NASA Design Reference Mission 3.0: Difference between revisions
Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.6.2) (Balon Greyjoy) |
SpaceHist65 (talk | contribs) fixed mission citation; reference cleanup; CS1 error cleanup |
||
(30 intermediate revisions by 12 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{short description|NASA study}} |
|||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
{{see also|Mars Design Reference Mission}} |
{{see also|Mars Design Reference Mission}} |
||
⚫ | |||
'''NASA Design Reference Mission 3.0''' was a [[NASA]] study for a human space mission to the planet [[Mars]] in the 1990s. It was a plan for a human exploration architecture for Mars. |
|||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
'''NASA Design Reference Mission 3.0''' was a [[NASA]] study for a human space mission to the planet [[Mars]] in the 1990s. It was a plan for a human exploration architecture for Mars, and was released in 1998 as an addendum to the early design plans released in 1994. The plan is for a series of multiple launches to send various space transpiration, surface exploration hardware, and human crew to Mars, and to return the crew to Earth in the early 21st century. Various technologies are explored to launch the payloads into space, to send them to Mars, and to reduce overall weight of the mission by various technologies or techniques including nuclear, solar, aerobraking, and in-situ resource use. |
|||
==Overview== |
==Overview== |
||
The study was performed by the [[NASA Mars Exploration Team]] at the NASA's [[Johnson Space Center]] (JSC) in the 1990s. Personnel representing several NASA field centers formulated a |
The study was performed by the [[NASA Mars Exploration Team]] at the NASA's [[Johnson Space Center]] (JSC) in the 1990s. Personnel representing several NASA field centers formulated a "Reference Mission" addressing human exploration of Mars. The plan describes the first human missions to Mars with concept of operations and technologies to be used as a first cut at an architecture. The architecture for the Mars Reference Mission builds on previous work, principally on the work of the Synthesis Group (1991) and [[Robert Zubrin|Robert Zubrin's]] (1991) concepts for the use of propellants derived from the Martian atmosphere. The primary purpose of the Reference Mission was to stimulate further thought and development of alternative approaches which can improve effectiveness, reduce risks, and reduce cost. Improvements can be made at several levels; for example, in the architectural, mission, and system levels. |
||
The report of the Reference Mission Version 3.0 states: |
The report of the Reference Mission Version 3.0 states: |
||
<blockquote> |
<blockquote>From the work of the original Reference Mission (Version 1.0),<ref>{{cite report|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003191731/http://ares.jsc.nasa.gov//HumanExplore/Exploration/EXLibrary/docs/MarsRef/contents.htm |title=Human Exploration of Mars: The Reference Mission of the NASA Mars Exploration Study Team|date=1997|publisher=NASA JSC Exploration Office (Mars Reference Mission - DRM 1.0)}}</ref> the strategy for the human exploration of Mars has evolved from its original form to one of reduced system mass, use of a smaller, more reasonable launch vehicle, and use of more current technology. The steps which have been taken by the Exploration Team are motivated by the need to reduce the mass of the payload delivery flights, as well as the overall mission cost, without introducing additional mission risk. By eliminating the need for a large heavy-lift launch vehicle and deleting the redundant habitat delivery flight in Version 3.0, two launches from the Earth were eliminated. The net result is a current Version 3.0 Reference Mission which requires an injected mass of approximately one-half that of the 1993/94 Reference Mission.<ref name="refm3">{{cite report|title=Reference Mission Version 3.0, Addendum to the Human Exploration of Mars: The Reference Mission of the NASA Mars Exploration Study Team|first=Bret U. |last=Drake |publisher=NASA |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19980218778/downloads/19980218778.pdf|access-date=January 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714134008/http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/SP-6107-ADD.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|28}}</blockquote> |
||
