Batum oblast: Difference between revisions
Various fixes; Original pre-reform Russian name; Area fix; 1897 table improvement |
|||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|Oblast of the Russian Empire}}{{Infobox settlement |
{{Short description|Oblast of the Russian Empire}}{{Infobox settlement |
||
| name = Batum Oblast |
| name = Batum Oblast |
||
| extinct_date = |
| extinct_date = 1918 |
||
<!-- location -->| seat_type = Capital |
<!-- location -->| seat_type = Capital |
||
| image_flag = |
| image_flag = |
||
Line 15: | Line 15: | ||
| extinct_title = Abolished |
| extinct_title = Abolished |
||
| subdivision_type = Country |
| subdivision_type = Country |
||
| area_total_km2 = 6, |
| area_total_km2 = 6,975.65 |
||
<!-- population -->| subdivision_name = [[Russian Empire]] |
<!-- population -->| subdivision_name = [[Russian Empire]] |
||
| subdivision_type1 = Viceroyalty |
| subdivision_type1 = Viceroyalty |
||
Line 24: | Line 24: | ||
| population_density_km2 = auto |
| population_density_km2 = auto |
||
<!-- government -->| settlement_type = [[Oblast]] |
<!-- government -->| settlement_type = [[Oblast]] |
||
| seat = [[Batumi]] |
| seat = Batum ([[Batumi]]) |
||
| map_caption = Administrative map of the Batum Oblast |
| map_caption = Administrative map of the Batum Oblast |
||
| population_urban = 22.02% |
| population_urban = 22.02% |
||
Line 30: | Line 30: | ||
| flag_link = Flag of Russia |
| flag_link = Flag of Russia |
||
}} |
}} |
||
The '''Batum Oblast''' ({{lang |
The '''Batum Oblast''' ([[Russian alphabet#Letters eliminated in 1918|pre-reform Russian]]: {{lang|ru|Батумская область}}; {{lang-ka|ბათუმის ოლქი}}) was an ''[[oblast]]'' (region) of the [[Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)|Caucasus Viceroyalty]] of the [[Russian Empire]], with the [[Black Sea]] port city of [[Batumi]] as its center. The Batum Oblast roughly corresponded to most of present-day southwestern [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], and part of the [[Artvin Province]] of the [[Turkey|Republic of Turkey]]. |
||
==History== |
==History== |
||
Line 58: | Line 58: | ||
==Demographics== |
==Demographics== |
||
=== Russian |
=== Russian Empire census (1897) === |
||
According to the [[Russian Empire Census|Russian Empire census]] of 1897, the Batum Oblast (at the time part of the Kutais Governorate) had a population of 144,584, including 82,213 men and 62,371 women. The plurality of the population indicated [[Georgian language|Georgian]] to be their mother tongue, with significant [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Armenian language|Armenian]] and [[Russian language|Russian]] speaking minorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/emp_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=447 |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=www.demoscope.ru}}</ref> |
|||
{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
||
!Language |
|||
!Native speakers |
|||
!% |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Georgian language|Georgian]] |
|||
|62,004 |
|||
|42.88 |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Turkish language|Turkish]] |
|||
|44,667 |
|||
|30.89 |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Armenian language|Armenian]] |
|||
|14,939 |
|||
|10.33 |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Russian language|Russian]] |
|||
|7,525 |
|||
|5.20 |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Greek language|Greek]] |
|||
|4,717 |
|||
|3.26 |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] |
|||
|2,351 |
|||
|1.63 |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] |
|||
|1,811 |
|||
|1.25 |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Jewish languages|Jewish]] |
|||
|1,076 |
|||
|0.74 |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Polish language|Polish]] |
|||
|911 |
|||
|0.63 |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Persian language|Persian]] |
|||
|767 |
|||
|0.53 |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Abkhaz language|Abkhazian]] |
|||
|693 |
|||
|0.48 |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]] |
|||
|635 |
|||
|0.44 |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[German language|German]] |
|||
|369 |
|||
|0.26 |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Imereti|Imeretian]] |
|||
|356 |
|||
|0.25 |
|||
|- |
|||
|Tatar{{efn|Later known as [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]].}} |
|||
|355 |
|||
|0.25 |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] |
|||
|157 |
|||
|0.11 |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Inuit languages|Sartic]] |
|||
|156 |
|||
|0.11 |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] |
