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{{Short description|British armoured fighting vehicle}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Multiple issues|
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{{More citations needed|date=October 2008}}
{{Missing information|when it was made.|date=March 2023}}
}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2014}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2014}}
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{{Refimprove|date=October 2008}}
{{Infobox weapon
{{Infobox weapon
|name=Alvis Stormer
|name=Alvis Stormer
| image= Exercise MedMan in BATUS, Canada. Stormer Combat Vehicles MOD 45148088.jpg
| image= Exercise MedMan in BATUS, Canada. Stormer Combat Vehicles MOD 45148088.jpg
| image_size = 300
| image_size = 290
|caption= Stormer Combat Vehicles from 9 Bty 12 Regiment of the Royal Artillery, serving with 1 Royal Regiment of Fusiliers (1RRF) on Exercise MedMan
|caption= Stormer HVM Close Air Defence Vehicles from [[9 (Plassey) Battery Royal Artillery]], [[12th Regiment Royal Artillery]], attached to 1 Bn, Royal Regiment of Fusiliers (1RRF), on Exercise MedMan, Canada
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|origin= United Kingdom
|type=
|type=
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|origin= United Kingdom
|is_vehicle=yes
|is_vehicle=yes
<!-- Production history -->
|length= 5.27 m
|designer=
|design_date=
|manufacturer=
|unit_cost=
|production_date=
|number=over 220
|variants=
<!-- General specifications -->
⚫
|length= 5.27 m<ref name=stormer>{{cite web|title=Stormer|access-date=2009-01-17|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] Light Armoured Vehicles |url= http://www.janes.com/defence/land_forces/supplement/lav/lav_stormer.shtml |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081203204215/http://www.janes.com/defence/land_forces/supplement/lav/lav_stormer.shtml|archive-date= 3 December 2008|url-status= dead}}</ref>
|width=2.76 m
|width=2.76 m
|height=2.49 m
|height=2.49 m
⚫
|crew = 4
|suspension=Torsion bar
|suspension=Torsion bar
|weight=12.7 tonnes
|weight=12.7 tonnes
⚫
|speed=50 mph, 80 km/h
⚫
|vehicle_range = 400 miles, 650 km
|armour=
|armour=
|primary_armament=
|primary_armament=
|secondary_armament=
|secondary_armament=
|engine=[[Perkins Engines|Perkins]] 6-litre, 6-cylinder [[Diesel engine|diesel]]
|engine=[[Perkins Engines|Perkins]] T6.3544 6-litre, 6-cylinder [[Diesel engine|diesel]]
|engine_power = 250 hp (186 kW)
|engine_power = 250 hp (186 kW)
|transmission=[[David Brown Limited|David Brown]] TN15D
|transmission=[[David Brown Limited|David Brown]] T300<ref name=stormer/>
|pw_ratio = 21 hp/tonne
|pw_ratio = 21 hp/tonne
⚫
|vehicle_range = 400 miles, 650&nbsp;km<ref name=stormer/>
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|crew = 2 + 12
⚫
|speed=50 mph, 80&nbsp;km/h<ref name=stormer/>
}}
}}
[[File:Stormer vehicle fring a Starstreak High Velocity Missile (HVM) on Ex Javelin. MOD 45158838.jpg |thumb|Stormer HVM firing Thales [[Starstreak (missile)|Starstreak]]]]
[[File:Stormer vehicle fring a Starstreak High Velocity Missile (HVM) on Ex Javelin. MOD 45158838.jpg|thumb|A Stormer HVM firing a Thales [[Starstreak (missile)|Starstreak]]]]
The '''Alvis Stormer''' is a modern military armoured vehicle manufactured by the British company Alvis Vickers, now [[BAE Systems Land & Armaments]]. The Stormer is a development of the [[CVR(T)]] family of vehicles ([[FV101 Scorpion|Scorpion]], [[FV107 Scimitar|Scimitar]], [[FV103 Spartan|Spartan]] etc.), essentially a larger, modernised version with an extra road-wheel on each side.
The '''Alvis Stormer''' is a military armoured vehicle manufactured by the British company [[Alvis Vickers]], now [[BAE Systems Land & Armaments]].
The Stormer is a development of the [[CVR(T)]] family of vehicles ([[FV101 Scorpion|Scorpion]], [[FV107 Scimitar|Scimitar]], [[FV103 Spartan|Spartan]] etc.), essentially a larger, modernised version with an extra road-wheel on each side.


