender hormone therapy|hormone replacement therapy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hastings |first=Jennifer |date=June 17, 2016 |title=Approach to genderqueer, gender non-conforming, and gender nonbinary people |url=https://transcare.ucsf.edu/guidelines/gender-nonconforming |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006101614/https://transcare.ucsf.edu/guidelines/gender-nonconforming |archive-date=October 6, 2021 |access-date=October 10, 2021 |website=UCSF Transgender Care}}</ref>
-== Terms, definitions, and identities ==
+== Terms and definitions ==
 {{anchor|Subcategories|subcategories}}
 <!-- "Agender" redirects here. If this section is renamed, please update the redirects as well.
@@ Line 41: / Line 41: @@
      "Trigender" redirects here.
 -->
-[[File:Marche des Fiertés Paris 02 07 2016 06.jpg|thumb|A non-binary pride flag at a parade in Paris reading {{lang|fr|Mon genre est non-binaire}} ("My gender is non-binary")]]
-The term ''genderqueer'' originated in [[queer]] [[zine]]s of the 1980s as a precursor to the term ''non-binary''.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Hendrie |editor1-first=Theo |title=X Marks the Spot: An Anthology of Nonbinary Experiences |date=2019 |isbn=978-1-0809-6803-9 |page=238|publisher=Independently Published }}</ref> It gained wider use in the 1990s among political activists,<ref name="Tobia"/> especially [[Riki Wilchins|Riki Anne Wilchins]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wilchins |first1=Riki |title=Get to Know the New Pronouns: They, Theirs, and Them |url=https://www.pride.com/identities/2017/3/14/get-know-new-pronouns-they-theirs-and-them |website=Pride |date=March 14, 2017 |access-date=February 18, 2020 |archive-date=February 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218052059/https://www.pride.com/identities/2017/3/14/get-know-new-pronouns-they-theirs-and-them |url-status=live}}</ref> Wilchins used the term in a 1995 essay published in the first issue of ''In Your Face'' to describe anyone who is [[gender nonconforming]], and identified as genderqueer in their 1997 autobiography.<ref name="genderqueerid">{{cite web |url=http://genderqueerid.com/gqhistory |title=Genderqueer History |access-date=November 2, 2018 |archive-date=November 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112060956/http://genderqueerid.com/gqhistory |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilchins |first1=Riki |title=A Note from your Editrix |journal=In Your Face |date=Spring 1995 |issue=1 |page=4 |url=http://www.gendertalk.com/pubs/InYourFace1.pdf |access-date=February 18, 2020 |archive-date=October 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005123140/http://www.gendertalk.com/pubs/InYourFace1.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Wilchins was also one of the main contributors to the anthology ''Genderqueer: Voices Beyond the Sexual Binary'' published in 2002.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=GenderQueer: voices from beyond the sexual binary |publisher=[[Alyson Books]] |location=New York City |isbn=978-1-55583-730-3 |editor1-last=Nestle |editor1-first=Joan |editor2-last=Howell |editor2-first=Clare |editor3-last=Wilchins |editor3-first=Riki Anne |edition=1st |oclc=50389309|year=2002|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781555837303}}</ref> The internet allowed the term ''genderqueer'' to spread even further than zines, and by the 2010s the term was introduced to the mainstream via celebrities who publicly identified under the ''genderqueer'' umbrella.<ref name="Tobia"/>
+The term ''genderqueer'' first appeared in [[queer]] [[zine]]s of the 1980s, preceding the more widely used "non-binary."<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Hendrie |editor1-first=Theo |title=X Marks the Spot: An Anthology of Nonbinary Experiences |date=2019 |isbn=978-1-0809-6803-9 |page=238|publisher=Independently Published }}</ref> It gained prominence in the 1990s through activists,<ref name="Tobia" /> like [[Riki Wilchins|Riki Anne Wilchins]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wilchins |first1=Riki |title=Get to Know the New Pronouns: They, Theirs, and Them |url=https://www.pride.com/identities/2017/3/14/get-know-new-pronouns-they-theirs-and-them |website=Pride |date=March 14, 2017 |access-date=February 18, 2020 |archive-date=February 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218052059/https://www.pride.com/identities/2017/3/14/get-know-new-pronouns-they-theirs-and-them |url-status=live}}</ref> who used it in a 1995 essay and a 1997 autobiography to describe individuals deviating from traditional gender norms. <ref name="genderqueerid">{{cite web |url=http://genderqueerid.com/gqhistory |title=Genderqueer History |access-date=November 2, 2018 |archive-date=November 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112060956/http://genderqueerid.com/gqhistory |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilchins |first1=Riki |title=A Note from your Editrix |journal=In Your Face |date=Spring 1995 |issue=1 |page=4 |url=http://www.gendertalk.com/pubs/InYourFace1.pdf |access-date=February 18, 2020 |archive-date=October 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005123140/http://www.gendertalk.com/pubs/InYourFace1.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> By 2002, the term had further dissemination through the anthology ''Genderqueer: Voices Beyond the Sexual Binary''. <ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=GenderQueer: voices from beyond the sexual binary |publisher=[[Alyson Books]] |location=New York City |isbn=978-1-55583-730-3 |editor1-last=Nestle |editor1-first=Joan |editor2-last=Howell |editor2-first=Clare |editor3-last=Wilchins |editor3-first=Riki Anne |edition=1st |oclc=50389309|year=2002|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781555837303}}</ref> The rise of the internet and public identification by celebrities brought ''genderqueer'' into mainstream awareness during the 2010s. <ref name="Tobia" />
-People who challenge binary social constructions of gender often self-identify as ''genderqueer''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=Susan |last2=Lee |first2=Janet |date=April 23, 2014 |title=Women's Voices Feminist Visions: Classic and Contemporary Readings |edition=Sixth |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education |pages=130; 135 |isbn=978-0-07-802700-0 |oclc=862041473}}</ref> In addition to being an umbrella term for non-binary gender identities, ''genderqueer'' has been used as an adjective to refer to people who are perceived to transcend or diverge from traditional distinctions of gender, regardless of their gender identity. People may express gender non-normatively by not conforming into the binary gender categories of "man" and "woman".<!--Is this in terms of identity label, appearance and presentation, or both?--><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Dahir |first=Mubarak |date=May 25, 1999 |title=Whose Movement Is It? |magazine=[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)|The Advocate]] |page=52 |publisher=[[Here Media]] |location=San Francisco, California}}</ref>
-The term ''genderqueer'' has also been applied by those describing what they see as [[gender ambiguity]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Transgender Voices: Beyond Women and Men |last=Girshick |first=Lori B. |year=2008 |publisher=[[University Press of New England]] |location=[[Hanover, New Hampshire]] |isbn=978-1-58465-645-6 |oclc=183162406}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=August 2021}} [[Androgyny|Androgynous]] (also ''androgyne'') is frequently used as a descriptive term for people in this category. This is because the term ''androgyny'' is closely associated with a blend of socially defined masculine and feminine traits.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=Susan M. |last2=Lee |first2=Janet |date=April 23, 2014 |title=Women's Voices Feminist Visions: Classic and Contemporary Readings |edition=Sixth |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education |isbn=978-0-07-802700-0 |oclc=862041473}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=August 2021}} Not all genderqueer people identify as androgynous; some identify as a masculine woman or a feminine man, or combine genderqueer with another gender option.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Walsh |first1=Reuben |date=December 2010 |title=More T, vicar? My experiences as a genderqueer person of faith |magazine=All God's Children |publisher=[[Lesbian and Gay Christian Movement]] |volume=2 |issue=3}}</ref> Some people use ''enby'' (from the letters NB) as a short form of non-binary.<ref>{{cite book |first=Vanessa |last=Sheridan |title=Transgender in the Workplace: The Complete Guide |date=2018 |isbn=978-1440858062 |page=11|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Sam |last=Hope |title=Person-Centred Counselling for Trans and Gender Diverse People |publisher=[[Jessica Kingsley Publishers]] |location=London, England |date=2019 |isbn=978-1784509378 |page=218}}</ref> Being non-binary is not the same as being [[intersex]], and most intersex people identify as either male or female.<ref name="intersex-2016" />
+''Genderqueer'' serves as both an umbrella term for non-binary identities and an adjective describing those who challenge or diverge from conventional gender distinctions, regardless of how they personally identify. It encompasses a range of expressions that transcend the typical binary categories of "man" and "woman.".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=Susan |last2=Lee |first2=Janet |date=April 23, 2014 |title=Women's Voices Feminist Visions: Classic and Contemporary Readings |edition=Sixth |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education |pages=130; 135 |isbn=978-0-07-802700-0 |oclc=862041473}}</ref> <ref>{{cite magazine |last=Dahir |first=Mubarak |date=May 25, 1999 |title=Whose Movement Is It? |magazine=[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)|The Advocate]] |page=52 |publisher=[[Here Media]] |location=San Francisco, California}}</ref>
+Additionally, ''genderqueer'' is associated with [[gender ambiguity]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Transgender Voices: Beyond Women and Men |last=Girshick |first=Lori B. |year=2008 |publisher=[[University Press of New England]] |location=[[Hanover, New Hampshire]] |isbn=978-1-58465-645-6 |oclc=183162406}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=August 2021}} and [[Androgyny|Androgynous]] (also ''androgyne'') often used to describe a blend of socially defined masculine and feminine traits. <ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=Susan M. |last2=Lee |first2=Janet |date=April 23, 2014 |title=Women's Voices Feminist Visions: Classic and Contemporary Readings |edition=Sixth |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education |isbn=978-0-07-802700-0 |oclc=862041473}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=August 2021}} However, not all genderqueer individuals identify as androgynous; some may identify with traditionally masculine or feminine traits or use alternative descriptors like "masculine woman" or "feminine man."<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Walsh |first1=Reuben |date=December 2010 |title=More T, vicar? My experiences as a genderqueer person of faith |magazine=All God's Children |publisher=[[Lesbian and Gay Christian Movement]] |volume=2 |issue=3}}</ref> The term "enby," derived from the initials "NB" for non-binary, is also commonly used.<ref>{{cite book |first=Vanessa |last=Sheridan |title=Transgender in the Workplace: The Complete Guide |date=2018 |isbn=978-1440858062 |page=11|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Sam |last=Hope |title=Person-Centred Counselling for Trans and Gender Diverse People |publisher=[[Jessica Kingsley Publishers]] |location=London, England |date=2019 |isbn=978-1784509378 |page=218}}</ref> It’s important to note that being non-binary is distinct from being [[intersex]], with most intersex individuals identifying as either male or female.<ref name="intersex-2016" />
