Jump to content

Karl Taylor Compton: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Content deleted Content added
Citation bot (talk | contribs)
Add: pmid, bibcode, authors 1-1. Removed parameters. Some additions/deletions were parameter name changes. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Headbomb | #UCB_toolbar
 
(132 intermediate revisions by 82 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{short description|American physicist and university president (1887–1954)}}
[[Image:Karl Taylor Compton.jpg|thumb|px|right|Karl Taylor Compton, [[1940]].]]
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Karl Compton
|image = Karl Compton smiling.jpg
|office = President of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
|term_start = 1930
|term_end = 1948
|predecessor = [[Samuel Wesley Stratton]]
|successor = [[James Rhyne Killian]]
|birth_date = {{birth date|1887|9|14}}
|birth_place = [[Wooster, Ohio|Wooster]], [[Ohio]], U.S.
|death_date = {{death date and age|1954|6|22|1887|9|14}}
|death_place = [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.
|relatives = [[Arthur Compton]] (brother)<br>[[Wilson Martindale Compton]] (brother)
|education = [[College of Wooster]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Master of Science|MS]])<br>[[Princeton University]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
|module = {{Infobox scientist
|embed = yes
|fields = [[Physics]]
|workplaces = [[College of Wooster]]<br>[[Reed College]]<br>[[Princeton University]]<br>[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
|thesis_title = The Influence of the Contact Difference of Potential between the Plates Emitting and Receiving Electrons Liberated by Ultraviolet Light on the Measurement of the Velocities of These Electrons
|thesis_url = https://search.proquest.com/docview/301739926/
|thesis_year = 1911
|doctoral_advisor = [[Owen Willans Richardson]]
|doctoral_students = [[Henry DeWolf Smyth]]<br>[[John Quincy Stewart]]<br>[[Carl Henry Eckart]]<br>[[Rao Yutai|Rao/Yao Yutai]] <br>[[Philip M. Morse]]<br>[[Wayne B. Nottingham]]}}
}}
'''Karl Taylor Compton''' (September 14, 1887 &ndash; June 22, 1954) was a prominent [[United States|American]] [[physicist]] and president of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT) from 1930 to 1948.<ref>Borth, Christy. ''Masters of Mass Production,'' pp.14-15, Bobbs-Merrill Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, 1945.</ref>


== The early years (1887–1912) ==
'''Karl Taylor Compton''' ([[September 14]], [[1887]] – [[June 22]], [[1954]]) was a prominent [[United States|American]] [[physicist]] and president of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT) from [[1930]] to [[1948]].
Karl Taylor Compton was born in [[Wooster, Ohio|Wooster]], [[Ohio]], on September 14, 1887, the eldest of three brothers (including [[Arthur Compton]] and [[Wilson Martindale Compton]]) and one sister, Mary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Karl-Taylor-Compton|title=Karl Taylor Compton {{!}} American physicist|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.nap.edu/catalog/2037/biographical-memoirs-v61|title=Biographical Memoirs: V.61|last=Sciences|first=National Academy of|year=1992|isbn=9780309047463|pages=39–57|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dp2TAwAAQBAJ&q=Karl+Taylor+Compton+birthday&pg=PA154|title=Anniversaries and Holidays|last=Trawicky|first=Bernard|date=2009-04-30|publisher=American Library Association|isbn=9780838910047|language=en}}</ref> His father, Elias Compton, was from an old American Presbyterian family, and his mother, Otelia Augspurger Compton, was from an [[Alsace|Alsatian]] and [[Hesse|Hessian]] [[Mennonite]] family that had recently immigrated to the United States. He came from a remarkably accomplished family in which his brother Arthur became a prominent physicist and sister Mary a missionary.


Beginning in 1897, Compton's summers were spent camping at [[Otsego Lake Township, Michigan|Otsego Lake]], [[Michigan]] while attending Wooster public schools in fall, winter and summer. He took hard labor jobs starting at age eleven to help pay for college, working carrying hods for construction projects, as a farm hand, mule skinner, a book canvasser, in tile and brick factories and surveyed the first mile of paved road in Ohio.
== The Early Years (1897-1912) ==
Karl Taylor Compton was born in [[Wooster, Ohio|Wooster]], [[Ohio]], the eldest of three brothers and one sister. His father, [[Elias Compton]], was from an old American Presbyterian family, and his mother, [[Otelia Augspurger Compton]], was from an [[Alsace|Alsatian]] and [[Hesse|Hessian]] [[Mennonite]] family that had recently immigrated to the United States. He came from a remarkably accomplished family in which his brother [[Arthur Compton|Arthur]] became a prominent physicist and sister [[Mary Compton Rice|Mary]] a missionary.