==Variants==
==Variants==
Like most modern AFVs, Stormer can be produced in several different configurations for different battlefield roles. It is marketed by BAE as being fitted with many combinations, such as a two-person turret armed with a 25 mm cannon; air defence (with guns or missiles); engineer vehicle; recovery vehicle; ambulance; mine layer; 81 mm or 120 mm mortar carrier; command and control vehicle; bridge layer; and a logistics vehicle. Optional equipment includes a nuclear-biological-chemical protection system, an amphibious kit, passive night-vision equipment, and an air-conditioning system.
As with most modern [[armoured fighting vehicle]]s, the Stormer can be produced in several different configurations for different battlefield roles. It is marketed by BAE as being available in configurations such as a two-person turret armed with a 25 mm cannon, air defence (with guns or missiles), an engineer vehicle, a [[Armoured recovery vehicle|recovery vehicle]], an ambulance, a mine layer, an 81 mm or 120 mm mortar carrier, a command and control vehicle, a bridge layer, and a logistics vehicle. Optional equipment includes a nuclear-biological-chemical protection system, an amphibious kit, passive night-vision equipment, and an air-conditioning system.

Specific types are:


===Stormer HVM===
===Stormer HVM===
The [[British Army]] use Stormer equipped with the [[Starstreak]] HVM for short range air defence. Under [[Army 2020]], Stormer HVM will equip three regular and two reserve artillery batteries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/218131434/Force-Troops-Command-Overview|title=Force Troops Command Overview|publisher=|accessdate=4 August 2016}}</ref>
The [[British Army]] uses Stormers equipped with [[Starstreak|Starstreak HVM]] or [[Martlet (missile)|Martlet]] missiles for [[Short range air defense|short-range air defence]]. Under the [[Army 2020]] plan for the British armed forces, Stormer HVM was to equip three regular and two reserve artillery batteries. The reserve batteries have since all been converted to HVM Lightweight Multiple Launcher (LML) to reduce the training burden.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/218131434/Force-Troops-Command-Overview|title=Force Troops Command Overview|access-date=4 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101082422/https://www.scribd.com/doc/218131434/Force-Troops-Command-Overview|archive-date=1 November 2014}}</ref>


===Flat bed Stormer===
===Flat-bed Stormer===
[[File:VLSMS 02.jpg|thumb|Stormer with Shielder system]]
[[File:VLSMS 02.jpg|thumb|A Stormer with Shielder system]]
A transport version of the Stormer with a flat load bed is used to carry the [[Shielder minelaying system]].
A transport version of the Stormer with a flat load bed was used to carry the [[Shielder minelaying system]].


===Stormer 30===
===Stormer 30===
Stormer 30 is a development of the Stormer chassis to give a tracked reconnaissance vehicle. It is a turreted version of the Stormer. Armed with a 30 mm [[Bushmaster II]] automatic cannon, and with the option of a [[TOW missile]] launcher that can be fitted to either turret side. The cannon and turret can traverse through 360° and the elevation is from -45° to +60°. The rate of fire of the cannon is from single shot to a maximum of 200 rounds per minute. The cannon has a double selection ammunition feed system with 180 rounds of ammunition ready to fire.
Stormer 30 was a development of the Stormer chassis as a tracked reconnaissance vehicle. It was a turreted version of the Stormer. It was armed with a 30&nbsp;mm [[Bushmaster II]] automatic cannon. A [[TOW missile]] launcher could be fitted to either turret side. The cannon and turret could traverse through 360°. The elevation was from -45° to +60°.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Stormer 30 Tracked Armoured Reconnaissance Vehicle |url=https://www.army-technology.com/projects/stormer30/ |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Army Technology |language=en-US}}</ref>