-Many references use the term ''[[transgender]]'' to include genderqueer/non-binary people.<ref name=Schorn>{{cite web |first=Johanna |last=Schorn |title=Taking the 'Sex' out of Transsexual: Representations of Trans Identities in Popular Media |url=http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/critical-issues/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/schornglpaper.pdf |department=Inter-Disciplinary.Net |publisher=[[University of Cologne]] |location=Cologne, Germany |access-date=October 23, 2014 |page=1 |quote=The term transgender is an umbrella term 'and generally refers to any and all kinds of variation from gender norms and expectations' (Stryker 19). Most often, the term transgender is used for someone who feels that the sex assigned to them at birth does not reflect their own gender identity. They may identify as the gender "opposite" to their assigned gender, or they may feel that their gender identity is fluid, or they may reject all gender categorizations and identify as agender or genderqueer. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025012342/http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/critical-issues/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/schornglpaper.pdf |archive-date=October 25, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Marc E. |last=Vargo |title=A Review of ''Please select your gender: From the invention of hysteria to the democratizing of transgenderism'' |journal=Journal of GLBT Family Studies |date=November 30, 2011 |volume=7 |issue=5 |page=2 (493) |doi=10.1080/1550428X.2011.623982 |s2cid=142815065 |issn=1550-4298 |quote=up to three million U. S. citizens regard themselves as transgender, a term referring to those whose gender identities are at odds with their biological sex. The term is an expansive one, however, and may apply to other individuals as well, from the person whose behavior purposely and dramatically diverges from society's traditional male/female roles to the "agender", "bigender" or "third gender" person whose self-definition lies outside of the male/female binary altogether. In short, those counted under this term constitute a wide array of people who do not conform to, and may actively challenge conventional gender norms.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Kirstin |last=Cronn-Mills |title=Transgender Lives: Complex Stories, Complex Voices |date=2014 |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |location=Minneapolis, Minnesota |isbn=978-1-4677-4796-7 |page=24 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dOUSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 |access-date=October 23, 2014 |chapter=IV. Trans*spectrum. Identities |quote=Many different individuals fall under what experts call the trans* spectrum, or the trans* umbrella."I'm trans*" and "I'm transgender" are ways these individuals might refer to themselves. But there are distinctions among different trans* identities. [...] Androgynous individuals may not identify with either side of the gender binary. Other individuals consider themselves agender, and they may feel they have no gender at all. |archive-date=April 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408181300/https://books.google.com/books?id=dOUSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> This use of the word as a broad term for various kinds of gender variation dates to at least 1992 and the publication of [[Leslie Feinberg]]'s ''Transgender Liberation: A Movement Whose Time Has Come''.<ref name="Tobia">{{cite web |last1=Tobia |first1=Jacob |author-link=Jacob Tobia |title=InQueery: The History of the Word 'Genderqueer' As We Know It |url=https://www.them.us/story/inqueery-genderqueer |website=them |publisher=Condé Nast |access-date=February 18, 2020 |date=November 7, 2018 |archive-date=April 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404231430/https://www.them.us/story/inqueery-genderqueer |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1994, non-binary author [[Kate Bornstein]] wrote, "All the categories of transgender find a common ground in that they each break one or more of the rules of gender: What we have in common is that we are gender outlaws, every one of us."<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_VsCl7Ek4N8C&q=All+the+categories+of+transgender+find+a+common+ground+in+that+they+each+break+one+or+more+of+the+rules+of+gender%3A+what+we+have+in+common+is+that+we+are+gender+outlaws%2C+every+one+of+us&pg=PT79 |title=Gender Outlaw: On Men, Women and the Rest of Us |last=Bornstein |first=Kate |year=2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon, England |isbn=978-1-136-60373-0 |access-date=October 19, 2020 |archive-date=March 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310121616/https://books.google.com/books?id=_VsCl7Ek4N8C&q=All%2Bthe%2Bcategories%2Bof%2Btransgender%2Bfind%2Ba%2Bcommon%2Bground%2Bin%2Bthat%2Bthey%2Beach%2Bbreak%2Bone%2Bor%2Bmore%2Bof%2Bthe%2Brules%2Bof%2Bgender%3A%2Bwhat%2Bwe%2Bhave%2Bin%2Bcommon%2Bis%2Bthat%2Bwe%2Bare%2Bgender%2Boutlaws%2C%2Bevery%2Bone%2Bof%2Bus&pg=PT79 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> The [[Human Rights Campaign]] Foundation and Gender Spectrum use the term ''gender-expansive'' to convey "a wider, more flexible range of gender identity and/or expression than typically associated with the binary gender system".<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Human Rights Campaign]] |title=Supporting and Caring for our Gender-Expansive Youth |url=http://hrc-assets.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com//files/assets/resources/Gender-expansive-youth-report-final.pdf |access-date=May 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129072801/http://hrc-assets.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com//files/assets/resources/Gender-expansive-youth-report-final.pdf |archive-date=January 29, 2016}}</ref>
+The term ''[[transgender]]'' often includes those who are ''genderqueer'' or non-binary, reflecting a broad spectrum of gender diversity.<ref name="Schorn">{{cite web |first=Johanna |last=Schorn |title=Taking the 'Sex' out of Transsexual: Representations of Trans Identities in Popular Media |url=http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/critical-issues/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/schornglpaper.pdf |department=Inter-Disciplinary.Net |publisher=[[University of Cologne]] |location=Cologne, Germany |access-date=October 23, 2014 |page=1 |quote=The term transgender is an umbrella term 'and generally refers to any and all kinds of variation from gender norms and expectations' (Stryker 19). Most often, the term transgender is used for someone who feels that the sex assigned to them at birth does not reflect their own gender identity. They may identify as the gender "opposite" to their assigned gender, or they may feel that their gender identity is fluid, or they may reject all gender categorizations and identify as agender or genderqueer. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025012342/http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/critical-issues/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/schornglpaper.pdf |archive-date=October 25, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Marc E. |last=Vargo |title=A Review of ''Please select your gender: From the invention of hysteria to the democratizing of transgenderism'' |journal=Journal of GLBT Family Studies |date=November 30, 2011 |volume=7 |issue=5 |page=2 (493) |doi=10.1080/1550428X.2011.623982 |s2cid=142815065 |issn=1550-4298 |quote=up to three million U. S. citizens regard themselves as transgender, a term referring to those whose gender identities are at odds with their biological sex. The term is an expansive one, however, and may apply to other individuals as well, from the person whose behavior purposely and dramatically diverges from society's traditional male/female roles to the "agender", "bigender" or "third gender" person whose self-definition lies outside of the male/female binary altogether. In short, those counted under this term constitute a wide array of people who do not conform to, and may actively challenge conventional gender norms.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Kirstin |last=Cronn-Mills |title=Transgender Lives: Complex Stories, Complex Voices |date=2014 |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |location=Minneapolis, Minnesota |isbn=978-1-4677-4796-7 |page=24 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dOUSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 |access-date=October 23, 2014 |chapter=IV. Trans*spectrum. Identities |quote=Many different individuals fall under what experts call the trans* spectrum, or the trans* umbrella."I'm trans*" and "I'm transgender" are ways these individuals might refer to themselves. But there are distinctions among different trans* identities. [...] Androgynous individuals may not identify with either side of the gender binary. Other individuals consider themselves agender, and they may feel they have no gender at all. |archive-date=April 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408181300/https://books.google.com/books?id=dOUSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> This inclusive usage dates back to at least 1992, with significant contributions from figures like [[Leslie Feinberg]]<ref name="Tobia">{{cite web |last1=Tobia |first1=Jacob |author-link=Jacob Tobia |title=InQueery: The History of the Word 'Genderqueer' As We Know It |url=https://www.them.us/story/inqueery-genderqueer |website=them |publisher=Condé Nast |access-date=February 18, 2020 |date=November 7, 2018 |archive-date=April 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404231430/https://www.them.us/story/inqueery-genderqueer |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Kate Bornstein]], who emphasized the shared experiences of "gender outlaws." "<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_VsCl7Ek4N8C&q=All+the+categories+of+transgender+find+a+common+ground+in+that+they+each+break+one+or+more+of+the+rules+of+gender%3A+what+we+have+in+common+is+that+we+are+gender+outlaws%2C+every+one+of+us&pg=PT79 |title=Gender Outlaw: On Men, Women and the Rest of Us |last=Bornstein |first=Kate |year=2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon, England |isbn=978-1-136-60373-0 |access-date=October 19, 2020 |archive-date=March 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310121616/https://books.google.com/books?id=_VsCl7Ek4N8C&q=All%2Bthe%2Bcategories%2Bof%2Btransgender%2Bfind%2Ba%2Bcommon%2Bground%2Bin%2Bthat%2Bthey%2Beach%2Bbreak%2Bone%2Bor%2Bmore%2Bof%2Bthe%2Brules%2Bof%2Bgender%3A%2Bwhat%2Bwe%2Bhave%2Bin%2Bcommon%2Bis%2Bthat%2Bwe%2Bare%2Bgender%2Boutlaws%2C%2Bevery%2Bone%2Bof%2Bus&pg=PT79 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Organizations like the [[Human Rights Campaign]] Foundation and Gender Spectrum use ''gender-expansive'' to denote a broader range of gender identities and expressions than those typically associated with the binary gender system.<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Human Rights Campaign]] |title=Supporting and Caring for our Gender-Expansive Youth |url=http://hrc-assets.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com//files/assets/resources/Gender-expansive-youth-report-final.pdf |access-date=May 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129072801/http://hrc-assets.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com//files/assets/resources/Gender-expansive-youth-report-final.pdf |archive-date=January 29, 2016}}</ref>
-=== Statistics ===
-In a 2023 Gender Census survey, 40,375 participants provided insights into how they describe their gender identity and their preferred references. The key identity labels reported were nonbinary, used by 63.1% of respondents (down 0.8% from the previous year), queer (54.8%, up 0.2%), trans (46.7%, up 8.5%), a category described simply as a person/human/[my name]/“I’m just me” (42.5%, newly included this year), and transgender (40.3%, up 6.4%). The survey also explored title preferences, with 40.1% preferring no title at all (up 1.5%), followed by Mx (18.7%, down 1.4%), Mr (11.5%, up 2.1%), non-gendered professional/academic titles (9.4%, up 1.0%), and Ms (5.5%, up 1.1%). Pronoun usage varied, with "they/them" being the most popular at 74.5% (down 1.2%), "he/him" at 42.5% (up 2.1%), "she/her" at 32.7% (no change), "it/its" at 19.4% (up 3.2%), and a preference for avoiding pronouns or using names as pronouns at 13.2% (up 2.1%). This data offers a comprehensive view of the diverse and evolving ways individuals within the non-binary community identify and prefer to be referred to.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kermode |first1=Jennie |title=International survey explores changing words for gender |url=https://bylines.scot/business/international-survey-explores-changing-words-for-gender/ |publisher=Bylines Scotlant}}</ref>