The purpose of the Reference plan, including the 3.0 update is to provide a template for a variety of Mars mission planning and technology purposes, and also to stimulate thought and further ideas for Mars missions in the "exploration community and beyond".<ref name="refm3"/>{{rp|1}} |
|||
==Aspects== |
|||
List:<ref name="refm3"/> |
|||
*Cargo Vehicles |
|||
*Piloted Vehicles |
|||
*Mars Surface Lander |
|||
*Inflatable Surface Habitat |
|||
*Magnum Launch Vehicle |
|||
*Propulsion studies including |
|||
**Nuclear Thermal Rocket |
|||
**Solar Electric |
|||
*Earth Return Vehicle |
|||
*Aerobrake at Mars |
|||
*In-situ resource |
|||
*Misc. Other items |
|||
==Mission items== |
|||
The DRM 3.0 covered or touched upon a wide variety of institutions, vehicle, and mission concepts which are further explored or analyzed.<ref name="refm3"/> |
|||
Examples:<ref name="refm3"/>{{rp|17-27}} |
|||
*[[Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle]] (EELV) |
|||
*Earth [[Atmospheric entry|Entry]] Vehicle |
|||
*EVA Mobility Unit |
|||
*Electric Propulsion Module |
|||
*Earth Return Vehicle |
|||
*[[Extravehicular activity|Extra Vehicular Activity]] |
|||
*[[Mars habitat|Mars Habitat]] |
|||
*[[Heavy-lift launch vehicle|Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle]] |
|||
*Initial Mass in Low Earth Orbit |
|||
*[[In situ resource utilization|In-Situ Resource Utilization]] |
|||
*Liquid Fly Back Booster |
|||
*[[Life support system|Life Support System]] |
|||
*Mars Ascent Vehicle |
|||
*Mars Transfer Vehicle |
|||
*Nuclear Thermal Propulsion |
|||
*[[Nuclear thermal rocket|Nuclear Thermal Rocket]] |
|||
*Pressurized Control Research Vehicle |
|||
*Power Management and Distribution |
|||
*[[Photovoltaic array|Photovoltaic Array]] |
|||
*[[Reaction control system|Reaction Control System]] |
|||
*[[Shuttle-Derived Vehicle|Shuttle Derived Vehicle]] |
|||
*[[Solar electric propulsion|Solar Electric Propulsion]] |
|||
*[[Space Transportation System]] |
|||
*Transit Habitat |
|||
*Thermal Protection System |
|||
;Institutions |
|||
*[[Ames Research Center]] |
|||
*[[Marshall Space Flight Center]] |
|||
*[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] |
|||
*[[Johnson Space Center]] |
|||
*[[Kennedy Space Center]] |
|||
*[[Langley Research Center]] |
|||
*[[Glenn Research Center|Lewis Research Center]] (later renamed Glenn Research Center) |
|||
==Mission plan== |
|||
Info graphic highlight a possible sequence of launches to Mars and overall design. On the left is a sequence of launches that would send mission items to Mars and the right, it shows how they are utilized.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926221515/http://www.marssociety.org/portal/c/society-tools/nasa_rm_charts |title=NASA illustrations of DRM (Source: Mars Society)|publisher=Mars Society|access-date=January 30, 2023}}</ref> A major component that was sent is the Earth return vehicle, which would use aerobraking to get into Mars orbit. Next, a cargo Mars lander would get important hardware to the surface of Mars which would also use aerobraking. Finally, the crew would land on the surface and use the pre-positioned hardware to conduct the mission and then return to Earth. This plan would use the in-situ production of fuel for Mars ascent stage of returning crew. Both aerocapture and in-situ resource production were methods to reduce overall launch weight of mission plan. |
|||
[[File:ReferenceMissionSequenceVersion3.0.gif|thumb|800px|center|for 3.0 version]] |
|||
{{clear}} |
|||
==See also== |
==See also== |
||
*[[NASA Design Reference Mission 5.0]] |
|||
*[[Exploration of Mars]] |
*[[Exploration of Mars]] |
||
*[[Mars Direct]] |
*[[Mars Direct]] |
||
*[[Marsbook]] |
*[[Marsbook]] |
||
*[[List of |
*[[List of crewed Mars mission plans]] |
||
==References== |
|||
{{Reflist}} |
|||
==External links== |
==External links== |
||
===NASA Design Reference Mission=== |
===NASA Design Reference Mission=== |
||
*[http://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/HumanExplore/Exploration/EXLibrary/EXdocindx.cfm JSC Exploration Site] |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061002074013/http://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/HumanExplore/Exploration/EXLibrary/EXdocindx.cfm JSC Exploration Site] |
||