The rate of fire of the cannon was from single shot to a maximum of 200 rounds per minute. The cannon had a double selection ammunition feed system with 180 rounds of ammunition ready to fire.<ref name=":0" />
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The vehicle remains in the prototype stage and it is unclear when it will enter service. The vehicle will be fully air transportable by [[C-130 Hercules]] used by the [[Royal Air Force]] aircraft as well as large [[CH-53]] currently in service with NATO allies and other nations across the world.


⚫
The vehicle remained in the prototype stage and did not enter service. The vehicle was to be fully air transportable by [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules]] used by the [[Royal Air Force]] aircraft as well as the [[Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallion|Sikorsky CH-53]] helicopter currently in service with NATO allies and other nations across the world.<ref name=":0" />
⚫
=== Stormer Air Defence ===
⚫
The Stormer Air Defence was a protoype air defence vehicle built in the late 80s. This variant was to mount a dual [[FIM-92 Stinger|stinger]] launcher, as well as either a GAU-12/U 25mm or GAU-13/A 30mm Cannon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thinkdefence.co.uk/british-army-medium-weight-capability/the-eighties/|title=The Eighties|website=Think Defence|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-11}}</ref>


⚫
===Stormer Air Defence===
==Specifications==
⚫
The Stormer Air Defence was a prototype air defence vehicle built in the late 1980s. This variant was to mount a dual [[FIM-92 Stinger|Stinger]] launcher, as well as either a 25&nbsp;mm [[GAU-12 Equalizer|GAU-12/U]] or 30&nbsp;mm [[GAU-13|GAU-13/A]] cannon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thinkdefence.co.uk/british-army-medium-weight-capability/the-eighties/|title=The Eighties|website=Think Defence|date=12 July 2017|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511095911/https://www.thinkdefence.co.uk/british-army-medium-weight-capability/the-eighties/|archive-date=11 May 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Alvis Stormer in 2009.jpg|thumb|Stormer HVM with [[Starstreak (missile)|Starstreak]] missiles]]

*Crew: 3 + 8
==Operational history==
*Armament: 1 x 7.62 mm machine gun standard but depends upon version
[[File:UA Stormer HVM 01.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian Stormer HVM during the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion of Ukraine]]]]
*Engine: [[Perkins Engines|Perkins]] T6.3544 six-cylinder diesel

*Length: {{convert|5.27|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
===United Kingdom===
*Width: {{convert|2.4|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
The UK deployed Stormer HVMs to Iraq during the 2003 [[Iraq War]], but they did not see combat.<ref name="iraq">{{cite news |title=UK Is Sending Stormer Anti-Aircraft 'Tank' Seen in Star Wars To Ukraine |url=https://www.19fortyfive.com/2022/04/uk-is-sending-stormer-anti-aircraft-tank-seen-in-star-wars-to-ukraine/ |access-date=8 May 2023 |work=1945 |date=20 April 2022}}</ref>
*Height: {{convert|2.27|m|ftin|abbr=on}}

*Max speed: 80 km/h
===Ukraine===
⚫
*Range: 650&nbsp;km <ref name=stormer>{{cite web|title=Stormer|accessdate=2009-01-17|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] Light Armoured Vehicles|url=http://www.janes.com/defence/land_forces/supplement/lav/lav_stormer.shtml| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081203204215/http://www.janes.com/defence/land_forces/supplement/lav/lav_stormer.shtml| archivedate= 3 December 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
The UK donated Stormer HVM systems to Ukraine to support its war effort following the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref name="ukraine"/> Six systems had arrived by 24 July 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/ukrainian-military-receives-stormer-hvm-air-defense-systems/ | title=Ukrainian military receives Stormer HVM air defense systems }}</ref> Ukrainian personnel were trained on the systems in the UK.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/apr/21/uk-training-ukrainian-soldiers-weapons-equipment |title=Stormer anti aircraft vehicles to Ukraine|last1 = Stewart | first1 = Heather| last2 = Sabbagh | first2 = Dan|newspaper=The Guardian|date=21 April 2022}}</ref>

