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===Attack by John Wayne Gacy===
===Attack by John Wayne Gacy===
Rignall identified as [[Bisexuality|bisexual]] and lived with his girlfriend as well as partner Ron Wilder, described by Rignall's attorney Fred R. Richman as a "live-in companion".<ref name=Gadsden1>{{cite news|title=Gacy defense tells of rape, torture by accused|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1891&dat=19800222&id=bqMfAAAAIBAJ&pg=2645,3663452|access-date=November 30, 2013|newspaper=Gadsden Times|date=February 22, 1980|archive-date=May 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521043258/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1891&dat=19800222&id=bqMfAAAAIBAJ&pg=2645,3663452|url-status=live}}</ref> While walking to a local [[gay bar]] in [[Rosemont, Illinois]] on March 21, 1978,{{sfn|Cahill|1986|p=205}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gadsden Times - Google News Archive Search|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1891&dat=19800222&id=bqMfAAAAIBAJ&pg=2645,3663452|access-date=March 16, 2021|website=news.google.com|archive-date=May 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521043258/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1891&dat=19800222&id=bqMfAAAAIBAJ&pg=2645,3663452|url-status=live}}</ref> 26-year-old Rignall encountered Gacy, who lured Rignall into his car by offering him a ride and to smoke a [[joint (cannabis)|joint]] with him.<ref name=TRUTV>{{cite web|last=Bell|first=Rachael|title=John Wayne Gacy Jr.|url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/notorious/gacy/gacy_1.html|publisher=Tru TV|access-date=November 30, 2013|archive-date=October 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024182110/http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/notorious/gacy/gacy_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Gacy then held a rag soaked in [[chloroform]] over Rignall's mouth until he passed out. Rignall woke up intermittently during the car ride to Gacy's house and recognized a few landmarks, but was chloroformed again and eventually lapsed into unconsciousness.<ref name=TAAE>{{cite web|last=Bailey |first=Frankie Y. |title=Famous American Crimes and Trials |url=http://testaae.greenwood.com/doc_print.aspx?fileID=C8337&chapterID=C8337-1301&path=books/greenwood |publisher=The African American Experience |access-date= November 30, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203013446/http://testaae.greenwood.com/doc_print.aspx?fileID=C8337&chapterID=C8337-1301&path=books%2Fgreenwood |archive-date=December 3, 2013}}</ref> Rignall said that when he awoke, he was inside Gacy's house.<ref name=TAAE /> He was fastened to a torture device consisting of a wooden board laced with chains pinning Rignall's limbs. Gacy stood naked in front of him with an array of [[dildo]]s and described in detail what he would do to Rignall with each of them. Gacy then brutally raped, drugged, whipped, and tortured Rignall.<ref name=TAAE /> In later accounts, Rignall stated that there was another man in the room while Gacy raped him.<ref name=Springer1>{{cite news|last=Springer|first=Kate|title=Serial Killer John Wayne Gacy May Have Had Accomplices|url=http://newsfeed.time.com/2012/02/13/serial-killer-john-wayne-gacy-may-have-had-accomplices/|access-date=February 19, 2014|newspaper=[[Time (magazine)|TIME Magazine]]|publisher=[[Meredith Corporation]]|location=New York City|date=February 13, 2012|archive-date=March 4, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304112757/http://newsfeed.time.com/2012/02/13/serial-killer-john-wayne-gacy-may-have-had-accomplices/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Lutzke1>{{cite web|last=Lutzke|first=Andrew|title=Unsolved Mysteries and Scary Stuff: John Wayne Gacy|date=July 30, 2013|url=http://culturecrossfire.com/etc/unsolved-mysteries-and-scary-stuff-john-wayne-gacy/#.UwT6pvldVic|publisher=Culture Crossfire|access-date=February 19, 2014|archive-date=February 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224014809/http://culturecrossfire.com/etc/unsolved-mysteries-and-scary-stuff-john-wayne-gacy/#.UwT6pvldVic|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=MAIN1>{{cite news|last=Main|first=Frank|title=Gacy had at least one accomplice, two lawyers believe|url=http://www.suntimes.com/10538835-417/gacy-had-at-least-one-accomplice-two-lawyers-believe.html|access-date=February 19, 2014|newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|date=February 10, 2012|archive-date=February 19, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219042108/http://www.suntimes.com/10538835-417/gacy-had-at-least-one-accomplice-two-lawyers-believe.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Rignall regained consciousness the next day under a statue in Chicago's [[Lincoln Park, Chicago|Lincoln Park]]. He made it back to his girlfriend's house and she took him to [[Northwestern Memorial Hospital]], where he stayed for six days. In the hospital, Rignall recounted the experience to police, but they were skeptical of his story and Rignall was unable to identify his assailant.<ref name=TRUTV />