+== Identities ==
 === Agender ===
+'''{{visanc|Agender}}''' individuals, also known as genderless, gender-free, non-gendered, or ungendered,<ref>{{cite web |date=April 2013 |title=LGBTQ Needs Assessment|url=http://encompassnetwork.org.uk/uploads/LGBTQ-Needs-Assesmentabsolutelyfinal.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024234412/http://encompassnetwork.org.uk/uploads/LGBTQ-Needs-Assesmentabsolutelyfinal.pdf |archive-date=October 24, 2014 |access-date=October 18, 2014 |website=Encompass Network |pages=52–53}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gender alphabet |url=http://www.safehomesma.org/gender_alphabet.pdf |access-date=October 18, 2014 |website=Safe Homes |page=1 |archive-date=April 15, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415040555/http://www.safehomesma.org/gender_alphabet.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> identify as having no gender or gender identity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vargo |first=Marc E. |year=2011 |title=A Review of "Please select your gender: From the invention of hysteria to the democratizing of transgenderism" |journal=Journal of GLBT Family Studies |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=493–494 |doi=10.1080/1550428x.2011.623982 |s2cid=142815065}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Cronn-Mills |first=Kirstin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dOUSBAAAQBAJ |title=Transgender Lives: Complex Stories, Complex Voices |year= 2014 |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |isbn=978-1-4677-4796-7 |access-date=February 3, 2016 |archive-date=December 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202005115/https://books.google.com/books?id=dOUSBAAAQBAJ |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref name="Schorn" /> This group represents a spectrum of identities that diverge from conventional [[gender norms|gender norms.]] According to scholar Finn Enke, not all agender individuals may self-identify as transgender.<ref>{{cite book|author=<!-- no author -->|title=Transfeminist Perspectives In and Beyond Transgender and Gender Studies|publisher=[[Temple University Press]]|year=2012|isbn=978-1-4399-0748-1|editor=Anne Enke|pages=16–20 [18–19]|chapter=Note on terms and concepts}}</ref> While there is no universally accepted set of pronouns for agender people, [[singular they]] is commonly used, but it is not the default.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sojwal|first=Senti|date=September 16, 2015|title=What Does 'Agender' Mean? 6 Things to Know About People With Non-Binary Identities|url=http://www.bustle.com/articles/109255-what-does-agender-mean-6-things-to-know-about-people-with-non-binary-identities|access-date=February 22, 2016|website=[[Bustle (magazine)|Bustle]]|archive-date=February 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222202333/http://www.bustle.com/articles/109255-what-does-agender-mean-6-things-to-know-about-people-with-non-binary-identities|url-status=live}}</ref> Notably, "Agender" and "Neutrois" were among the custom gender options added to Facebook in February 2014 and to OkCupid since November 2014.<ref name="Telegraph2014">{{cite news|first=Matthew|last=Sparkes|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/facebook/10637968/Facebook-sex-changes-which-one-of-50-genders-are-you.html|title=Facebook sex changes: which one of 50 genders are you?|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=February 14, 2014|access-date=April 5, 2018|archive-date=May 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521104128/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/facebook/10637968/Facebook-sex-changes-which-one-of-50-genders-are-you.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=November 17, 2014|title=OkCupid expands gender and sexuality options|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/okcupid-expands-gender-sexuality-options|access-date=November 18, 2014|archive-date=November 19, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119184104/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/okcupid-expands-gender-sexuality-options|url-status=live}}</ref>
-{{See also|Postgenderism}}
-'''{{visanc|Agender}}''' people ("{{wt|en|a-|i=-}}" meaning "without"), also called genderless, gender-free, non-gendered, or ungendered,<ref>{{cite web |date=April 2013 |title=LGBTQ Needs Assessment|url=http://encompassnetwork.org.uk/uploads/LGBTQ-Needs-Assesmentabsolutelyfinal.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024234412/http://encompassnetwork.org.uk/uploads/LGBTQ-Needs-Assesmentabsolutelyfinal.pdf |archive-date=October 24, 2014 |access-date=October 18, 2014 |website=Encompass Network |pages=52–53}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gender alphabet |url=http://www.safehomesma.org/gender_alphabet.pdf |access-date=October 18, 2014 |website=Safe Homes |page=1 |archive-date=April 15, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415040555/http://www.safehomesma.org/gender_alphabet.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> are those who identify as having no gender or gender identity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vargo |first=Marc E. |year=2011 |title=A Review of "Please select your gender: From the invention of hysteria to the democratizing of transgenderism" |journal=Journal of GLBT Family Studies |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=493–494 |doi=10.1080/1550428x.2011.623982 |s2cid=142815065}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Cronn-Mills |first=Kirstin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dOUSBAAAQBAJ |title=Transgender Lives: Complex Stories, Complex Voices |year= 2014 |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |isbn=978-1-4677-4796-7 |access-date=February 3, 2016 |archive-date=December 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202005115/https://books.google.com/books?id=dOUSBAAAQBAJ |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref name=Schorn/> This category includes a broad range of identities that do not conform to traditional [[gender norms]], but scholar Finn Enke has said that people who identify with any of these positions may not necessarily self-identify as transgender.<ref>{{cite book|author=<!-- no author -->|title=Transfeminist Perspectives In and Beyond Transgender and Gender Studies|publisher=[[Temple University Press]]|year=2012|isbn=978-1-4399-0748-1|editor=Anne Enke|pages=16–20 [18–19]|chapter=Note on terms and concepts}}</ref> Agender people have no specific set of pronouns; [[singular they]] is typically used, but it is not the default.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sojwal|first=Senti|date=September 16, 2015|title=What Does 'Agender' Mean? 6 Things to Know About People With Non-Binary Identities|url=http://www.bustle.com/articles/109255-what-does-agender-mean-6-things-to-know-about-people-with-non-binary-identities|access-date=February 22, 2016|website=[[Bustle (magazine)|Bustle]]|archive-date=February 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222202333/http://www.bustle.com/articles/109255-what-does-agender-mean-6-things-to-know-about-people-with-non-binary-identities|url-status=live}}</ref> Neutrois and agender were two of 50 available custom genders added to [[Facebook]] in February 2014.<ref name="Telegraph2014">{{cite news|first=Matthew|last=Sparkes|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/facebook/10637968/Facebook-sex-changes-which-one-of-50-genders-are-you.html|title=Facebook sex changes: which one of 50 genders are you?|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=February 14, 2014|access-date=April 5, 2018|archive-date=May 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521104128/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/facebook/10637968/Facebook-sex-changes-which-one-of-50-genders-are-you.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Agender has also been a gender option on [[OkCupid]] since November 2014.<ref>{{cite news|date=November 17, 2014|title=OkCupid expands gender and sexuality options|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/okcupid-expands-gender-sexuality-options|access-date=November 18, 2014|archive-date=November 19, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119184104/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/okcupid-expands-gender-sexuality-options|url-status=live}}</ref>
 === Multigender/polygender ===
-"Multigender" and "polygender" refer to people who experience multiple genders, simultaneously or alternately. Multigender/polygender identities include demigender, bigender, pangender, and genderfluid people.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-20 |title=Here's What It Means to Be Polygender |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/sex-love/a38832030/polygender/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Cosmopolitan |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-23 |title=What It Means To Be Multigender: The Questions Many Have But Are Afraid To Ask |url=https://thebodyisnotanapology.com/magazine/what-it-means-to-be-multigender-the-questions-many-have-but-are-afraid-to-ask/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=The Body Is Not An Apology |language=en-US}}</ref> Nonbinary people who identify with a singular or unchanging gender are referred to as monogender or genderstatic, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-17 |title=Gender Fluidity 101 |url=https://theeverydaymagazine.co.uk/opinion/gender-fluidity-101 |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=The Everyday |language=en-US}}</ref>
+These terms describe individuals who experience more than one gender identity, either simultaneously or alternately. This category includes identities such as demigender, bigender, pangender, and genderfluid.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-20 |title=Here's What It Means to Be Polygender |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/sex-love/a38832030/polygender/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Cosmopolitan |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-23 |title=What It Means To Be Multigender: The Questions Many Have But Are Afraid To Ask |url=https://thebodyisnotanapology.com/magazine/what-it-means-to-be-multigender-the-questions-many-have-but-are-afraid-to-ask/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=The Body Is Not An Apology |language=en-US}}</ref> In contrast, those who experience a singular, unchanging gender are referred to as monogender or genderstatic.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-17 |title=Gender Fluidity 101 |url=https://theeverydaymagazine.co.uk/opinion/gender-fluidity-101 |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=The Everyday |language=en-US}}</ref>
 ==== Bigender ====
 {{Anchor|Trigender}}{{redirect|Bigender|the sexual attraction to more than one gender|Bisexual}}