Two Russian [[Orlan-10]] drones were downed by Stormer HVMs in August 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Combat debut: British Stormer HVM in Ukraine downed two Orlan-10 UAVs |url=https://bulgarianmilitary.com/2022/08/14/combat-debut-british-stormer-hvm-in-ukraine-downed-two-orlan-10-uavs/ |access-date=8 May 2023 |work=Bulgarian Military |date=14 August 2022}}</ref> In February 2023, footage emerged of the system downing an Iranian-supplied [[List of Shahed drones|Shahed 13x-series drone]].<ref>{{YouTube |title=Suchomimus |handle=suchomimus9921}}: {{YouTube |id=zIvy6fjoEhs |title=Alvis Stormer Intercepts a Shahed Drone}} (uploaded and retrieved 25 February 2023)</ref> On 11 March 2023, the Russian Ministry of Defense released video footage showing a Stormer HVM being destroyed by a Russian [[ZALA Lancet]] loitering munition.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/ukraine_-_russia_conflict_war_2022/russian_army_destroys_first_ukrainian_stormer_hvm_starstreak_air_defense_vehicle_using_lancet_drone.html | title=Russian army destroys first Ukrainian Stormer HVM Starstreak air defense vehicle using Lancet drone &#124; Ukraine – Russia conflict war 2022 &#124; analysis focus army defence military industry army }}</ref> In May 2023, footage emerged of another Lancet destroying a Stormer HVM.<ref>{{cite news |title=Footage of the destruction of the British Stormer HVM by the Russian Lancet drone is shown |url=https://vpk.name/en/714204_footage-of-the-destruction-of-the-british-stormer-hvm-by-the-russian-lancet-drone-is-shown.html |access-date=8 May 2023 |work=VPK |date=8 May 2023}}</ref>

The six Stormer vehicles donated to Ukraine are expected to be replaced in UK service by 12 [[URO VAMTAC]] vehicles equipped with [[Lightweight Multirole Missile]]s.<ref name="VAMTAC">{{cite news |title=UK plans to procure VAMTAC air-defence vehicles to replace Stormers donated to Ukraine |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/land/uk-plans-to-procure-vamtac-air-defence-vehicles-to-replace-stormers-donated-to-ukraine |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=[[Janes Information Services]] |date=12 July 2024}}</ref>


==Operators==
==Operators==
<!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.-->
⚫
[[File:Stormer operators.png|thumb|400px|Map of Stormer operators in blue]]

⚫
[[File:Stormer operators.png|thumb|400px|A map of Stormer operators in blue]]


===Current operators===
===Current===
* {{flag|Indonesia}} – 40<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indomiliter.com/alvis-stormer-tank-apc-modern-tni-ad/ | title=Alvis Stormer : Tank APC Modern TNI-AD | date=11 August 2010 }}</ref>
* {{INA}} - 40
* {{flag|Oman}} – 4 purchased in 1993<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1993/06/22/Oman-buys-18-British-tanks/6661740721600/ | title=Oman buys 18 British tanks – UPI Archives }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/oman-buys-alvis-armoured-vehicles-1.434532 | title=Oman buys Alvis armoured vehicles }}</ref>
* {{MAS}} - 25
* {{flag|Ukraine}} – An unspecified number (at least 6), including Stormer HVMs, were sent from the UK to Ukraine during the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref name="ukraine">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/britain-sends-stormer-anti-aircraft-vehicles-to-ukraine-86hcsj7mh |url-access=subscription|title= Ukrainian soldiers training in UK to use British armoured vehicles|first=Charlie|last=Parker |newspaper=The Times|date=19 April 2022}}</ref>
* {{OMN}} - 4
* {{GBR}} - 151
* {{flag|United Kingdom}} – 64