In 1902, Compton skipped a grade and went into [[The College of Wooster|Wooster University]]'s preparatory department for the last two years of high school. In 1908, he graduated from Wooster ''[[Latin honors|cum laude]]'' with a bachelor of philosophy degree, then in 1909 his master's thesis ''A study of the [[Wehnelt]] electrolytic interrupter'' was published in ''[[Physical Review]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Compton |first=Karl Taylor |date=Feb 1910 |title=A Study of the Wehnelt Electrolytic Interrupter |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevSeriesI.30.161 |journal=Physical Review |series=Series I |language=en |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=161–179 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevSeriesI.30.161 |bibcode=1910PhRvI..30..161C |issn=1536-6065}}</ref> During 1909–1910 he was an instructor in Wooster's chemistry department before entering a graduate program at [[Princeton University]]. There he received the [[Porter Ogden Jacobus Fellowship]], and worked with [[Owen Willans Richardson]] and jointly published several papers on electrons released by ultraviolet light, electron theory and on the photoelectric effect. Richardson went on to receive the [[Nobel Prize]] in some of the areas where Compton contributed. In 1912, Compton received his Ph.D. from Princeton [[Latin honors|summa cum laude]].<ref name="thesis-compton-1911">{{cite thesis |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/301739926/ |title=The Influence of the Contact Difference of Potential Between the Plates Emitting and Receiving Electrons Liberated by Ultraviolet Light on the Measurement of the Velocities of these Electrons |date=1911 |publisher=[[Princeton University]] |type=Ph.D. |last=Compton |first=Karl Taylor |via=[[ProQuest]] |url-access=subscription |oclc=247563377}}</ref>
Beginning in [[1897]] Compton's summers were spent camping at [[Otsego Lake (Michigan)|Otsego Lake]], [[Michigan]] while attending [[Wooster, Ohio|Wooster]] public schools in fall, winter and summer. He took hard labor jobs starting at age eleven to help pay for college, working carrying hods for construction projects, as a farm hand, mule skinner, a book canvasser, in tile and brick factories and surveyed the first mile of paved road in [[Ohio]].


== Reed College and WW I (1913–1918) ==
In [[1902]] Compton skipped a grade and went into [[The College of Wooster|Wooster University]]'s preparatory department for the last two years of high school. In [[1908]] he graduated from Wooster ''[[Latin honors|cum laude]]'' with a bachelor of philosophy degree, then in [[1909]] his master's thesis ''A study of the [[Wehnelt]] electrolytic interrupter'' was published in ''[[Physical Review]]''. During ([[1909]]-[[1910]]) he was an instructor in Wooster's chemistry department before entering a graduate program at [[Princeton University]]. There he received the [[Porter Ogden Jacobus Fellowship]], and worked with [[Owen Willans Richardson]] and jointly published several papers on electrons released by ultraviolet light, electron theory and on the photoelectric effect. Richardson went on to receive the [[Nobel Prize]] in some of the areas where Compton contributed. In [[1912]] Compton received his Ph.D. from Princeton [[Latin honors|summa cum laude]].
In June 1913, Compton married Rowena Raymond. They moved to [[Reed College]] in [[Portland, Oregon]], where Compton was an instructor in physics. In 1915, he returned to Princeton as an associate professor of physics. He also took a consultancy at the [[General Electric Corporation]]. He contributed to the war effort at Princeton and with the [[Signal Corps (United States Army)|Signal Corps]]. In December 1917, Compton was attached to the US Embassy in [[Paris]] as an associate [[science attaché]].