-'''Bigender''' (also '''bi-gender''' or '''dual gender''') people have two gender identities and [[gender behavior|behaviors]]. Identifying as bigender is typically understood to mean that one identifies as both male and female or moves between masculine gender expression and feminine gender expression, having two distinct gender identities simultaneously or fluctuating between them.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Ruth Dudley|last=Edwards|url=https://www.independent.ie/opinion/columnists/ruth-dudley-edwards/asexual-bigender-transexual-or-cis-cant-we-all-just-be-kind-to-each-other-30513083.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218121523/https://www.independent.ie/opinion/columnists/ruth-dudley-edwards/asexual-bigender-transexual-or-cis-cant-we-all-just-be-kind-to-each-other-30513083.html|title=Asexual, bigender, transexual or cis, can't we all just be kind to each other?|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=August 17, 2014 |access-date=December 18, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newsweek.com/what-third-gender-x-oregon-and-california-are-breaking-mf-binary-626551|title=Oregon becomes first state to allow option "X" to end gender binary|first=Sofia Lotto|last=Persio|date=June 16, 2017|magazine=[[Newsweek]]|access-date=December 18, 2019|archive-date=December 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218161158/https://www.newsweek.com/what-third-gender-x-oregon-and-california-are-breaking-mf-binary-626551|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailydot.com/irl/nonbinary-definition-pronouns|title=Everything you ever wanted to know about being nonbinary|date=September 28, 2017|website=The Daily Dot|access-date=December 18, 2019|archive-date=September 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928222022/https://www.dailydot.com/irl/nonbinary-definition-pronouns|url-status=live}}</ref> This is different from identifying as [[genderfluid]], as those who identify as genderfluid may not go back and forth between any fixed gender identities and may experience an entire range or spectrum of identities over time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monstersandcritics.com/people/billy-dee-williams-what-is-gender-fluid|title=Billy Dee Williams: What is gender fluid?|date=December 2, 2019|website=Monsters and Critics|access-date=December 18, 2019|archive-date=December 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218123528/https://www.monstersandcritics.com/people/billy-dee-williams-what-is-gender-fluid|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2018/04/26/non-binary|title=This is the term for people who aren't exclusively male or female|date=April 26, 2018|website=PinkNews|access-date=December 18, 2019|archive-date=December 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218124825/https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2018/04/26/non-binary|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[American Psychological Association]] calls bigender identity part of the umbrella of transgender identities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.apa.org/helpcenter/sexual-orientation|title=Sexual orientation and gender identity|access-date=December 18, 2019|archive-date=January 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102055739/https://www.apa.org/helpcenter/sexual-orientation|url-status=live}}</ref> Some bigender people express two distinct [[persona]]s, which may be feminine, masculine, agender, [[androgyne]], or other gender identities; others find that they identify as two genders simultaneously. A 1999 survey conducted by the San Francisco Department of Public Health observed that, among the transgender community, 3% of those who were assigned male at birth and 8% of those assigned female at birth identified as either "a transvestite, cross-dresser, drag queen, or a bigendered person".<ref>Clements, K. [http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite?page=cftg-02-02 San Francisco Department of Public Health] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060915140217/http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite?page=cftg-02-02 |date=September 15, 2006}}, 1999</ref> A 2016 [[Harris Insights & Analytics|Harris poll]] conducted on behalf of [[GLAAD]] found that 1% of [[millennial]]s identify as bigender.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thinkprogress.org/eeoc-now-gives-nonbinary-people-a-way-to-be-counted-in-workplace-6cd48e1cc804|title=EEOC now gives nonbinary people a way to be counted in workplace|website=[[ThinkProgress]]|date=August 20, 2019 |access-date=December 18, 2019|archive-date=December 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218123520/https://thinkprogress.org/eeoc-now-gives-nonbinary-people-a-way-to-be-counted-in-workplace-6cd48e1cc804|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.glaad.org/files/aa/2017_GLAAD_Accelerating_Acceptance.pdf|title=Accelerating Acceptance 2017|publisher=[[GLAAD]]|access-date=December 27, 2019|archive-date=January 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106041601/https://www.glaad.org/files/aa/2017_GLAAD_Accelerating_Acceptance.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Trigender'''<!-- If you move this sentence, also move "Trigender" out of the anchor list at the start of this paragraph --> people shift among [[male]], [[female]], and [[third gender]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bosson |first1=Jennifer K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XStGDwAAQBAJ&q=Trigender&pg=PT54 |title=The Psychology of Sex and Gender |last2=Vandello |first2=Joseph A. |last3=Buckner |first3=Camille E. |date=January 17, 2018 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |isbn=978-1-5063-3134-8 |access-date=June 22, 2021 |archive-date=August 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803194904/https://books.google.com/books?id=XStGDwAAQBAJ&q=Trigender&pg=PT54 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+'''Bigender''' individuals possess two distinct gender identities which can manifest simultaneously or fluctuate between masculine and feminine expressions.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Ruth Dudley|last=Edwards|url=https://www.independent.ie/opinion/columnists/ruth-dudley-edwards/asexual-bigender-transexual-or-cis-cant-we-all-just-be-kind-to-each-other-30513083.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218121523/https://www.independent.ie/opinion/columnists/ruth-dudley-edwards/asexual-bigender-transexual-or-cis-cant-we-all-just-be-kind-to-each-other-30513083.html|title=Asexual, bigender, transexual or cis, can't we all just be kind to each other?|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=August 17, 2014 |access-date=December 18, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newsweek.com/what-third-gender-x-oregon-and-california-are-breaking-mf-binary-626551|title=Oregon becomes first state to allow option "X" to end gender binary|first=Sofia Lotto|last=Persio|date=June 16, 2017|magazine=[[Newsweek]]|access-date=December 18, 2019|archive-date=December 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218161158/https://www.newsweek.com/what-third-gender-x-oregon-and-california-are-breaking-mf-binary-626551|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailydot.com/irl/nonbinary-definition-pronouns|title=Everything you ever wanted to know about being nonbinary|date=September 28, 2017|website=The Daily Dot|access-date=December 18, 2019|archive-date=September 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928222022/https://www.dailydot.com/irl/nonbinary-definition-pronouns|url-status=live}}</ref> This differs from [[genderfluid]] identities, which may not involve fixed gender states but rather a fluid range across the gender spectrum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monstersandcritics.com/people/billy-dee-williams-what-is-gender-fluid|title=Billy Dee Williams: What is gender fluid?|date=December 2, 2019|website=Monsters and Critics|access-date=December 18, 2019|archive-date=December 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218123528/https://www.monstersandcritics.com/people/billy-dee-williams-what-is-gender-fluid|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2018/04/26/non-binary|title=This is the term for people who aren't exclusively male or female|date=April 26, 2018|website=PinkNews|access-date=December 18, 2019|archive-date=December 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218124825/https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2018/04/26/non-binary|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[American Psychological Association]] recognizes bigender identity as part of the broader transgender category.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.apa.org/helpcenter/sexual-orientation|title=Sexual orientation and gender identity|access-date=December 18, 2019|archive-date=January 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102055739/https://www.apa.org/helpcenter/sexual-orientation|url-status=live}}</ref> Surveys and studies, including a 1999 San Francisco Department of Public Health survey and a 2016 Harris poll, have documented the prevalence of bigender identification, particularly within younger generations.<ref>Clements, K. [http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite?page=cftg-02-02 San Francisco Department of Public Health] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060915140217/http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite?page=cftg-02-02 |date=September 15, 2006}}, 1999</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thinkprogress.org/eeoc-now-gives-nonbinary-people-a-way-to-be-counted-in-workplace-6cd48e1cc804|title=EEOC now gives nonbinary people a way to be counted in workplace|website=[[ThinkProgress]]|date=August 20, 2019 |access-date=December 18, 2019|archive-date=December 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218123520/https://thinkprogress.org/eeoc-now-gives-nonbinary-people-a-way-to-be-counted-in-workplace-6cd48e1cc804|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.glaad.org/files/aa/2017_GLAAD_Accelerating_Acceptance.pdf|title=Accelerating Acceptance 2017|publisher=[[GLAAD]]|access-date=December 27, 2019|archive-date=January 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106041601/https://www.glaad.org/files/aa/2017_GLAAD_Accelerating_Acceptance.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Trigender''' people shift among [[male]], [[female]], and [[third gender]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bosson |first1=Jennifer K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XStGDwAAQBAJ&q=Trigender&pg=PT54 |title=The Psychology of Sex and Gender |last2=Vandello |first2=Joseph A. |last3=Buckner |first3=Camille E. |date=January 17, 2018 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |isbn=978-1-5063-3134-8 |access-date=June 22, 2021 |archive-date=August 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803194904/https://books.google.com/books?id=XStGDwAAQBAJ&q=Trigender&pg=PT54 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 ==== Demigender ====
-'''Demigender''' people identify partially or mostly with one gender and at the same time with another gender.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gibson |first1=Sarah |title=Gender Diversity and Non-Binary Inclusion in the Workplace: The Essential Guide for Employers |last2=Fernandez |first2=J. |publisher=[[Jessica Kingsley Publishers]] |location=London |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-78450-523-3 |pages=25}}</ref><ref name="Kenney">{{Cite book |last1=Brill |first1=Stephanie |title=The Transgender Teen |last2=Kenney |first2=Lisa |publisher=[[Cleis Press]] |location=Berkeley, California |year=2016 |isbn=978-1627781749 |page=311}}</ref> There are several subcategories of the identity. A demi-boy or demi-man identifies at least partially with being a [[boy]] or a [[man]] (no matter the sex and gender they were [[Sex assignment|assigned at birth]]) and partly with other genders or with no other gender (agender). Demi-girls identify as part non-binary, part female. A ''demiflux''<!-- If you move this sentence, also move "Demiflux" out of the anchor list at the start of this paragraph --> person feels that the stable part of their identity is non-binary.<ref name="Kenney" />
+Individuals identifying as '''demigender''' feel a partial connection to one gender while also identifying with another gender or none at all (agender).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gibson |first1=Sarah |title=Gender Diversity and Non-Binary Inclusion in the Workplace: The Essential Guide for Employers |last2=Fernandez |first2=J. |publisher=[[Jessica Kingsley Publishers]] |location=London |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-78450-523-3 |pages=25}}</ref><ref name="Kenney">{{Cite book |last1=Brill |first1=Stephanie |title=The Transgender Teen |last2=Kenney |first2=Lisa |publisher=[[Cleis Press]] |location=Berkeley, California |year=2016 |isbn=978-1627781749 |page=311}}</ref> Subcategories include demi-boy or demi-man, who partially identify as male, and demi-girl, who are partly female and partly non-binary. Demiflux people experience a stable non-binary identity with varying intensities of other gender identities.<ref name="Kenney" />
 ==== Pangender ====