*[http://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/HumanExplore/Exploration/EXLibrary/docs/MarsRef/ |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070617120619/http://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/HumanExplore/Exploration/EXLibrary/docs/MarsRef/addendum/index.htm Addendum (Update) to Human Exploration of Mars: The Reference Mission of the NASA Mars Exploration Study Team, 1998, NASA JSC Exploration Office (Mars Reference Mission - DRM 3.0)] |
||
*[http://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/HumanExplore/Exploration/EXLibrary/docs/MarsRef/addendum/index.htm Addendum (Update) to Human Exploration of Mars: The Reference Mission of the NASA Mars Exploration Study Team, 1998, NASA JSC Exploration Office (Mars Reference Mission - DRM 3.0)] |
|||
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140419185049/http://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/HumanExplore/Exploration/EXLibrary/Docs/EIC036.HTML A Mission Design for International Manned Mars Mission, From the 1991 International Space University (ISU) Design Project (Mendell, Wendell)] |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140419185049/http://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/HumanExplore/Exploration/EXLibrary/Docs/EIC036.HTML A Mission Design for International Manned Mars Mission, From the 1991 International Space University (ISU) Design Project (Mendell, Wendell)] |
||
*[http://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/HumanExplore/Exploration/EXLibrary/DOCS/EIC043.HTML Mars Exploration Strategies: A Reference Program and Comparison of Alternative Architectures] |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070125043254/http://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/HumanExplore/Exploration/EXLibrary/DOCS/EIC043.HTML Mars Exploration Strategies: A Reference Program and Comparison of Alternative Architectures] |
||
*[https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19980218778_1998218778.pdf NASA Report, Mars Design Reference Mission 3] |
|||
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070202140412/http://astronautix.com/craft/dession3.htm Design Reference Mission 3.0 (Astronautix)] |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070202140412/http://astronautix.com/craft/dession3.htm Design Reference Mission 3.0 (Astronautix)] |
||
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070714134008/http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/SP-6107-ADD.pdf "Reference Mission Version 3.0 Addendum to the Human Exploration of Mars: The Reference Mission of the NASA Mars Exploration Study Team," Bret G. Drake, editor, NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center] |
|||
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070626154441/http://exploration.jsc.nasa.gov/marsref/contents.html Human Exploration of Mars: The Reference Mission of the NASA Mars Exploration Study Team] |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070626154441/http://exploration.jsc.nasa.gov/marsref/contents.html Human Exploration of Mars: The Reference Mission of the NASA Mars Exploration Study Team] |
||
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061005143754/http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-2001-209371.pdf NASA TP 2001-209371: The Mars Surface Reference Mission: A Description of Human and Robotic Surface Activities] |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061005143754/http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-2001-209371.pdf NASA TP 2001-209371: The Mars Surface Reference Mission: A Description of Human and Robotic Surface Activities] |
||
*[http://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/HumanExplore/Exploration/EXLibrary/DOCS/EIC037.HTML Stoffel, Wilhelm, and Wendell Mendell, "An Organizational Model for an International Mars Mission", From the 1991 International Space University (ISU) Design Project] |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071218101018/http://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/HumanExplore/Exploration/EXLibrary/DOCS/EIC037.HTML Stoffel, Wilhelm, and Wendell Mendell, "An Organizational Model for an International Mars Mission", From the 1991 International Space University (ISU) Design Project] |
||
*[http://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/HumanExplore/Exploration/EXLibrary/DOCS/EIC043.HTML Weaver, David B., and Michael B. Duke, "Mars Exploration Strategies: A Reference Program and Comparison of Alternative Architectures, Conference Paper AIAA 93-4212, (1993)] |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070125043254/http://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/HumanExplore/Exploration/EXLibrary/DOCS/EIC043.HTML Weaver, David B., and Michael B. Duke, "Mars Exploration Strategies: A Reference Program and Comparison of Alternative Architectures, Conference Paper AIAA 93-4212, (1993)] |