|||
|80 |
|||
|0.06 |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Avar language|Avar-Andean]] |
|||
|56 |
|||
|0.04 |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Gazikumukh Khanate|Kazi-Kumukh]] |
|||
|47 |
|||
|0.03 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[English language|English]] |
|||
! TOTAL |
|||
|38 |
|||
! 144,584 |
|||
|0.03 |
|||
! 100% |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] |
|||
| [[Georgian people|Kartvelians]] |
|||
|29 |
|||
| 63,012 |
|||
|0.02 |
|||
| 43,5% |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|[[Romanian language|Romanian]] |
||
|27 |
|||
| 44,667 |
|||
|0.02 |
|||
| 30,8% |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|[[Svan language|Svan]] |
||
|17 |
|||
| 14,939 |
|||
|0.01 |
|||
| 10,3% |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Estonian language|Estonian]] |
|||
| [[Russians]] |
|||
|11 |
|||
| 7,532 |
|||
|0.01 |
|||
| 5,2% |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|Other |
|||
| [[Greeks]] |
|||
|790 |
|||
| 4,717 |
|||
|0.55 |
|||
| 3,2% |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
!ТОТАL |
|||
!144,584 |
|||
!100.00 |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
=== Caucasian Calendar |
=== Caucasian Calendar (1917) === |
||
The 1917 Caucasian Calendar which produced statistics of 1916 indicates 122,811 residents in the Batum Oblast, including 66,808 men and 56,003 women, 95,292 of whom were the permanent population, and 27,519 were temporary residents.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.prlib.ru/item/417322|title=Кавказский календарь .... на 1917 год|pages=351-352|language=Russian}}</ref> |
The 1917 Caucasian Calendar which produced statistics of 1916 indicates 122,811 residents in the Batum Oblast, including 66,808 men and 56,003 women, 95,292 of whom were the permanent population, and 27,519 were temporary residents.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.prlib.ru/item/417322|title=Кавказский календарь .... на 1917 год|pages=351-352|language=Russian}}</ref> |
||
{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
||
Line 207: | Line 293: | ||
== See also == |
== See also == |
||
* [[Batum Okrug]] |
|||
* [[Artvin Okrug]] |
|||
* [[Kars Oblast]] |
* [[Kars Oblast]] |
||
* [[Treaty of San Stefano]] |
* [[Treaty of San Stefano]] |
Revision as of 04:05, 12 May 2022
Batum Oblast
Батумская область | |
---|---|
![]() Administrative map of the Batum Oblast | |
Land | Russian Empire |
Viceroyalty | Caucasus |
Established | 1873 |
Abolished | 1918 |
Capital | Batum (Batumi) |
Area | |
• Total | 6,975.65 km2 (2,693.31 sq mi) |
Population (1916) | |
• Total | 122,811 |
• Density | 18/km2 (46/sq mi) |
• Urban | 22.02% |
• Rural | 87.98% |
The Batum Oblast (pre-reform Russian: Батумская область; Georgian: ბათუმის ოლქი) was an oblast (region) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, with the Black Sea port city of Batumi as its center. The Batum Oblast roughly corresponded to most of present-day southwestern Georgia, and part of the Artvin Province of the Republic of Turkey.
History
The Batum Oblast was created out of the territories of the Ottoman Empire's Batum Sanjak, following the region's annexation into the Russian Empire in the aftermath of the 1878 Russo-Turkish War.
Established in 1878, the Batum Oblast was later downgraded to an okrug in 1883 and incorporated into the Kutais Governorate (until 1903).[1]
According to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Russian SFSR ceded the Batum Oblast to the Ottoman Empire, however, the Transcaucasian Seim, the authority in Transcaucasia by 1918, rejected the treaty, opting to negotiate with the Ottoman Empire on its own terms. Such action led to the former's dissolution and the subsequent Treaty of Batum, which resulted in the inevitable reannexation of Batum to the Ottoman Empire.
After the Mudros Armistice, in which the Ottoman Empire was forced to withdraw its troops from the territories of the former Russian Transcaucasus including Batum, British troops under the 27th Division occupied the district to support the British military presence in the Transcaucasus, and to serve as a terminal for supplying Denikin's Volunteer Army.
The Batum Oblast was finally evacuated by the British in the summer of 1919, and handed over to the Democratic Republic of Georgia, whom administered the district until it was occupied by Turkish revolutionaries, leading to the Treaty of Kars which resulted in the partition of the district. The north including the port of Batum was retained by Georgia as an autonomy, and the southern Artvin district was incorporated into the fledgling Republic of Turkey as the Artvin Province.