-'''{{visanc|Pangender|Polygender|Omnigender}}''' (also '''polygender''' or '''omnigender''') people have multiple gender identities.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ginicola |first1=Misty M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pi8bDgAAQBAJ&q=polygender&pg=PA366|title=Affirmative Counseling with LGBTQI+ People |last2=Smith |first2=Cheri |last3=Filmore |first3=Joel M. |date=February 10, 2017 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-119-37549-4 |pages=366 |access-date=June 22, 2021 |archive-date=August 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803194905/https://books.google.com/books?id=pi8bDgAAQBAJ&q=polygender&pg=PA366 |url-status=live}}</ref> Some may identify as all genders simultaneously.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Queer Undefined |url=https://www.queerundefined.com/search/pangender |access-date=October 10, 2020 |website=Queer Undefined |archive-date=January 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121135730/https://www.queerundefined.com/search/pangender |url-status=live}}</ref>
+'''{{visanc|Pangender|Polygender|Omnigender}}''' individuals identify with multiple or all genders, sometimes experiencing all these identities simultaneously.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ginicola |first1=Misty M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pi8bDgAAQBAJ&q=polygender&pg=PA366|title=Affirmative Counseling with LGBTQI+ People |last2=Smith |first2=Cheri |last3=Filmore |first3=Joel M. |date=February 10, 2017 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-119-37549-4 |pages=366 |access-date=June 22, 2021 |archive-date=August 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803194905/https://books.google.com/books?id=pi8bDgAAQBAJ&q=polygender&pg=PA366 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Queer Undefined |url=https://www.queerundefined.com/search/pangender |access-date=October 10, 2020 |website=Queer Undefined |archive-date=January 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121135730/https://www.queerundefined.com/search/pangender |url-status=live}}</ref>
 ==== Genderfluid ====
 {{main|Gender fluidity}}
-[[Genderfluid]] people often express a desire to remain flexible about their gender identity rather than committing to a single definition.<ref name="Cronn-Mills">{{cite book |last1=Cronn-Mills |first1=Kirstin |title=Transgender Lives: Complex Stories, Complex Voices |date=2015 |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |location=Minneapolis, Minnesota |isbn=978-0-7613-9022-0 |page=24}}</ref> They may fluctuate among differing gender expressions over their lifetime, or express multiple aspects of various gender markers at the same time.<ref name="Cronn-Mills" /><ref name="McGuire2015">{{cite news|last1=McGuire|first1=Peter|title=Beyond the binary: what does it mean to be genderfluid?|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/beyond-the-binary-what-does-it-mean-to-be-genderfluid-1.2418434|access-date=December 1, 2015|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|date=November 9, 2015|archive-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122121336/http://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/beyond-the-binary-what-does-it-mean-to-be-genderfluid-1.2418434|url-status=live}}</ref> A genderfluid person may also identify as bigender, trigender, or pangender.<ref name="Bosson-2018">{{cite book |last1=Bosson |first1=Jennifer K. |last2=Vandello |first2=Joseph A. |last3=Buckner |first3=Camille E. |title=The Psychology of Sex and Gender |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XStGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT54 |access-date=August 4, 2019 |year= 2018 |publisher=Sage Publications |location=Thousand Oaks, California |isbn=978-1-5063-3134-8 |page=54 |oclc=1038755742 |archive-date=May 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528040645/https://books.google.com/books?id=XStGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT54 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref name="Whyte">{{cite journal |last1=Whyte |first1=Stephen |last2=Brooks |first2=Robert C. |last3=Torgler |first3=Benno |title=Man, Woman, "Other": Factors Associated with Nonbinary Gender Identification |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]]|location=Heidelberg, Germany|date=September 25, 2018 |volume=47 |issue=8 |pages=2397–2406 |doi=10.1007/s10508-018-1307-3 |pmid=30255409 |s2cid=52823167 |quote=2 out of 7479 (0.03 percent) of respondents to the Australian Sex Survey, a 2016 online research survey, self-identified as trigender.}}</ref>
+[[Genderfluid]] individuals do not adhere to a fixed gender identity; their gender expression may change over time, combining elements from various genders at different times.<ref name="Cronn-Mills">{{cite book |last1=Cronn-Mills |first1=Kirstin |title=Transgender Lives: Complex Stories, Complex Voices |date=2015 |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |location=Minneapolis, Minnesota |isbn=978-0-7613-9022-0 |page=24}}</ref><ref name="Cronn-Mills" /><ref name="McGuire2015">{{cite news|last1=McGuire|first1=Peter|title=Beyond the binary: what does it mean to be genderfluid?|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/beyond-the-binary-what-does-it-mean-to-be-genderfluid-1.2418434|access-date=December 1, 2015|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|date=November 9, 2015|archive-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122121336/http://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/beyond-the-binary-what-does-it-mean-to-be-genderfluid-1.2418434|url-status=live}}</ref> This identity can overlap with bigender, trigender, or pangender expressions.<ref name="Bosson-2018">{{cite book |last1=Bosson |first1=Jennifer K. |last2=Vandello |first2=Joseph A. |last3=Buckner |first3=Camille E. |title=The Psychology of Sex and Gender |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XStGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT54 |access-date=August 4, 2019 |year= 2018 |publisher=Sage Publications |location=Thousand Oaks, California |isbn=978-1-5063-3134-8 |page=54 |oclc=1038755742 |archive-date=May 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528040645/https://books.google.com/books?id=XStGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT54 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref name="Whyte">{{cite journal |last1=Whyte |first1=Stephen |last2=Brooks |first2=Robert C. |last3=Torgler |first3=Benno |title=Man, Woman, "Other": Factors Associated with Nonbinary Gender Identification |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]]|location=Heidelberg, Germany|date=September 25, 2018 |volume=47 |issue=8 |pages=2397–2406 |doi=10.1007/s10508-018-1307-3 |pmid=30255409 |s2cid=52823167 |quote=2 out of 7479 (0.03 percent) of respondents to the Australian Sex Survey, a 2016 online research survey, self-identified as trigender.}}</ref>
 === Transfeminine or transmasculine ===
 {{See also|Gender expression|Gender variance}}
-''Transfeminine'' is a term for any person, binary or non-binary, who was assigned male at birth and has a predominantly feminine gender identity or presentation; ''transmasculine'' is the equivalent term for someone who was assigned female at birth and has a predominantly masculine gender identity or presentation.<ref name=":4">{{cite book |first=Ash |last=Hardell|author-link=Ash Hardell |title=The ABC's of LGBT+ |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/_/Q_rMzgEACAAJ?hl=en |date=2016 |publisher=Mango Media Inc. |location=Coral Gables, Florida |isbn=9781633534094 |pages=96 |access-date=2024-04-15 |archive-date=2024-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415151942/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/_/Q_rMzgEACAAJ?hl=en |oclc=962263268 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+Transfeminine refers to individuals assigned male at birth but who predominantly identify or express themselves as feminine. Transmasculine refers to those assigned female at birth who predominantly identify or express themselves as masculine. These terms encompass both binary and non-binary identities.<ref name=":4">{{cite book |first=Ash |last=Hardell|author-link=Ash Hardell |title=The ABC's of LGBT+ |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/_/Q_rMzgEACAAJ?hl=en |date=2016 |publisher=Mango Media Inc. |location=Coral Gables, Florida |isbn=9781633534094 |pages=96 |access-date=2024-04-15 |archive-date=2024-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415151942/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/_/Q_rMzgEACAAJ?hl=en |oclc=962263268 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 === Two-spirit ===
-In a 1990 Indigenous LGBT gathering in [[Winnipeg]], the term ''[[two-spirit]]'', which refers to third-gender or gender-variant people from [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous North American]] communities, was created "to distinguish and distance Native American/First Nations people from non-Native peoples".<ref name="de Vries 2009">{{cite book |last1=de Vries |first1=Kylan Mattias |title=Encyclopedia of gender and society |date=2009 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=9781412909167 |editor1-last=O'Brien |editor1-first=Jodi |location=Los Angeles |page=64 |chapter=Berdache (Two-Spirit) |access-date=March 6, 2015 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_nyHS4WyUKEC |archive-date=May 1, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501010210/http://books.google.com/books?id=_nyHS4WyUKEC |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>
+Originating from a 1990 Indigenous LGBT gathering in Winnipeg, the term [[Two-spirit]] refers to individuals within Indigenous North American communities who embody qualities or fulfill roles across traditional gender distinctions.<ref name="de Vries 2009">{{cite book |last1=de Vries |first1=Kylan Mattias |title=Encyclopedia of gender and society |date=2009 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=9781412909167 |editor1-last=O'Brien |editor1-first=Jodi |location=Los Angeles |page=64 |chapter=Berdache (Two-Spirit) |access-date=March 6, 2015 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_nyHS4WyUKEC |archive-date=May 1, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501010210/http://books.google.com/books?id=_nyHS4WyUKEC |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>
 === Xenogender ===
-'''Xenogender''' is an umbrella term for gender identities that are described with terms outside standard human understandings of gender. These gender identities are typically defined metaphorically in relation to nonhuman animals, plants, foods, objects or sensory characteristics rather than male or female.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Beattie |first1=Michael |author2=Penny Lenihan |author3=Robin Dundas |author4=Christiane Sanderson |date=2018 |title=Counselling skills for working with gender diversity and identity |location=London |publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers |isbn=978-1-78450-481-6 |oclc=1028945173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morin |first=Florentin Félix |date=April 3, 2017 |title=EGO HIPPO: the subject as metaphor |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0969725X.2017.1322822 |journal=Angelaki |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=87–96 |doi=10.1080/0969725X.2017.1322822 |s2cid=149400086 |issn=0969-725X |access-date=March 6, 2022 |archive-date=March 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304131420/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0969725X.2017.1322822 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+'''Xenogender''' encompasses a variety of gender identities that are defined using non-traditional concepts often drawn from natural, inanimate, or abstract sources, representing a departure from the typical human gender binary.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Beattie |first1=Michael |author2=Penny Lenihan |author3=Robin Dundas |author4=Christiane Sanderson |date=2018 |title=Counselling skills for working with gender diversity and identity |location=London |publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers |isbn=978-1-78450-481-6 |oclc=1028945173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morin |first=Florentin Félix |date=April 3, 2017 |title=EGO HIPPO: the subject as metaphor |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0969725X.2017.1322822 |journal=Angelaki |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=87–96 |doi=10.1080/0969725X.2017.1322822 |s2cid=149400086 |issn=0969-725X |access-date=March 6, 2022 |archive-date=March 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304131420/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0969725X.2017.1322822 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 === Other identities ===