== Reed College and WW I (1913-1918) ==
== Princeton University (1918–1930) ==
After the [[Armistice]] of 1918, the end of [[World War I]] Compton returned home to Princeton, his wife and three-year-old daughter Mary Evelyn. In June 1919, Compton was made a full professor, and worked in the [[Palmer Laboratory]] where his gift for teaching was legendary. His research was in the area of [[electronics]] and [[spectroscopy]] in subject areas such as passage of [[photoelectrons]] through metals, [[ionization]], the motion of [[electrons]] in [[gases]], [[fluorescence]], theory of the [[electric arc]], [[absorption (electromagnetic radiation)|absorption]] and [[Emission (electromagnetic radiation)|emission]] [[electromagnetic spectrum|spectra]] of [[Mercury (element)|mercury]] vapor, and collisions of [[electron]]s and [[atom]]s.
In June of [[1913]] Compton married Rowena Raymond. They moved to Reed College in [[Portland, Oregon]], where Compton was an instructor in Physics. In [[1915]] he returned to Princeton as an associate professor of physics. He also took a consultancy at the [[General Electric Corporation]]. He contributed to the war effort at Princeton and with the [[Signal Corps]]. In December of [[1917]] Compton was attached to the US Embassy in [[Paris]] as an associate [[science attaché]].
His paper with OT Richardson, "The Photoelectric Effect," in 1912<ref name="Richardson Compton 1912 pp. 783–784">{{cite journal | last1=Richardson | first1=O. W. | last2=Compton | first2=Karl T. | title=The Photoelectric Effect | journal=Science | publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) | volume=35 | issue=907 | date=1912-05-17 | issn=0036-8075 | doi=10.1126/science.35.907.783 | pages=783–784| pmid=17792421 | bibcode=1912Sci....35..783R }}</ref> was one of the first verifications of Einstein's 1905 paper on the [[photoelectric effect]].<ref name="Whittaker 1989 p. ">{{cite book | last=Whittaker | first=Sir Edmund | title=A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity | publisher=Courier Dover Publications | date=1989-01-01 | isbn=0-486-26126-3 | volume=2 | page=89}}</ref>


Rowena died in the fall of 1919. In 1921, Compton married [[Margaret Hutchinson Compton|Margaret Hutchinson]], with whom he had a daughter, Jean, and a son, Charles Arthur. In 1927, Compton was named director of research at the [[Palmer Laboratory]] and [[Cyrus Fogg Brackett Chair of Physics|Cyrus Fogg Brackett professor]]. In 1929 he was appointed head of the department. Over one hundred papers were published in his name during his time at Princeton.
== Princeton University (1918-1930) ==
After the [[Armistice]] of [[1918]], the end of [[World War I]] Compton returned home to [[Princeton University|Princeton]], his wife and three year old daughter [[Mary Evelyn Compton|Mary Evelyn]]. In June of [[1919]] Compton was made a full professor, and worked in the [[Palmer Laboratory]] where his gift for teaching was legendary. His research was in the area of [[electronics]] and [[spectroscopy]] in subject areas such as passage of [[photoelectrons]] through metals, [[ionization]], the motion of [[electrons]] in [[gases]], [[fluorescence]], theory of the [[electric arc]], [[absorption]] and [[emission]] [[spectra]] of [[Mercury (element)|mercury]] vapor, and collisions of [[electron]]s and [[atom]]s. Unfortunately, Rowena died in the fall of 1919. In [[1921]] Compton married [[Margaret Hutchinson Compton|Margaret Hutchinson]], with whom he had a daughter, Jean, and a son, Charles Arthur. In [[1927]] Compton was named Director of Research at the [[Palmer Laboratory]] and [[Cyrus Fogg Brackett]] professor. In [[1929]] he was appointed head of the department. Over one hundred papers were published in his name during his time at [[Princeton University|Princeton]].


In [[1923]] Compton was elected a member of the [[American Philosophical Society]] and in [[1924]] a member of the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] for which he was chairman of the [[Section of Physics]] ([[1927]]-[[1930]]). He was named vice-president of the [[American Physical Society]] ([[American Physical Society|APS]]) in [[1925]] and in [[1927]] became its president. Compton was also a fellow of the [[Optical Society of America]], a member of the [[American Chemical Society]], the [[Franklin Institute]] and other professional engineering societies.
In 1923, Compton was elected a member of the [[American Philosophical Society]] and in 1924 a member of the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] for which he was chairman of the [[Section of Physics]] (1927–1930). He was named vice-president of the [[American Physical Society]] ([[American Physical Society|APS]]) in 1925 and in 1927 became its president. Compton was also a fellow of the [[Optical Society of America]], a member of the [[American Chemical Society]], the [[Franklin Institute]] and other professional engineering societies.


== Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1930-1954) ==
== Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1930–1954) ==
In 1930 Compton accepted an invitation from the [[MIT Corporation]] to be president of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT), an engineering school that was redefining the relationship between [[engineering]] and [[science]]. He took office at the beginning of the [[Great Depression]] in [[United States|America]], a time of [[economic]] turmoil and a time when [[science]] was under attack as a source of social ills and national despair. Compton was to strengthen basic scientific research at the Institute while becoming a spokesman for science and technology.
In 1930, Compton accepted an invitation from the [[MIT Corporation]] to be president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), an engineering school that was redefining the relationship between [[engineering]] and [[science]]. He took office at the beginning of the [[Great Depression]] in [[United States|America]], a time of [[economic]] turmoil and a time when [[science]] was under attack as a source of social ills and national despair. Compton was to strengthen basic scientific research at the Institute while becoming a spokesman for science and technology.


During Compton's service as President the organization went through a revolutionary change. He developed a new approach to education in science and engineering, the influence of which was felt far beyond [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]. Significantly, he was active in the [[The American Society for Engineering Education|Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education]], and its president in [[1938]]. He was a leader in establishing new standards for the accreditation of engineering criteria through his role as chairman of the [[Committee on Engineering Schools]] of the [[Engineer's Council for Professional Development]]. He believed in broad-based education for scientists and engineers that was responsive to the needs of the time, and that science should be an element of industrial progress.
During Compton's service as president, the organization went through a revolutionary change. He developed a new approach to education in science and engineering, the influence of which was felt far beyond MIT. Significantly, he was active in the [[American Society for Engineering Education|Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education]], and its president in 1938. He was a leader in establishing new standards for the accreditation of engineering criteria through his role as chairman of the [[Committee on Engineering Schools]] of the [[Engineer's Council for Professional Development]]. He believed in broad-based education for scientists and engineers that was responsive to the needs of the time, and that science should be an element of industrial progress.


In the early 1930's Compton joined with members of the [[American Physical Society|APS]] to form the [[American Institute of Physics]] ([[American Institute of Physics|AIP]]). While he was chairman of the AIP board during [[1931]]-[[1936]] the organization became a federation of several disparate societies for developing subject areas in physics. It sponsored publication of research results in the rapidly expanding study of physics during that era.
In the early 1930s, Compton joined with members of the APS to form the [[American Institute of Physics]] ([[American Institute of Physics|AIP]]). While he was chairman of the AIP board during 1931–1936, the organization became a federation of several disparate societies for developing subject areas in physics. It sponsored publication of research results in the rapidly expanding study of physics during that era.


In [[1948]] Compton resigned his post as President of MIT and was elected president of the MIT Corporation. He held that position until his death on [[June 22]], [[1954]].
In 1948, Compton resigned his post as President of MIT and was elected president of the MIT Corporation. He held that position until his death on June 22, 1954.


== Cooperation with the Military (1933-1949) ==
== Cooperation with the military (1933–1949) ==
In [[1933]] U.S. President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] asked Compton to chair a new [[Scientific Advisory Board]] that lasted two years. This put him into a forefront of scientists that perceived a need for reliable scientific advice at the highest levels of government. The start of [[World War II]] motivated the start of the [[National Defense Research Committee]] (NDRC), created in [[1940]] under the chairmanship of [[Vannevar Bush]]. Compton was a member of the NDRC and became head of [[Division D]] which was responsible for assembling a group of academic and industrial engineers and scientists that would study primarily [[RADAR]], [[fire control]] and [[thermal radiation]]. In [[1941]] the NDRC was assimilated into the [[Office of Scientific Research and Development]] (OSRD) where Compton chaired the [[United States Radar Mission]] to the [[United Kingdom]]. In [[1945]], Compton was selected as one of eight members of the [[Interim Committee]] appointed to advise President [[Harry S. Truman]] on the use of the [[Nuclear weapon|atomic bomb]]. When [[Japan]] surrendered in 1945, [[World War II]] came to an end and Compton left the OSRD. In [[1946]] Compton chaired the President's Advisory Commission on Military Training. From 1946 to [[1948]] he was a member of the [[Naval Research Advisory Committee]]. Compton chaired the Joint Research and Development Board from 1948 to [[1949]], when he stepped down for health reasons.
In 1933, U.S. President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] asked Compton to chair a new [[Scientific Advisory Board]] that lasted two years. This put him into a forefront of scientists that perceived a need for reliable scientific advice at the highest levels of government. The start of [[World War II]] motivated the start of the [[National Defense Research Committee]] (NDRC), created in 1940 under the chairmanship of [[Vannevar Bush]]. Compton was a member of the NDRC and became head of [[Division D]] which was responsible for assembling a group of academic and industrial engineers and scientists that would study primarily [[radar]], [[Fire-control system|fire control]] and [[thermal radiation]]. In 1941, the NDRC was assimilated into the [[Office of Scientific Research and Development]] (OSRD) where Compton chaired the [[United States Radar Mission]] to the [[United Kingdom]].