||
*[http://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/HumanExplore/Exploration/EXLibrary/DOCS/EIC044.HTML Weaver, David B., Michael B. Duke, and Barney B. Roberts, "Mars Exploration Strategies: A Reference Design Mission," Conference Paper IAF 93-Q.1.383, (1993)] |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071218101048/http://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/HumanExplore/Exploration/EXLibrary/DOCS/EIC044.HTML Weaver, David B., Michael B. Duke, and Barney B. Roberts, "Mars Exploration Strategies: A Reference Design Mission," Conference Paper IAF 93-Q.1.383, (1993)] |
||
*[http://www.marssociety.org/portal/c/society-tools/nasa_rm_charts NASA illustrations of DRM (Source: Mars Society)] |
|||
===General Mars exploration=== |
===General Mars exploration=== |
||
*[http://www.marssociety.org/portal/TMS_Library The Mars Society Paper Archive] |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070529100624/http://www.marssociety.org/portal/TMS_Library The Mars Society Paper Archive] |
||
*[http://www.marssociety.org/portal/TMS_Library/asPDF/TMS_pdftemplate/pdf_marspapers_list?publication_type%3Alist=inproceedings&publication_type%3Alist=preprint PDF summary of Mars Society Papers] |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070506170022/http://www.marssociety.org/portal/TMS_Library/asPDF/TMS_pdftemplate/pdf_marspapers_list?publication_type%3Alist=inproceedings&publication_type%3Alist=preprint PDF summary of Mars Society Papers] |
||
*[http://spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu/design_lib/design_lib.html Spacecraft Design Reference Library] |
*[http://spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu/design_lib/design_lib.html Spacecraft Design Reference Library] |
||
{{ |
{{Human missions to Mars}} |
||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nasa Design Reference Mission 3.0}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nasa Design Reference Mission 3.0}} |
||
[[Category:NASA oversight]] |
[[Category:NASA oversight]] |
||
[[Category: |
[[Category:Human missions to Mars]] |
Latest revision as of 02:46, 31 January 2023
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mars_design_reference_mission_3.jpg/300px-Mars_design_reference_mission_3.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Mars_In-Situ_Resource_UtilizationSample_Return_MISR.jpg/220px-Mars_In-Situ_Resource_UtilizationSample_Return_MISR.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Combination_Lander_Concept_on_Mars_Surface.png/220px-Combination_Lander_Concept_on_Mars_Surface.png)
NASA Design Reference Mission 3.0 was a NASA study for a human space mission to the planet Mars in the 1990s. It was a plan for a human exploration architecture for Mars, and was released in 1998 as an addendum to the early design plans released in 1994. The plan is for a series of multiple launches to send various space transpiration, surface exploration hardware, and human crew to Mars, and to return the crew to Earth in the early 21st century. Various technologies are explored to launch the payloads into space, to send them to Mars, and to reduce overall weight of the mission by various technologies or techniques including nuclear, solar, aerobraking, and in-situ resource use.
Übersicht
[edit]The study was performed by the NASA Mars Exploration Team at the NASA's Johnson Space Center (JSC) in the 1990s. Personnel representing several NASA field centers formulated a "Reference Mission" addressing human exploration of Mars. The plan describes the first human missions to Mars with concept of operations and technologies to be used as a first cut at an architecture. The architecture for the Mars Reference Mission builds on previous work, principally on the work of the Synthesis Group (1991) and Robert Zubrin's (1991) concepts for the use of propellants derived from the Martian atmosphere. The primary purpose of the Reference Mission was to stimulate further thought and development of alternative approaches which can improve effectiveness, reduce risks, and reduce cost. Improvements can be made at several levels; for example, in the architectural, mission, and system levels.