Administrative divisions
The Batum Oblast included 2 okrugs with 7 uchastoks within them:[2]
- Artvin Okrug (Артвинский округ)
- Ardanuch
- Artvin
- Shavsheti-Imerkhevi
- Batum Okrug (Батумский округ)
- Upper Adjara
- Goni
- Kintrishi
- Lower Adjara
Demographics
Russian Empire census (1897)
According to the Russian Empire census of 1897, the Batum Oblast (at the time part of the Kutais Governorate) had a population of 144,584, including 82,213 men and 62,371 women. The plurality of the population indicated Georgian to be their mother tongue, with significant Turkish, Armenian and Russian speaking minorities.[3]
Sprache | Native speakers | % |
---|---|---|
Georgian | 62,004 | 42.88 |
Turkish | 44,667 | 30.89 |
Armenian | 14,939 | 10.33 |
Russian | 7,525 | 5.20 |
Greek | 4,717 | 3.26 |
Ukrainian | 2,351 | 1.63 |
Kurdish | 1,811 | 1.25 |
Jewish | 1,076 | 0.74 |
Polish | 911 | 0.63 |
Persian | 767 | 0.53 |
Abkhazian | 693 | 0.48 |
Mingrelian | 635 | 0.44 |
German | 369 | 0.26 |
Imeretian | 356 | 0.25 |
Tatar[a] | 355 | 0.25 |
Lithuanian | 157 | 0.11 |
Sartic | 156 | 0.11 |
Belarusian | 80 | 0.06 |
Avar-Andean | 56 | 0.04 |
Kazi-Kumukh | 47 | 0.03 |
Englisch | 38 | 0.03 |
Ossetian | 29 | 0.02 |
Romanian | 27 | 0.02 |
Svan | 17 | 0.01 |
Estonian | 11 | 0.01 |
Other | 790 | 0.55 |
ТОТАL | 144,584 | 100.00 |
Caucasian Calendar (1917)
The 1917 Caucasian Calendar which produced statistics of 1916 indicates 122,811 residents in the Batum Oblast, including 66,808 men and 56,003 women, 95,292 of whom were the permanent population, and 27,519 were temporary residents.[4]
Okrug (district) | Russians | Other Europeans | Georgians | Armenians | North Caucasians | Kurds | Other Asian Nationalities | Gypsies | Jews | TOTAL | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Orthodox | Sectarian | Orthodox | Muslim | Christian | Shia Muslim | Sunni Muslim | ||||||||
Artvin | 320 | 6 | 24 | 1,187 | 25,544 | 9,428 | 304 | 0 | 69 | 283 | 104 | 145 | 0 | 37,414 |
0.9% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 3.2% | 68.3% | 25.2% | 0.8% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.8% | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.0% | 100.0% | |
Batum | 7,925 | 294 | 951 | 7,411 | 44,697 | 5,764 | 352 | 552 | 2,175 | 411 | 14,238 | 20 | 607 | 85,397 |
9.3% | 0.3% | 1.1% | 8.7% | 52.3% | 6.7% | 0.4% | 0.6% | 2.5% | 0.5% | 16.7% | 0.0% | 0.7% | 100.0% | |
TOTAL | 8,245 | 300 | 975 | 8,598 | 70,241 | 15,192 | 656 | 552 | 2,244 | 694 | 14,342 | 165 | 607 | 122,811 |
6.7% | 0.2% | 0.8% | 7.0% | 57.2% | 12.4% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 1.8% | 0.6% | 11.7% | 0.1% | 0.5% | 100.0% |
See also
References
- ^ Tsutsiev, Arthur (2014), Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus, New Haven and London, p. 38, ISBN 978-0-300-15308-8, OCLC 884858065, retrieved 2021-12-25
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Кавказский календарь .... на 1913 год (in Russian). Tiflis: Office of the Viceroy of the Caucasus. 1913. pp. 271–317.
- ^ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2022-03-26.
- ^ a b Кавказский календарь .... на 1917 год (in Russian). pp. 351–352.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha>
tags or {{efn}}
templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
template or {{notelist}}
template (see the help page).
- Georgia (country) history stubs
- Batum Oblast
- Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)
- Oblasts of the Russian Empire
- Modern history of Georgia (country)
- History of Adjara
- 19th century in Georgia (country)
- 1900s in Georgia (country)
- 1910s in Georgia (country)
- States and territories established in 1878
- States and territories disestablished in 1883
- States and territories established in 1903
- States and territories disestablished in 1917
- 1870s establishments in Georgia (country)
- 1917 disestablishments in Georgia (country)
- 1878 establishments in the Russian Empire
- 1880s disestablishments in the Russian Empire
- 1903 establishments in the Russian Empire
- 1917 disestablishments in Russia