In August 1942, Roosevelt appointed Compton to the [[Rubber Survey Committee]], which investigated and made recommendations to help resolve conflicts on technical direction in the development of [[synthetic rubber]], arising due to the loss of rubber supply during the war.<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. Synthetic Rubber Program|url=http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/syntheticrubber.html|access-date=4 Jan 2014}}</ref>
== Awards and Honoraria ==
* The [[Rumford Gold Medal]] and [[Rumford Silver Medal]] of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in [[1931]]


In 1945, Compton was selected as one of eight members of the [[Interim Committee]] appointed to advise President [[Harry S. Truman]] on the use of the [[Nuclear weapon|atomic bomb]]. When [[Japan]] surrendered in 1945, [[World War II]] came to an end and Compton left the OSRD. In 1946, Compton chaired the President's Advisory Commission on Military Training. He also wrote an article in the [[Atlantic magazine]] entitled "What If The United States Had Never Dropped The Atomic Bomb?" in which he argues that the dropping the bomb saved hundreds of thousands of lives; President [[Harry S Truman]] responded in agreement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Compton |first=Karl T. |date=1946-12-01 |title=If the Atomic Bomb Had Not Been Used |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1946/12/if-the-atomic-bomb-had-not-been-used/376238/ |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> From 1946 to 1948, he was a member of the [[Naval Research Advisory Committee]]. Compton chaired the Joint Research and Development Board from 1948 to 1949, when he stepped down for health reasons.
* The [[Compton (crater)|Compton]] lunar crater was named for Compton and his brother [[Arthur Compton|Arthur]], who was also an influential scientist.


== Awards and honors ==
* The [[Marcellus Hartley Medal]] in [[1947]] for his eminence in the application of science to the public welfare.
* The [[Rumford Prize]] of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1931
* The [[Presidential Medal for Merit]] in 1946 for hastening the termination of hostilities by means of the [[radar]] research and development program he directed.
* The [[Public Welfare Medal]] from the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]]. in 1947 for his eminence in the application of science to the public welfare.<ref name=PublicWelfare>{{cite web|title=Public Welfare Award |url=http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_pwm |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |access-date=14 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604024100/http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_pwm |archive-date= 4 June 2011 }}</ref>
* The [[Washington Award]] of the [[Western Society of Engineers]] in 1947
* Honorary Commander, Civil Division, of the [[Most Excellent Order of the British Empire]] in 1948
* Knight Commander of the [[Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav]] in 1948
* The [[IEEE Lamme Medal|Lamme Medal]] of the [[American Society for Engineering Education]] in 1949
* The [[Hoover Medal]] jointly from the [[American Institute of Electrical Engineers]], the [[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]], [[American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers]] and the [[American Society of Civil Engineers]] in 1950
* The [[William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement]] of the [[Scientific Research Society of America]] in 1950
* Officer in the [[French Legion of Honor]] in 1951
* The [[Priestley Memorial Award]] of [[Dickinson College]] in 1954 for his contributions to the "welfare of mankind through physics" <ref name=Priestley>{{cite web|title=Joseph Priestley Celebration|url=http://www.dickinson.edu/news-and-events/awards/Joseph-Priestley-Celebration/|publisher=Dickinson College|access-date=17 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307082733/http://www.dickinson.edu/news-and-events/awards/Joseph-Priestley-Celebration/|archive-date=7 March 2012}}</ref>


The lunar crater [[Compton (crater)|Compton]] is named after Compton and his brother Arthur, who was also an influential scientist.
* The [[US Army Medal of Merit]] in [[1946]] for hastening the termination of hostilities by means of the [[RADAR]] research and development program he directed.
Compton was also the recipient of thirty-two honorary degrees.