-There are other identities, such as [[maverique]], [[aporagender]], [[wikt:ambigender|ambigender]], [[wiktionary:intergender|intergender]], and [[genderflux]].<ref name=":4" />
+This includes identities such as [[maverique]], [[aporagender]], [[wikt:ambigender|ambigender]], [[wiktionary:intergender|intergender]], and [[genderflux|genderflux,]] each presenting unique perspectives and experiences outside conventional gender norms.<ref name=":4" />
 ==History==
 {{Further|Third gender#History|Transgender history}}
-[[File:Shea Coulee Baking with Bambi May 2021.png|thumb|Drag queen and musician [[Shea Couleé]] identifies as gay and non-binary, using "they/them" pronouns offstage<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 15, 2014 |title=THE Q LIST Shea Coulee's drag revolution will be televised – Windy City Times News |url=https://www.windycitytimes.com/lgbt/THE-Q-LIST-Shea-Coulees-drag-revolution-will-be-televised/45856.html |access-date=January 11, 2023 |website=Windy City Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 30, 2019 |title=Shea Couleé Opens Up About Embracing Their Non-Binary Identity |url=https://www.them.us/story/shea-coulee-interview |access-date=January 11, 2023 |website=Them}}</ref>]]
+[[File:Shea Coulee Baking with Bambi May 2021.png|thumb|Drag queen and musician [[Shea Couleé|Shea Couleé,]] who identifies as gay and non-binary and uses "they/them" pronouns offstage. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 15, 2014 |title=THE Q LIST Shea Coulee's drag revolution will be televised – Windy City Times News |url=https://www.windycitytimes.com/lgbt/THE-Q-LIST-Shea-Coulees-drag-revolution-will-be-televised/45856.html |access-date=January 11, 2023 |website=Windy City Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 30, 2019 |title=Shea Couleé Opens Up About Embracing Their Non-Binary Identity |url=https://www.them.us/story/shea-coulee-interview |access-date=January 11, 2023 |website=Them}}</ref>]]
-[[File:JudithButler2013.jpg|thumb|[[Judith Butler]], American philosopher, published ''Gender Trouble'' in 1990 and publicly declared themself non-binary in 2019<ref name="McManus">{{Cite web |last=McManus |first=Matthew |date=July 21, 2020 |title=Matt McManus Interviews Judith Butler |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0A1uuD0nm1k |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811092403/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0A1uuD0nm1k |archive-date=August 11, 2020 |access-date=July 26, 2020 |website=[[YouTube]] |publisher=[[Zero Books]] |at=37:01}}</ref>]]
+[[File:JudithButler2013.jpg|thumb|[[Judith Butler]], an American philosopher, who published ''Gender Trouble'' in 1990 and publicly came out as non-binary in 2019, is a contemporary figure in the non-binary movement.<ref name="McManus">{{Cite web |last=McManus |first=Matthew |date=July 21, 2020 |title=Matt McManus Interviews Judith Butler |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0A1uuD0nm1k |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811092403/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0A1uuD0nm1k |archive-date=August 11, 2020 |access-date=July 26, 2020 |website=[[YouTube]] |publisher=[[Zero Books]] |at=37:01}}</ref>]]
-Non-binary gender has been included within the [[third gender]] concept, but the history of identities now classified as third gender extends beyond that of nonbinary gender in particular.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Towle |first1=Evan B |last2=Morgan |first2=Lynn Marie |date=2002 |title=Romancing the Transgender Native: Rethinking the Use of the "Third Gender" Concept |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/4/article/12222 |journal=GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=469–497 |doi=10.1215/10642684-8-4-469 |s2cid=143201735 |issn=1527-9375}}</ref>
+Non-binary gender, often included within the concept of [[third gender]], has historical roots that extend well before the modern term was established.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Towle |first1=Evan B |last2=Morgan |first2=Lynn Marie |date=2002 |title=Romancing the Transgender Native: Rethinking the Use of the "Third Gender" Concept |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/4/article/12222 |journal=GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=469–497 |doi=10.1215/10642684-8-4-469 |s2cid=143201735 |issn=1527-9375}}</ref> For instance, the Public Universal Friend, who emerged in 1776, was a genderless evangelist who renounced their birth name and gendered pronouns, representing an early instance of non-binary gender expression in America.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wisbey |first=Herbert A. Jr. |orig-year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nu_Kk0mwm00C |title=Pioneer Prophetess: Jemima Wilkinson, the Publick Universal Friend |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8014-7551-1 |pages=7–14 |access-date=September 8, 2021 |archive-date=June 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607163811/https://books.google.com/books?id=nu_Kk0mwm00C |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Moyer |first=Paul B. |title=The Public Universal Friend: Jemima Wilkinson and Religious Enthusiasm in Revolutionary America |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-8014-5413-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/publicuniversalf00moye |pages=12, 18, 100}}</ref><ref name="Schmidt">Samantha Schmidt, ''[https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/01/05/long-before-theythem-pronouns-genderless-prophet-drew-hundreds-followers/ A genderless prophet drew hundreds of followers long before the age of nonbinary pronouns] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231181417/https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/01/05/long-before-theythem-pronouns-genderless-prophet-drew-hundreds-followers |date=December 31, 2021 }}'', January 5, 2020, ''[[The Washington Post]]''</ref>
+In 1781, Jens Andersson from Norway, assigned female at birth but identifying as male, faced imprisonment and a trial after marrying a woman. When questioned, Andersson stated, "Hand troer at kunde henhøre til begge Deele" ("He believes he belongs to both parts"), indicating a recognition of his dual gender identity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 16, 2014 |title=Et besynderligt givtermaal mellem tvende fruentimmer |trans-title=A strange marriage between two women |url=https://skeivtarkiv.no/skeivopedia/et-besynderligt-givtermaal-mellem-tvende-fruentimmer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727113614/https://skeivtarkiv.no/skeivopedia/et-besynderligt-givtermaal-mellem-tvende-fruentimmer |archive-date=July 27, 2021 |access-date=September 7, 2021 |website=Skeivt arkiv |language=no}}</ref>
-In 1776, the [[Public Universal Friend]] identified as a genderless evangelist, and afterward shunned both birth name and gendered pronouns,<ref>{{cite book |last=Wisbey |first=Herbert A. Jr. |orig-year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nu_Kk0mwm00C |title=Pioneer Prophetess: Jemima Wilkinson, the Publick Universal Friend |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8014-7551-1 |pages=7–14 |access-date=September 8, 2021 |archive-date=June 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607163811/https://books.google.com/books?id=nu_Kk0mwm00C |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Moyer |first=Paul B. |title=The Public Universal Friend: Jemima Wilkinson and Religious Enthusiasm in Revolutionary America |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-8014-5413-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/publicuniversalf00moye |pages=12, 18, 100}}</ref> an early American instance of public non-binary gender expression.<ref name="Schmidt">Samantha Schmidt, ''[https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/01/05/long-before-theythem-pronouns-genderless-prophet-drew-hundreds-followers/ A genderless prophet drew hundreds of followers long before the age of nonbinary pronouns] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231181417/https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/01/05/long-before-theythem-pronouns-genderless-prophet-drew-hundreds-followers |date=December 31, 2021 }}'', January 5, 2020, ''[[The Washington Post]]''</ref>
+[[Judith Butler]]'s ''Gender Trouble'', published in 1990, challenged the fixed male/female binary and advocated for a broader understanding of gender as a spectrum, a view Butler has expanded upon since coming out as non-binary in 2019.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Butler |first=Judith |title="Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity" |publisher=Routledge |year=1990 |isbn=0415900433 |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=149}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Interviews by Kian |date=December 27, 2019 |title=Judith Butler on her Philosophy and Current Events |url=https://interviewsbykian.wordpress.com/2019/12/27/judith-butler-on-her-philosophy-and-current-events |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726182552/https://interviewsbykian.wordpress.com/2019/12/27/judith-butler-on-her-philosophy-and-current-events |archive-date=July 26, 2020 |access-date=July 26, 2020 |website=Interviews by Kian}}</ref><ref name="McManus" /><ref name="DerTagesspiegel2020-05-13a2">{{cite news |first=Kathryn |last=Fischer |author-link= |date=July 13, 2020 |trans-title=The Pronoun is free from the Body – but it is not free from Gender |title=Das Pronomen ist frei vom Körper – aber es ist nicht frei vom Geschlecht |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/gesellschaft/queerspiegel/gender-und-grammatik-das-pronomen-ist-frei-vom-koerper-aber-es-ist-nicht-frei-vom-geschlecht/25826376.html |access-date=December 24, 2021 |work=[[Der Tagesspiegel]] |language=de |quote=Welches Pronomen bevorzuge ich? Butler lacht{{nbsp}}... 'Es ist they', sagt Butler{{nbsp}}... Wir haben das Jahr 2020 und Butler outet sich als 'they' – ein wahrhaft historischer Moment. |trans-quote=Which pronoun do I prefer? Butler laughs{{nbsp}}... 'It is they', Butler says{{nbsp}}... It is the year 2020, and Butler outs theirself as 'they' – a truly historic moment.}}</ref>
-In 1781, Jens Andersson of [[Norway]], assigned female at birth but identifying as male, was imprisoned and put on trial after marrying Anne Kristine Mortensdotter in a [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] church. When asked about his gender, the response was "{{lang|no|Hand troer at kunde henhøre til begge Deele}}" ("He believes he belongs to both").<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 16, 2014 |title=Et besynderligt givtermaal mellem tvende fruentimmer |trans-title=A strange marriage between two women |url=https://skeivtarkiv.no/skeivopedia/et-besynderligt-givtermaal-mellem-tvende-fruentimmer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727113614/https://skeivtarkiv.no/skeivopedia/et-besynderligt-givtermaal-mellem-tvende-fruentimmer |archive-date=July 27, 2021 |access-date=September 7, 2021 |website=Skeivt arkiv |language=no}}</ref>
+The term "genderqueer" surfaced in the mid-1990s, notably used by activist [[Riki Wilchins]] in the newsletter ''In Your Face'' in 1995, and later in their 1997 autobiography. Wilchins contributed significantly to the discourse, particularly with the 2002 anthology ''GenderQueer: Voices from beyond the Sexual Binary''.<ref>{{Cite book |editor1-first=Joan |editor1-last=Nestle |editor2-first=Clare |editor2-last=Howell |editor3-first=Riki Anne |editor3-last=Wilchins |date=2002 |title=GenderQueer: voices from beyond the sexual binary |edition=First |location=Los Angeles |publisher=Alyson Books |isbn=1-55583-730-1 |oclc=50389309}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilchins |first=Riki Anne |date=Spring 1995 |title=In Your Face No. 1 (Spring 1995) |url=https://www.digitaltransgenderarchive.net/downloads/1831ck00f |website=Digital Transgender Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Genderqueer History |url=https://genderqueerid.com/gqhistory |access-date=November 22, 2022 |website=[[Tumblr]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wilchins |first=Riki |year=2017 |title=Burn the Binary! Selected Writings on the Politics of Trans, Genderqueer and Nonbinary |location=Riverdale, NY |publisher=Riverdale Avenue Books |isbn=978-1626014077}}</ref>