The report of the Reference Mission Version 3.0 states:
From the work of the original Reference Mission (Version 1.0),[1] the strategy for the human exploration of Mars has evolved from its original form to one of reduced system mass, use of a smaller, more reasonable launch vehicle, and use of more current technology. The steps which have been taken by the Exploration Team are motivated by the need to reduce the mass of the payload delivery flights, as well as the overall mission cost, without introducing additional mission risk. By eliminating the need for a large heavy-lift launch vehicle and deleting the redundant habitat delivery flight in Version 3.0, two launches from the Earth were eliminated. The net result is a current Version 3.0 Reference Mission which requires an injected mass of approximately one-half that of the 1993/94 Reference Mission.[2]: 28
The purpose of the Reference plan, including the 3.0 update is to provide a template for a variety of Mars mission planning and technology purposes, and also to stimulate thought and further ideas for Mars missions in the "exploration community and beyond".[2]: 1
Aspects
[edit]List:[2]
- Cargo Vehicles
- Piloted Vehicles
- Mars Surface Lander
- Inflatable Surface Habitat
- Magnum Launch Vehicle
- Propulsion studies including
- Nuclear Thermal Rocket
- Solar Electric
- Earth Return Vehicle
- Aerobrake at Mars
- In-situ resource
- Misc. Other items
Mission items
[edit]The DRM 3.0 covered or touched upon a wide variety of institutions, vehicle, and mission concepts which are further explored or analyzed.[2]
Examples:[2]: 17–27
- Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV)
- Earth Entry Vehicle
- EVA Mobility Unit
- Electric Propulsion Module
- Earth Return Vehicle
- Extra Vehicular Activity
- Mars Habitat
- Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle
- Initial Mass in Low Earth Orbit
- In-Situ Resource Utilization
- Liquid Fly Back Booster
- Life Support System
- Mars Ascent Vehicle
- Mars Transfer Vehicle
- Nuclear Thermal Propulsion
- Nuclear Thermal Rocket
- Pressurized Control Research Vehicle
- Power Management and Distribution
- Photovoltaic Array
- Reaction Control System
- Shuttle Derived Vehicle
- Solar Electric Propulsion
- Space Transportation System
- Transit Habitat
- Thermal Protection System
- Institutions
- Ames Research Center
- Marshall Space Flight Center
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory
- Johnson Space Center
- Kennedy Space Center
- Langley Research Center
- Lewis Research Center (later renamed Glenn Research Center)
Mission plan
[edit]Info graphic highlight a possible sequence of launches to Mars and overall design. On the left is a sequence of launches that would send mission items to Mars and the right, it shows how they are utilized.[3] A major component that was sent is the Earth return vehicle, which would use aerobraking to get into Mars orbit. Next, a cargo Mars lander would get important hardware to the surface of Mars which would also use aerobraking. Finally, the crew would land on the surface and use the pre-positioned hardware to conduct the mission and then return to Earth. This plan would use the in-situ production of fuel for Mars ascent stage of returning crew. Both aerocapture and in-situ resource production were methods to reduce overall launch weight of mission plan.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/ReferenceMissionSequenceVersion3.0.gif)
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Human Exploration of Mars: The Reference Mission of the NASA Mars Exploration Study Team (Report). NASA JSC Exploration Office (Mars Reference Mission - DRM 1.0). 1997.
- ^ a b c d e Drake, Bret U. Reference Mission Version 3.0, Addendum to the Human Exploration of Mars: The Reference Mission of the NASA Mars Exploration Study Team (PDF) (Report). NASA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 July 2007. Retrieved January 30, 2023.
- ^ "NASA illustrations of DRM (Source: Mars Society)". Mars Society. Retrieved January 30, 2023.
External links
[edit]NASA Design Reference Mission
[edit]- JSC Exploration Site
- Addendum (Update) to Human Exploration of Mars: The Reference Mission of the NASA Mars Exploration Study Team, 1998, NASA JSC Exploration Office (Mars Reference Mission - DRM 3.0)
- A Mission Design for International Manned Mars Mission, From the 1991 International Space University (ISU) Design Project (Mendell, Wendell)
- Mars Exploration Strategies: A Reference Program and Comparison of Alternative Architectures
- Design Reference Mission 3.0 (Astronautix)
- Human Exploration of Mars: The Reference Mission of the NASA Mars Exploration Study Team
- NASA TP 2001-209371: The Mars Surface Reference Mission: A Description of Human and Robotic Surface Activities
- Stoffel, Wilhelm, and Wendell Mendell, "An Organizational Model for an International Mars Mission", From the 1991 International Space University (ISU) Design Project
- Weaver, David B., and Michael B. Duke, "Mars Exploration Strategies: A Reference Program and Comparison of Alternative Architectures, Conference Paper AIAA 93-4212, (1993)
- Weaver, David B., Michael B. Duke, and Barney B. Roberts, "Mars Exploration Strategies: A Reference Design Mission," Conference Paper IAF 93-Q.1.383, (1993)