== References ==
* Honorary Commander, Civil Division, of the [[Most Excellent Order of the British Empire]] in [[1948]]
{{Reflist|30em}}


==Further reading==
* Knight Commander of the [[Norwegian Order of St. Olaf]] in [[1948]]
* Office Of The National Research Council, Biographical Memoirs, National Academies Press, (October 1, 1992), {{ISBN|0-309-04746-3}}
* Galison, Peter, and Barton Bernstein. "In any light: Scientists and the decision to build the Superbomb, 1952-1954." ''Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences'' 19.2 (1989): 267–347. [https://galison.scholar.harvard.edu/sites/projects.iq.harvard.edu/files/andrewhsmith/files/27757627.pdf online]


==External links==
* Promoted to Officer in the [[French Legion of Honor]] in [[1951]]
*[http://www.trumanlibrary.org/photographs/view.php?id=14452 Photograph of Karl Taylor Compton and other members of the NDRC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514043844/http://www.trumanlibrary.org/photographs/view.php?id=14452 |date=2011-05-14 }}
*[http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/mithistory/biographies/compton.html Official MIT Presidential Biography]
*[http://darwin.nap.edu/books/0309047463/html/38.html Julius A. Stratton's biography of Compton]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060828135704/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people%2FCompton%2C+Karl Annotated bibliography for Karl Compton from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues]
*[http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/compton-karl-t.pdf National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir]


{{s-start}}
* The [[Washington Award]] of the [[Western Society of Engineers]] in [[1947]]
{{s-aca}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Samuel Wesley Stratton]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology|years=1930–1948}}
{{s-aft|after=[[James Rhyne Killian]]}}
|-
{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Vannevar Bush]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering|Chair of the Research and Development Board]]|years=1948–1950}}
{{s-aft|after=William Webster}}
{{s-end}}


{{MIT presidents}}
* The [[Lamme Medal]] of the [[American Society for Engineering Education]] in [[1949]]
{{Presidents of the American Physical Society}}
{{Authority control}}


* The [[Hoover Medal]] jointly from the [[American Institute of Electrical Engineers]], the [[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]], [[American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers]] and the [[American Society of Civil Engineers]] in [[1950]]

* The [[William Proctor Prize for Scientific Achievement]] of the [[Scientific Research Society of America]] in [[1950]]

* The [[Priestley Memorial Award]] of [[Dickinson College]] in [[1954]] for his contributions to the "welfare of mankind through physics"

* Thirty-two honorary degrees.

== Publications ==
== References ==
* Office Of The National Research Council, Biographical Memoirs, National Academies Press, (Oct 1, 1992), ISBN 0-309-04746-3

==External links==
*[http://www.trumanlibrary.org/photographs/view.php?id=14452 Photograph of Kart Taylor Compton and other members of the NDRC]
*[http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/mithistory/biographies/compton.html Official MIT Presidential Biography]
*[http://darwin.nap.edu/books/0309047463/html/38.html Julius A. Stratton's biography of Compton]
*[http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people/Compton,+Karl Annotated bibliography for Karl Compton from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues]

{{MIT Presidents}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Compton, Karl Taylor}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Compton, Karl Taylor}}

[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:1954 deaths]]
[[Category:1954 deaths]]
[[Category:American physicists]]
[[Category:20th-century American physicists]]
[[Category:American Presbyterians]]
[[Category:College of Wooster alumni]]
[[Category:Manhattan Project people]]
[[Category:Manhattan Project people]]
[[Category:College of Wooster alumni]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:American Presbyterians]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
[[Category:Princeton University alumni]]
[[Category:Princeton University alumni]]
[[Category:The College of Wooster]]
[[Category:U.S. Synthetic Rubber Program]]
[[Category:20th-century American academics]]

[[Category:Presidents of the American Physical Society]]
[[de:Karl Taylor Compton]]

Latest revision as of 23:05, 6 July 2024

Karl Compton
President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
In office
1930–1948
Preceded bySamuel Wesley Stratton
Succeeded byJames Rhyne Killian
Personal details
Born(1887-09-14)September 14, 1887
Wooster, Ohio, U.S.
DiedJune 22, 1954(1954-06-22) (aged 66)
New York City, New York, U.S.
RelativesArthur Compton (brother)
Wilson Martindale Compton (brother)
BildungCollege of Wooster (BA, MS)
Princeton University (PhD)
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics
InstitutionsCollege of Wooster
Reed College
Princeton University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
ThesisThe Influence of the Contact Difference of Potential between the Plates Emitting and Receiving Electrons Liberated by Ultraviolet Light on the Measurement of the Velocities of These Electrons (1911)
Doctoral advisorOwen Willans Richardson
Doctoral studentsHenry DeWolf Smyth
John Quincy Stewart
Carl Henry Eckart
Rao/Yao Yutai
Philip M. Morse
Wayne B. Nottingham