-In 1990, the American [[gender theorist]] and philosopher [[Judith Butler]] published their book ''[[Gender Trouble]]'', questioning both the naturalness and the exclusive dichotomy of the male/female binary. ''Gender Trouble'' concludes by arguing that expanding cultural understandings of sex and gender contradicts the idea of sex and gender as binaries and reveals these binaries as unnatural.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Butler |first=Judith |title="Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity" |publisher=Routledge |year=1990 |isbn=0415900433 |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=149}}</ref> Butler has publicly identified as non-binary since 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Interviews by Kian |date=December 27, 2019 |title=Judith Butler on her Philosophy and Current Events |url=https://interviewsbykian.wordpress.com/2019/12/27/judith-butler-on-her-philosophy-and-current-events |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726182552/https://interviewsbykian.wordpress.com/2019/12/27/judith-butler-on-her-philosophy-and-current-events |archive-date=July 26, 2020 |access-date=July 26, 2020 |website=Interviews by Kian}}</ref><ref name="McManus"/> They use they/them and she/her pronouns, but prefer the former.<ref name="DerTagesspiegel2020-05-13a2">{{cite news |first=Kathryn |last=Fischer |author-link= |date=July 13, 2020 |trans-title=The Pronoun is free from the Body – but it is not free from Gender |title=Das Pronomen ist frei vom Körper – aber es ist nicht frei vom Geschlecht |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/gesellschaft/queerspiegel/gender-und-grammatik-das-pronomen-ist-frei-vom-koerper-aber-es-ist-nicht-frei-vom-geschlecht/25826376.html |access-date=December 24, 2021 |work=[[Der Tagesspiegel]] |language=de |quote=Welches Pronomen bevorzuge ich? Butler lacht{{nbsp}}... 'Es ist they', sagt Butler{{nbsp}}... Wir haben das Jahr 2020 und Butler outet sich als 'they' – ein wahrhaft historischer Moment. |trans-quote=Which pronoun do I prefer? Butler laughs{{nbsp}}... 'It is they', Butler says{{nbsp}}... It is the year 2020, and Butler outs theirself as 'they' – a truly historic moment.}}</ref>
+[[Jim Sinclair (activist)|Jim Sinclair]], an autism-rights activist and a founder of Autism Network International, publicly embraced a gender-neutral identity in 1997, declaring a physical and social neuter status in an introduction to the [[Intersex Society of North America]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 7, 2009 |title=Brief Biography |url=http://web.syr.edu/~jisincla/brief_bio.htm |access-date=November 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207013228/http://web.syr.edu/~jisincla/brief_bio.htm |archive-date=February 7, 2009}}</ref>
-In the mid-1990s, the term "gender queer" emerged in connection with the American [[Transgender rights movement|transgender rights]] activist [[Riki Wilchins]], who in 2002 co-edited a collection of articles, ''GenderQueer: Voices from beyond the Sexual Binary''.<ref>{{Cite book |editor1-first=Joan |editor1-last=Nestle |editor2-first=Clare |editor2-last=Howell |editor3-first=Riki Anne |editor3-last=Wilchins |date=2002 |title=GenderQueer: voices from beyond the sexual binary |edition=First |location=Los Angeles |publisher=Alyson Books |isbn=1-55583-730-1 |oclc=50389309}}</ref> Wilchins used the expression as early as 1995 in the ''In Your Face'' newsletter to argue against gender discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilchins |first=Riki Anne |date=Spring 1995 |title=In Your Face No. 1 (Spring 1995) |url=https://www.digitaltransgenderarchive.net/downloads/1831ck00f |website=Digital Transgender Archive}}</ref> In 1997, Wilchins announced they identify as ''genderqueer'' in their autobiography.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Genderqueer History |url=https://genderqueerid.com/gqhistory |access-date=November 22, 2022 |website=[[Tumblr]]}}</ref> In 2017, they published a collection of articles titled ''Burn the Binary''!<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wilchins |first=Riki |year=2017 |title=Burn the Binary! Selected Writings on the Politics of Trans, Genderqueer and Nonbinary |location=Riverdale, NY |publisher=Riverdale Avenue Books |isbn=978-1626014077}}</ref>
+In [[Japan]], the expression "[[X-gender]]" ({{Transliteration|ja|x-jendā}}) has been recognized since the late 1990s, describing a non-binary identity, with notable individuals like manga artists [[Yuhki Kamatani|Yūki Kamatani]] and [[Yuu Watase]] identifying as such.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Intersections: An Introduction to X-Jendā: Examining a new gender identity in Japan |url=http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue31/dale.htm |access-date=November 21, 2022 |website=intersections.anu.edu.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |first=Yuu |last=Watase |author-link=Yuu Watase |user=wataseyuu_ |number=1130461270358908928 |script-title=ja:ブログでもここでも呟いたけど、再度。漫画にも影響してると思うから。私はXジェンダーと医師に診断されてて、中身は、男にも女にも寄れるし男でも女でもない。見た目はちゃんと(20代後半から社会に合わせて)どうせやるならやるでメイクもオシャレもする、それだけ。女性の身体は否定しないが→ |title=Burogu demo koko demo tsubuyaitakedo, saido. Manga ni mo eikyō shi teru to omoukara. Watashi wa X jendā to ishi ni shindan sa re tete, nakami wa, otoko ni mo on'na ni mo yorerushi otoko demo on'na demonai. Mitame wa chanto (20-dai kōhan kara shakai ni awa sete) dōse yarunara yarude meiku mo oshare mo suru, sore dake. Josei no karada wa hitei shinaiga ￫ |trans-title=I muttered it on my blog and here, but again. I think it affects comics too. I've been diagnosed as X-gender by a doctor, and I'm neither male nor female. If you want to look good (in your late 20s and in line with society), do it anyway, make up and be fashionable, that's all. I don't deny the female body, but |language=ja |access-date=November 21, 2022}}</ref>
-In 1997, [[Autism rights movement|autism-rights movement]] activist [[Jim Sinclair (activist)|Jim Sinclair]], one of the founders of [[Autism Network International]] (ANI), publicly declared themself gender-neutral, writing, "I remain openly and proudly neuter, both physically and socially" in their 1997 self-introduction to the [[Intersex Society of North America]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 7, 2009 |title=Brief Biography |url=http://web.syr.edu/~jisincla/brief_bio.htm |access-date=November 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207013228/http://web.syr.edu/~jisincla/brief_bio.htm |archive-date=February 7, 2009}}</ref>
+In 2012, the Intersex & Genderqueer Recognition Project began advocating for more inclusive gender options on official documents, a milestone realized when [[Elisa Rae Shupe]] became the first person in the U.S. to obtain official documents with a non-binary gender marker.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.intersexrecognition.org/about |title=About Us – Intersex & Genderqueer Recognition Project (IGRP) |website=igrp |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=April 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404231432/https://www.intersexrecognition.org/about |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Mary Emily|last=O'Hara|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/movement-third-gender-option-exploding-u-s-n696446|title=Movement for third gender option 'exploding' in U.S.|website=[[NBC News]]|date=December 16, 2016|access-date=December 9, 2019|archive-date=October 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018055948/https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/movement-third-gender-option-exploding-u-s-n696446|url-status=live}}</ref>
-In [[Japan]], the expression "[[X-gender]]" ({{Transliteration|ja|x-jendā}}) has been used since the late 1990s as a definition of gender outside of the binary of male and female.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Intersections: An Introduction to X-Jendā: Examining a new gender identity in Japan |url=http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue31/dale.htm |access-date=November 21, 2022 |website=intersections.anu.edu.au}}</ref> Notable people identifying as X-gender include manga artists [[Yuhki Kamatani|Yūki Kamatani]] and [[Yuu Watase]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |first=Yuu |last=Watase |author-link=Yuu Watase |user=wataseyuu_ |number=1130461270358908928 |script-title=ja:ブログでもここでも呟いたけど、再度。漫画にも影響してると思うから。私はXジェンダーと医師に診断されてて、中身は、男にも女にも寄れるし男でも女でもない。見た目はちゃんと(20代後半から社会に合わせて)どうせやるならやるでメイクもオシャレもする、それだけ。女性の身体は否定しないが→ |title=Burogu demo koko demo tsubuyaitakedo, saido. Manga ni mo eikyō shi teru to omoukara. Watashi wa X jendā to ishi ni shindan sa re tete, nakami wa, otoko ni mo on'na ni mo yorerushi otoko demo on'na demonai. Mitame wa chanto (20-dai kōhan kara shakai ni awa sete) dōse yarunara yarude meiku mo oshare mo suru, sore dake. Josei no karada wa hitei shinaiga ￫ |trans-title=I muttered it on my blog and here, but again. I think it affects comics too. I've been diagnosed as X-gender by a doctor, and I'm neither male nor female. If you want to look good (in your late 20s and in line with society), do it anyway, make up and be fashionable, that's all. I don't deny the female body, but |language=ja |access-date=November 21, 2022}}</ref>
+[[Alberta]] legislator [[Estefan Cortes-Vargas]] openly identified as non-binary during a 2015 legislative session, marking a significant moment in political recognition of non-binary identities.<ref name="Macleans 2015">[//www.macleans.ca/news/canada/for-the-record-an-alberta-mla-on-battling-gender-identity/ "An Alberta MLA on battling gender identity"]. ''[[Maclean's]]'', December 1, 2015</ref>
-In 2012, the Intersex & Genderqueer Recognition Project began to advocate for expanding gender options on official documentation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.intersexrecognition.org/about |title=About Us – Intersex & Genderqueer Recognition Project (IGRP) |website=igrp |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=April 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404231432/https://www.intersexrecognition.org/about |url-status=live}}</ref>{{failed verification|reason=The live and archived version differ considerably, but neither verifies the preceding content.|date=November 2022}} In 2016, [[Elisa Rae Shupe]] was the first person to have a non-binary gender on official U.S. documents.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Mary Emily|last=O'Hara|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/movement-third-gender-option-exploding-u-s-n696446|title=Movement for third gender option 'exploding' in U.S.|website=[[NBC News]]|date=December 16, 2016|access-date=December 9, 2019|archive-date=October 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018055948/https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/movement-third-gender-option-exploding-u-s-n696446|url-status=live}}</ref>
-In 2015, legislator [[Estefan Cortes-Vargas]] came out as non-binary in the [[Legislative Assembly of Alberta]] during a debate over the inclusion of transgender rights in the provincial human rights code.<ref name="Macleans 2015">[//www.macleans.ca/news/canada/for-the-record-an-alberta-mla-on-battling-gender-identity/ "An Alberta MLA on battling gender identity"]. ''[[Maclean's]]'', December 1, 2015</ref>
 ==Pronouns and titles==
 {{Main|Gender neutrality in languages with gendered third-person pronouns|Gender-neutral language}}
-[[File:Gender recognition pins cropped.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Pronoun pin badges from a 2016 art and tech festival]]
+[[File:Gender recognition pins cropped.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Pronoun pin badges from a 2016 art and tech festival]]