===Former===
==In popular culture==
* {{flag|Malaysia}} – 25 (retired)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.malaysiandefence.com/scorpions-to-be-retired/|title=Scorpions to be Retired – Malaysian Defence}}</ref>
* A flat bed Stormer was used by Lucasfilm to serve as the basis for the fictional TX-225 GAVw "Occupier" combat assault tank seen in the movie ''[[Rogue One|Rogue One: A Star Wars Story]]''.


==Notes==
==Notes==
Line 77: Line 96:
==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|Alvis Stormer}}
{{Commons category|Alvis Stormer}}
* [http://www.janes.com/defence/land_forces/supplement/lav/lav_stormer.shtml Stormer - Light Armoured Vehicles - Jane's Land Forces]
* [http://www.janes.com/defence/land_forces/supplement/lav/lav_stormer.shtml Stormer – Light Armoured Vehicles – Jane's Land Forces]


{{ModernUKAFVsNav | style= wide }}
{{ModernUKAFVsNav|style=wide}}


[[Category:Armoured fighting vehicles of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Armoured fighting vehicles of the United Kingdom]]

Latest revision as of 18:11, 10 September 2024

Alvis Stormer
Stormer HVM Close Air Defence Vehicles from 9 (Plassey) Battery Royal Artillery, 12th Regiment Royal Artillery, attached to 1 Bn, Royal Regiment of Fusiliers (1RRF), on Exercise MedMan, Canada
Place of originVereinigtes Königreich
Production history
No. builtover 220
Specifications
Mass12.7 tonnes
Length5.27 m[1]
Width2.76 m
Height2.49 m
Crew4
EnginePerkins T6.3544 6-litre, 6-cylinder diesel
250 hp (186 kW)
Power/weight21 hp/tonne
TransmissionDavid Brown T300[1]
SuspensionTorsion bar
Operational
range
400 miles, 650 km[1]
Maximum speed 50 mph, 80 km/h[1]
A Stormer HVM firing a Thales Starstreak

The Alvis Stormer is a military armoured vehicle manufactured by the British company Alvis Vickers, now BAE Systems Land & Armaments.

The Stormer is a development of the CVR(T) family of vehicles (Scorpion, Scimitar, Spartan etc.), essentially a larger, modernised version with an extra road-wheel on each side.

Variants

[edit]

As with most modern armoured fighting vehicles, the Stormer can be produced in several different configurations for different battlefield roles. It is marketed by BAE as being available in configurations such as a two-person turret armed with a 25 mm cannon, air defence (with guns or missiles), an engineer vehicle, a recovery vehicle, an ambulance, a mine layer, an 81 mm or 120 mm mortar carrier, a command and control vehicle, a bridge layer, and a logistics vehicle. Optional equipment includes a nuclear-biological-chemical protection system, an amphibious kit, passive night-vision equipment, and an air-conditioning system.

Stormer HVM

[edit]

The British Army uses Stormers equipped with Starstreak HVM or Martlet missiles for short-range air defence. Under the Army 2020 plan for the British armed forces, Stormer HVM was to equip three regular and two reserve artillery batteries. The reserve batteries have since all been converted to HVM Lightweight Multiple Launcher (LML) to reduce the training burden.[2]

Flat-bed Stormer

[edit]
A Stormer with Shielder system

A transport version of the Stormer with a flat load bed was used to carry the Shielder minelaying system.