Karl Taylor Compton (September 14, 1887 – June 22, 1954) was a prominent American physicist and president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) from 1930 to 1948.[1]

The early years (1887–1912)

[edit]

Karl Taylor Compton was born in Wooster, Ohio, on September 14, 1887, the eldest of three brothers (including Arthur Compton and Wilson Martindale Compton) and one sister, Mary.[2][3][4] His father, Elias Compton, was from an old American Presbyterian family, and his mother, Otelia Augspurger Compton, was from an Alsatian and Hessian Mennonite family that had recently immigrated to the United States. He came from a remarkably accomplished family in which his brother Arthur became a prominent physicist and sister Mary a missionary.

Beginning in 1897, Compton's summers were spent camping at Otsego Lake, Michigan while attending Wooster public schools in fall, winter and summer. He took hard labor jobs starting at age eleven to help pay for college, working carrying hods for construction projects, as a farm hand, mule skinner, a book canvasser, in tile and brick factories and surveyed the first mile of paved road in Ohio.

In 1902, Compton skipped a grade and went into Wooster University's preparatory department for the last two years of high school. In 1908, he graduated from Wooster cum laude with a bachelor of philosophy degree, then in 1909 his master's thesis A study of the Wehnelt electrolytic interrupter was published in Physical Review.[5] During 1909–1910 he was an instructor in Wooster's chemistry department before entering a graduate program at Princeton University. There he received the Porter Ogden Jacobus Fellowship, and worked with Owen Willans Richardson and jointly published several papers on electrons released by ultraviolet light, electron theory and on the photoelectric effect. Richardson went on to receive the Nobel Prize in some of the areas where Compton contributed. In 1912, Compton received his Ph.D. from Princeton summa cum laude.[6]

Reed College and WW I (1913–1918)

[edit]

In June 1913, Compton married Rowena Raymond. They moved to Reed College in Portland, Oregon, where Compton was an instructor in physics. In 1915, he returned to Princeton as an associate professor of physics. He also took a consultancy at the General Electric Corporation. He contributed to the war effort at Princeton and with the Signal Corps. In December 1917, Compton was attached to the US Embassy in Paris as an associate science attaché.

Princeton University (1918–1930)

[edit]

After the Armistice of 1918, the end of World War I Compton returned home to Princeton, his wife and three-year-old daughter Mary Evelyn. In June 1919, Compton was made a full professor, and worked in the Palmer Laboratory where his gift for teaching was legendary. His research was in the area of electronics and spectroscopy in subject areas such as passage of photoelectrons through metals, ionization, the motion of electrons in gases, fluorescence, theory of the electric arc, absorption and emission spectra of mercury vapor, and collisions of electrons and atoms. His paper with OT Richardson, "The Photoelectric Effect," in 1912[7] was one of the first verifications of Einstein's 1905 paper on the photoelectric effect.[8]

Rowena died in the fall of 1919. In 1921, Compton married Margaret Hutchinson, with whom he had a daughter, Jean, and a son, Charles Arthur. In 1927, Compton was named director of research at the Palmer Laboratory and Cyrus Fogg Brackett professor. In 1929 he was appointed head of the department. Over one hundred papers were published in his name during his time at Princeton.

In 1923, Compton was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society and in 1924 a member of the National Academy of Sciences for which he was chairman of the Section of Physics (1927–1930). He was named vice-president of the American Physical Society (APS) in 1925 and in 1927 became its president. Compton was also a fellow of the Optical Society of America, a member of the American Chemical Society, the Franklin Institute and other professional engineering societies.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1930–1954)

[edit]

In 1930, Compton accepted an invitation from the MIT Corporation to be president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), an engineering school that was redefining the relationship between engineering and science. He took office at the beginning of the Great Depression in America, a time of economic turmoil and a time when science was under attack as a source of social ills and national despair. Compton was to strengthen basic scientific research at the Institute while becoming a spokesman for science and technology.

During Compton's service as president, the organization went through a revolutionary change. He developed a new approach to education in science and engineering, the influence of which was felt far beyond MIT. Significantly, he was active in the Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education, and its president in 1938. He was a leader in establishing new standards for the accreditation of engineering criteria through his role as chairman of the Committee on Engineering Schools of the Engineer's Council for Professional Development. He believed in broad-based education for scientists and engineers that was responsive to the needs of the time, and that science should be an element of industrial progress.