-Many non-binary or genderqueer people use [[gender-neutral pronoun]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-30 |title=Beyond 'he' and 'she': 1 in 4 LGBTQ youths use nonbinary pronouns, survey finds |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/beyond-he-she-1-4-lgbtq-youths-use-nonbinary-pronouns-n1235204 |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> In English, usage of [[Singular they|singular "they", "their" and "them"]] is the most common;<ref name="gendercensus2021">{{cite web |title=Gender Census 2021: Worldwide Report |url=https://gendercensus.com/results/2021-worldwide/#pronouns |website=Gender Census |access-date=April 16, 2021 |date=April 1, 2021 |archive-date=April 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417031047/https://gendercensus.com/results/2021-worldwide/#pronouns |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hekanaho2020">{{cite thesis |last=Hekanaho |first=Laura |date=December 8, 2020 |title=Generic and Nonbinary Pronouns: Usage, Acceptability and Attitudes |type=PhD |publisher=[[University of Helsinki]] |isbn=978-9515168313 |url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/321581/hekanaho_laura_dissertation_2020.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=March 7, 2021 |page=221 |archive-date=March 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307171934/https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/321581/hekanaho_laura_dissertation_2020.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live}}</ref> nonstandard pronouns—commonly called [[neopronouns]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Marcus |first=Ezra |date=April 8, 2021 |title=A Guide to Neopronouns |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/08/style/neopronouns-nonbinary-explainer.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/08/style/neopronouns-nonbinary-explainer.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-access=limited |access-date=April 30, 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref>—such as {{wt|en|xe|i=-}}, {{wt|en|ze|i=-}}, {{wt|en|sie|i=-}}, {{wt|en|co|i=-}}, and [[Elverson pronoun|ey]] are sometimes used as well. Some others use the conventional [[gender-specific pronouns]] "he" or "she", alternate between "he" and "she", or use only their name and no pronouns at all.<ref>{{cite book |last=Feinberg |first=Leslie |author-link=Leslie Feinberg |title=Transgender Warriors: Making History from Joan of Arc to Dennis Rodman |url=https://archive.org/details/transgenderwarri0000fein |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Beacon Press]] |location=[[Boston, Massachusetts]] |date=1996 |isbn=978-0-8070-7940-9 |oclc=33014093}}</ref> Many use additional neutral language, such as the title [[Mx (title)|Mx.]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 3, 2015 |title=A gender neutral honorific, 'Mx', could be added to the Oxford English Dictionary very soon |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/gender-neutral-honorific-mx-to-be-included-in-the-oxford-english-dictionary-alongside-mr-ms-and-mrs-and-miss-10222287.html |access-date=November 10, 2022 |work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Ruth |last=Pearce |url=http://www.lesbilicious.co.uk/non-gendered-titles-see-increased-recognition |title=Non-gendered titles see increased recognition |date=July 21, 2011 |work=Lesbilicious |access-date=August 29, 2012 |archive-date=September 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918104612/http://www.lesbilicious.co.uk/non-gendered-titles-see-increased-recognition |url-status=dead}}</ref>
+Many non-binary people use [[Gender-neutral pronoun|gender-neutral pronouns]] with the [[Singular they|singular "they", "their" and "them"]] being used most commonly in English. Some non-binary individuals opt for [[neopronouns]] such as {{wt|en|xe|i=-}}, {{wt|en|ze|i=-}}, {{wt|en|sie|i=-}}, {{wt|en|co|i=-}}, and [[Elverson pronoun|ey]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-30 |title=Beyond 'he' and 'she': 1 in 4 LGBTQ youths use nonbinary pronouns, survey finds |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/beyond-he-she-1-4-lgbtq-youths-use-nonbinary-pronouns-n1235204 |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hekanaho2020">{{cite thesis |last=Hekanaho |first=Laura |date=December 8, 2020 |title=Generic and Nonbinary Pronouns: Usage, Acceptability and Attitudes |type=PhD |publisher=[[University of Helsinki]] |isbn=978-9515168313 |url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/321581/hekanaho_laura_dissertation_2020.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=March 7, 2021 |page=221 |archive-date=March 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307171934/https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/321581/hekanaho_laura_dissertation_2020.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="gendercensus2021">{{cite web |title=Gender Census 2021: Worldwide Report |url=https://gendercensus.com/results/2021-worldwide/#pronouns |website=Gender Census |access-date=April 16, 2021 |date=April 1, 2021 |archive-date=April 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417031047/https://gendercensus.com/results/2021-worldwide/#pronouns |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Marcus |first=Ezra |date=April 8, 2021 |title=A Guide to Neopronouns |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/08/style/neopronouns-nonbinary-explainer.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/08/style/neopronouns-nonbinary-explainer.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-access=limited |access-date=April 30, 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Others may use traditional [[gender-specific pronouns]] like "he" or "she", switch between them, or prefer to use their name without pronouns.<ref>{{cite book |last=Feinberg |first=Leslie |author-link=Leslie Feinberg |title=Transgender Warriors: Making History from Joan of Arc to Dennis Rodman |url=https://archive.org/details/transgenderwarri0000fein |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Beacon Press]] |location=[[Boston, Massachusetts]] |date=1996 |isbn=978-0-8070-7940-9 |oclc=33014093}}</ref> The title [[Mx (title)|Mx.]] is also increasingly used as a gender-neutral honorific[[Mx (title)|.]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 3, 2015 |title=A gender neutral honorific, 'Mx', could be added to the Oxford English Dictionary very soon |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/gender-neutral-honorific-mx-to-be-included-in-the-oxford-english-dictionary-alongside-mr-ms-and-mrs-and-miss-10222287.html |access-date=November 10, 2022 |work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Ruth |last=Pearce |url=http://www.lesbilicious.co.uk/non-gendered-titles-see-increased-recognition |title=Non-gendered titles see increased recognition |date=July 21, 2011 |work=Lesbilicious |access-date=August 29, 2012 |archive-date=September 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918104612/http://www.lesbilicious.co.uk/non-gendered-titles-see-increased-recognition |url-status=dead}}</ref>
-A 2015 National Center for Transgender Equality study surveyed nearly 28,000 transgender people in the [[United States]], 35% of whom identified as non-binary or genderqueer. 84% of respondents reported using pronouns that did not match the gender given on their birth certificates. 37% of respondents preferred he/him, 37% preferred she/her, and 29% preferred they/them. 20% of respondents did not ask others to use certain pronouns to refer to them, and 4% used pronouns not given in the survey choices.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last1=James |first1=S.E. |last2=Herman |first2=J.L. |last3=Rankin |first3=S. |last4=Keisling |first4=M. |last5=Mottet |first5=L. |last6=Anafi |first6=M. |title=The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey |publisher=National Center for Transgender Equality |url=https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/usts/USTS%20Full%20Report%20-%20FINAL%201.6.17.pdf}}</ref>
+A significant 2015 study by the National Center for Transgender Equality surveyed nearly 28,000 transgender people in the [[United States]], finding that 35% identified as non-binary or genderqueer. Among them, 84% used pronouns different from those associated with the gender on their birth certificates. The breakdown of preferred pronouns was 37% for "he/him," 37% for "she/her," and 29% for "they/them." Additionally, 20% did not request specific pronouns be used for them, and 4% used pronouns not listed in the survey.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last1=James |first1=S.E. |last2=Herman |first2=J.L. |last3=Rankin |first3=S. |last4=Keisling |first4=M. |last5=Mottet |first5=L. |last6=Anafi |first6=M. |title=The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey |publisher=National Center for Transgender Equality |url=https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/usts/USTS%20Full%20Report%20-%20FINAL%201.6.17.pdf}}</ref>[[File:Marche des Fiertés Paris 02 07 2016 06.jpg|thumb|A non-binary pride flag at a parade in Paris reading {{lang|fr|Mon genre est non-binaire}} ("My gender is non-binary")]]In a 2023 Gender Census survey, 40,375 participants provided insights into how they describe their gender identity and their preferred references. The key identity labels reported were nonbinary, used by 63.1% of respondents (down 0.8% from the previous year), queer (54.8%, up 0.2%), trans (46.7%, up 8.5%), a category described simply as a person/human/[my name]/“I’m just me” (42.5%, newly included this year), and transgender (40.3%, up 6.4%).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kermode |first1=Jennie |title=International survey explores changing words for gender |url=https://bylines.scot/business/international-survey-explores-changing-words-for-gender/ |publisher=Bylines Scotlant}}</ref> The survey also explored title preferences, with 40.1% preferring no title at all (up 1.5%), followed by Mx (18.7%, down 1.4%), Mr (11.5%, up 2.1%), non-gendered professional/academic titles (9.4%, up 1.0%), and Ms (5.5%, up 1.1%). Pronoun usage varied, with "they/them" being the most popular at 74.5% (down 1.2%), "he/him" at 42.5% (up 2.1%), "she/her" at 32.7% (no change), "it/its" at 19.4% (up 3.2%), and a preference for avoiding pronouns or using names as pronouns at 13.2% (up 2.1%). This data offers a comprehensive view of the diverse and evolving ways individuals within the non-binary community identify and prefer to be referred to.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gender Census 2023: Worldwide Report – Gender Census |url=https://www.gendercensus.com/results/2023-worldwide |access-date=2023-10-11}}</ref>
-The 2023 Gender Census, an annual survey of people "whose genders are not adequately described, expressed or encompassed by the restrictive gender binary," found that 63.1% of respondents said the word "nonbinary" best described how they thought of themselves in English.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gender Census 2023: Worldwide Report – Gender Census |url=https://www.gendercensus.com/results/2023-worldwide |access-date=2023-10-11}}</ref>
 ==Legal recognition==
 {{main|Legal recognition of non-binary gender}}
+[[File:Third-gender-recognition-equaldex.svg|thumb|Third gender recognition world map]]
 Many non-binary/genderqueer people use the gender they were given at birth to conduct everyday business, as many institutions and forms of identification—such as passports and driver's licenses—only accept, in the sense of recorded recognition, binary gender identities. But with the increasing acceptance of non-binary gender identities and the rise in wider societal recognition, this is slowly changing, as more governments and institutions recognize and allow non-binary identities.<ref name=richardsetal>{{Cite journal |last1=Richards |first1=Christina |last2=Bouman |first2=Walter Pierre |last3=Seal |first3=Leighton |last4=Barker |first4=Meg John |last5=Nieder |first5=Timo O. |last6=T'Sjoen |first6=Guy |date=2016 |title=Non-binary or genderqueer genders |journal=International Review of Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=95–102 |pmid=26753630 |doi=10.3109/09540261.2015.1106446 |s2cid=29985722 |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/7279758 |access-date=June 9, 2019 |archive-date=June 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626224658/https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/7279758|url-status=live|hdl=1854/LU-7279758 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>