Stormer 30

[edit]

Stormer 30 was a development of the Stormer chassis as a tracked reconnaissance vehicle. It was a turreted version of the Stormer. It was armed with a 30 mm Bushmaster II automatic cannon. A TOW missile launcher could be fitted to either turret side. The cannon and turret could traverse through 360°. The elevation was from -45° to +60°.[3]

The rate of fire of the cannon was from single shot to a maximum of 200 rounds per minute. The cannon had a double selection ammunition feed system with 180 rounds of ammunition ready to fire.[3]

The vehicle remained in the prototype stage and did not enter service. The vehicle was to be fully air transportable by Lockheed C-130 Hercules used by the Royal Air Force aircraft as well as the Sikorsky CH-53 helicopter currently in service with NATO allies and other nations across the world.[3]

Stormer Air Defence

[edit]

The Stormer Air Defence was a prototype air defence vehicle built in the late 1980s. This variant was to mount a dual Stinger launcher, as well as either a 25 mm GAU-12/U or 30 mm GAU-13/A cannon.[4]

Operational history

[edit]
Ukrainian Stormer HVM during the Russian invasion of Ukraine

Vereinigtes Königreich

[edit]

The UK deployed Stormer HVMs to Iraq during the 2003 Iraq War, but they did not see combat.[5]

Ukraine

[edit]

The UK donated Stormer HVM systems to Ukraine to support its war effort following the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[6] Six systems had arrived by 24 July 2022.[7] Ukrainian personnel were trained on the systems in the UK.[8]

Two Russian Orlan-10 drones were downed by Stormer HVMs in August 2022.[9] In February 2023, footage emerged of the system downing an Iranian-supplied Shahed 13x-series drone.[10] On 11 March 2023, the Russian Ministry of Defense released video footage showing a Stormer HVM being destroyed by a Russian ZALA Lancet loitering munition.[11] In May 2023, footage emerged of another Lancet destroying a Stormer HVM.[12]

The six Stormer vehicles donated to Ukraine are expected to be replaced in UK service by 12 URO VAMTAC vehicles equipped with Lightweight Multirole Missiles.[13]

Operators

[edit]
A map of Stormer operators in blue

Current

[edit]

Former

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "Stormer". Jane's Information Group Light Armoured Vehicles. Archived from the original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 17 January 2009.
  2. ^ "Force Troops Command Overview". Archived from the original on 1 November 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  3. ^ a b c "Stormer 30 Tracked Armoured Reconnaissance Vehicle". Army Technology. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
  4. ^ "The Eighties". Think Defence. 12 July 2017. Archived from the original on 11 May 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  5. ^ "UK Is Sending Stormer Anti-Aircraft 'Tank' Seen in Star Wars To Ukraine". 1945. 20 April 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
  6. ^ a b Parker, Charlie (19 April 2022). "Ukrainian soldiers training in UK to use British armoured vehicles". The Times.
  7. ^ "Ukrainian military receives Stormer HVM air defense systems".
  8. ^ Stewart, Heather; Sabbagh, Dan (21 April 2022). "Stormer anti aircraft vehicles to Ukraine". The Guardian.
  9. ^ "Combat debut: British Stormer HVM in Ukraine downed two Orlan-10 UAVs". Bulgarian Military. 14 August 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
  10. ^ Suchomimus's channel on YouTube: Alvis Stormer Intercepts a Shahed Drone on YouTube (uploaded and retrieved 25 February 2023)
  11. ^ "Russian army destroys first Ukrainian Stormer HVM Starstreak air defense vehicle using Lancet drone | Ukraine – Russia conflict war 2022 | analysis focus army defence military industry army".
  12. ^ "Footage of the destruction of the British Stormer HVM by the Russian Lancet drone is shown". VPK. 8 May 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
  13. ^ "UK plans to procure VAMTAC air-defence vehicles to replace Stormers donated to Ukraine". Janes Information Services. 12 July 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
  14. ^ "Alvis Stormer : Tank APC Modern TNI-AD". 11 August 2010.
  15. ^ "Oman buys 18 British tanks – UPI Archives".
  16. ^ "Oman buys Alvis armoured vehicles".
  17. ^ "Scorpions to be Retired – Malaysian Defence".
[edit]
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