In the early 1930s, Compton joined with members of the APS to form the American Institute of Physics (AIP). While he was chairman of the AIP board during 1931–1936, the organization became a federation of several disparate societies for developing subject areas in physics. It sponsored publication of research results in the rapidly expanding study of physics during that era.

In 1948, Compton resigned his post as President of MIT and was elected president of the MIT Corporation. He held that position until his death on June 22, 1954.

Cooperation with the military (1933–1949)

[edit]

In 1933, U.S. President Roosevelt asked Compton to chair a new Scientific Advisory Board that lasted two years. This put him into a forefront of scientists that perceived a need for reliable scientific advice at the highest levels of government. The start of World War II motivated the start of the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC), created in 1940 under the chairmanship of Vannevar Bush. Compton was a member of the NDRC and became head of Division D which was responsible for assembling a group of academic and industrial engineers and scientists that would study primarily radar, fire control and thermal radiation. In 1941, the NDRC was assimilated into the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) where Compton chaired the United States Radar Mission to the United Kingdom.

In August 1942, Roosevelt appointed Compton to the Rubber Survey Committee, which investigated and made recommendations to help resolve conflicts on technical direction in the development of synthetic rubber, arising due to the loss of rubber supply during the war.[9]

In 1945, Compton was selected as one of eight members of the Interim Committee appointed to advise President Harry S. Truman on the use of the atomic bomb. When Japan surrendered in 1945, World War II came to an end and Compton left the OSRD. In 1946, Compton chaired the President's Advisory Commission on Military Training. He also wrote an article in the Atlantic magazine entitled "What If The United States Had Never Dropped The Atomic Bomb?" in which he argues that the dropping the bomb saved hundreds of thousands of lives; President Harry S Truman responded in agreement.[10] From 1946 to 1948, he was a member of the Naval Research Advisory Committee. Compton chaired the Joint Research and Development Board from 1948 to 1949, when he stepped down for health reasons.

Awards and honors

[edit]

The lunar crater Compton is named after Compton and his brother Arthur, who was also an influential scientist. Compton was also the recipient of thirty-two honorary degrees.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Borth, Christy. Masters of Mass Production, pp.14-15, Bobbs-Merrill Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, 1945.
  2. ^ "Karl Taylor Compton | American physicist". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-09-29.
  3. ^ Sciences, National Academy of (1992). Biographical Memoirs: V.61. pp. 39–57. ISBN 9780309047463.
  4. ^ Trawicky, Bernard (2009-04-30). Anniversaries and Holidays. American Library Association. ISBN 9780838910047.
  5. ^ Compton, Karl Taylor (Feb 1910). "A Study of the Wehnelt Electrolytic Interrupter". Physical Review. Series I. 30 (2): 161–179. Bibcode:1910PhRvI..30..161C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevSeriesI.30.161. ISSN 1536-6065.
  6. ^ Compton, Karl Taylor (1911). The Influence of the Contact Difference of Potential Between the Plates Emitting and Receiving Electrons Liberated by Ultraviolet Light on the Measurement of the Velocities of these Electrons (Ph.D.). Princeton University. OCLC 247563377 – via ProQuest.
  7. ^ Richardson, O. W.; Compton, Karl T. (1912-05-17). "The Photoelectric Effect". Science. 35 (907). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 783–784. Bibcode:1912Sci....35..783R. doi:10.1126/science.35.907.783. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17792421.
  8. ^ Whittaker, Sir Edmund (1989-01-01). A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity. Vol. 2. Courier Dover Publications. p. 89. ISBN 0-486-26126-3.
  9. ^ "U.S. Synthetic Rubber Program". Retrieved 4 Jan 2014.
  10. ^ Compton, Karl T. (1946-12-01). "If the Atomic Bomb Had Not Been Used". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2024-01-26.
  11. ^ "Public Welfare Award". National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2011.
  12. ^ "Joseph Priestley Celebration". Dickinson College. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2011.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Office Of The National Research Council, Biographical Memoirs, National Academies Press, (October 1, 1992), ISBN 0-309-04746-3
  • Galison, Peter, and Barton Bernstein. "In any light: Scientists and the decision to build the Superbomb, 1952-1954." Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 19.2 (1989): 267–347. online
[edit]
Academic offices
Preceded by President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1930–1948
Succeeded by
Government offices
Preceded by Chair of the Research and Development Board
1948–1950
Succeeded by
William Webster