Rignall identified as [[Bisexuality|bisexual]] and lived with his girlfriend as well as partner Ron Wilder, described by Rignall's attorney Fred R. Richman as a "live-in companion".<ref name=Gadsden1>{{cite news|title=Gacy defense tells of rape, torture by accused|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1891&dat=19800222&id=bqMfAAAAIBAJ&pg=2645,3663452|access-date=November 30, 2013|newspaper=Gadsden Times|date=February 22, 1980|archive-date=May 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521043258/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1891&dat=19800222&id=bqMfAAAAIBAJ&pg=2645,3663452|url-status=live}}</ref> While walking to a local [[gay bar]] in [[Rosemont, Illinois]] on March 21, 1978,{{sfn|Cahill|1986|p=205}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gadsden Times - Google News Archive Search|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1891&dat=19800222&id=bqMfAAAAIBAJ&pg=2645,3663452|access-date=March 16, 2021|website=news.google.com|archive-date=May 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521043258/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1891&dat=19800222&id=bqMfAAAAIBAJ&pg=2645,3663452|url-status=live}}</ref> 26-year-old Rignall encountered Gacy, who lured Rignall into his car by offering him a ride and to smoke a [[joint (cannabis)|joint]] with him.<ref name=TRUTV>{{cite web|last=Bell|first=Rachael|title=John Wayne Gacy Jr.|url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/notorious/gacy/gacy_1.html|publisher=Tru TV|access-date=November 30, 2013|archive-date=October 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024182110/http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/notorious/gacy/gacy_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Gacy then held a rag soaked in [[chloroform]] over Rignall's mouth until he passed out. Rignall woke up intermittently during the car ride to Gacy's house and recognized a few landmarks, but was chloroformed again and eventually lapsed into unconsciousness.<ref name=TAAE>{{cite web|last=Bailey |first=Frankie Y. |title=Famous American Crimes and Trials |url=http://testaae.greenwood.com/doc_print.aspx?fileID=C8337&chapterID=C8337-1301&path=books/greenwood |publisher=The African American Experience |access-date= November 30, 2013, |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203013446/http://testaae.greenwood.com/doc_print.aspx?fileID=C8337&chapterID=C8337-1301&path=books%2Fgreenwood |archive-date=December 3, 2013}}</ref> Rignall said that when he awoke, he was inside Gacy's house.<ref name=TAAE /> He was fastened to a torture device consisting of a wooden board laced with chains pinning Rignall's limbs. Gacy stood naked in front of him with an array of [[dildo]]s and described in detail what he would do to Rignall with each of them. Gacy then brutally raped, drugged, whipped, and tortured Rignall.<ref name=TAAE /> In later accounts, Rignall stated that there was another man in the room while Gacy raped him.<ref name=Springer1>{{cite news|last=Springer|first=Kate|title=Serial Killer John Wayne Gacy May Have Had Accomplices|url=http://newsfeed.time.com/2012/02/13/serial-killer-john-wayne-gacy-may-have-had-accomplices/|access-date=February 19, 2014|newspaper=[[Time (magazine)|TIME Magazine]]|publisher=[[Meredith Corporation]]|location=New York City|date=February 13, 2012|archive-date=March 4, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304112757/http://newsfeed.time.com/2012/02/13/serial-killer-john-wayne-gacy-may-have-had-accomplices/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Lutzke1>{{cite web|last=Lutzke|first=Andrew|title=Unsolved Mysteries and Scary Stuff: John Wayne Gacy|date=July 30, 2013|url=http://culturecrossfire.com/etc/unsolved-mysteries-and-scary-stuff-john-wayne-gacy/#.UwT6pvldVic|publisher=Culture Crossfire|access-date=February 19, 2014|archive-date=February 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224014809/http://culturecrossfire.com/etc/unsolved-mysteries-and-scary-stuff-john-wayne-gacy/#.UwT6pvldVic|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=MAIN1>{{cite news|last=Main|first=Frank|title=Gacy had at least one accomplice, two lawyers believe|url=http://www.suntimes.com/10538835-417/gacy-had-at-least-one-accomplice-two-lawyers-believe.html|access-date=February 19, 2014|newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|date=February 10, 2012|archive-date=February 19, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219042108/http://www.suntimes.com/10538835-417/gacy-had-at-least-one-accomplice-two-lawyers-believe.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Rignall regained consciousness the next day under a statue in Chicago's [[Lincoln Park, Chicago|Lincoln Park]]. He made it back to his girlfriend's house and she took him to [[Northwestern Memorial Hospital]], where he stayed for six days. In the hospital, Rignall recounted the experience to police, but they were skeptical of his story and Rignall was unable to identify his assailant.<ref name=TRUTV />


===Aftermath of the attack===
===Aftermath of the attack===
Rignall took on the investigation himself, staking out freeway exit ramps and overpasses in Northwest Chicago, looking for Gacy's black [[Oldsmobile]]. He eventually spotted Gacy, recorded his license plate number, and followed the car to Gacy's house in [[Norwood Park Township, Cook County, Illinois|Norwood Park Township]].<ref name=TAAE /> Rignall provided police with the license plate number and address, but they did not act quickly on the information. Finally, in July 1978, the state's attorney's office filed a charge of battery against Gacy, but he was permitted to remain free. Rignall's case was never resolved in court. The battery charge was still pending in December of 1978 when 15-year-old Robert Piest vanished in Des Plaines, Illinois, after encountering Gacy at a pharmacy. The Des Plaines police quickly settled on Gacy as a suspect and found Rignall's charge on Gacy's rap sheet. Investigators contacted Rignall, but before they were able to interview him, Gacy was arrested and confessed. Between the date that Rignall's battery charge was filed and the date of the Des Plaines arrest, Gacy had murdered four more young men, including Piest.
Rignall took on the investigation himself, staking out freeway exit ramps and overpasses in Northwest Chicago, looking for Gacy's black [[Oldsmobile]]. He eventually spotted Gacy, recorded his license plate number, and followed the car to Gacy's house in [[Norwood Park Township, Cook County, Illinois|Norwood Park Township]].<ref name=TAAE /> Rignall provided police with the license plate number and address, but they did not act quickly on the information. Finally, in July 1978, the state's attorney's office filed a charge of battery against Gacy, but he was permitted to remain free. Rignall's case was never resolved in court. The battery charge was still pending in December of 1978 when 15-year-old Robert Piest vanished in Des Plaines, Illinois, after encountering Gacy at a pharmacy. The Des Plaines police quickly settled on Gacy as a suspect and found Rignall's charge on Gacy's rap sheet. Investigators contacted Rignall, but before they were able to interview him, Gacy was arrested and confessed. Between the date that Rignall's battery charge was filed and the date of the Des Plaines arrest, Gacy had murdered four more young men, including Piest.


After Gacy's arrest, Rignall's assault charge against him was widely covered in the press. Other young men came forward with similar stories: that they too had been sexually assaulted or tortured by Gacy, and their reports to the Chicago police had been dismissed. The event, including recounting the experiences, affected Rignall greatly. He recounted he lost approximately 40 pounds, became severely withdrawn, and experienced depression and "bouts of vomiting."<ref name="Brecher" /> He began treatment for the mental health concerns and was placed on tranquillizers and sleeping drugs. By February 1980, his medical expenses had ballooned between $25,000-$30,000.<ref name="Brecher" />
After Gacy's arrest, Rignall's assault charge against him was widely covered in the press. Other young men came forward with similar stories: that they too had been sexually assaulted or tortured by Gacy, and their reports to the Chicago police had been dismissed. The event, including recounting the experiences, affected Rignall greatly. He recounted he lost approximately 40 pounds, became severely withdrawn, and experienced depression and "bouts of vomiting."<ref name="Brecher" /> He began treatment for mental health concerns and was placed on tranquilizers and sleeping drugs. By February 1980, his medical expenses had ballooned between $25,000-$30,000.<ref name="Brecher" />


Gacy was tried for murder in Chicago in 1980; Rignall appeared as a witness for the defense. Rignall supported the defense case by stating that in his opinion, Gacy was not legally [[sanity|sane]] at the time of the attack, citing "...the beastly and animalistic ways he attacked me".<ref name=Leagle1>{{cite web|title=People v. Gacy|url=http://www.leagle.com/decision/1984104103Ill2d1_1104|publisher=Leagle|access-date=November 30, 2013|archive-date=December 3, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005449/http://www.leagle.com/decision/1984104103Ill2d1_1104|url-status=live}}</ref> Gacy never fully acknowledged his attack on Rignall - he described most of his sexual assaults as consensual encounters - and never explained why he released Rignall alive, but killed at least 33 other men and boys. Gacy was sentenced to death, and was [[lethal injection|executed]] by lethal injection on May 10, 1994, at [[Stateville Correctional Center]] in [[Crest Hill, Illinois|Crest Hill]].
Gacy was tried for murder in Chicago in 1980; Rignall appeared as a witness for the defense. Rignall supported the defense case by stating that in his opinion, Gacy was not legally [[sanity|sane]] at the time of the attack, citing "...the beastly and animalistic ways he attacked me".<ref name=Leagle1>{{cite web|title=People v. Gacy|url=http://www.leagle.com/decision/1984104103Ill2d1_1104|publisher=Leagle|access-date=November 30, 2013|archive-date=December 3, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005449/http://www.leagle.com/decision/1984104103Ill2d1_1104|url-status=live}}</ref> Gacy never fully acknowledged his attack on Rignall - he described most of his sexual assaults as consensual encounters - and never explained why he released Rignall alive, but killed at least 33 other men and boys. Gacy was sentenced to death and was [[lethal injection|executed]] by lethal injection on May 10, 1994, at [[Stateville Correctional Center]] in [[Crest Hill, Illinois|Crest Hill]].


===''29 Below''===
===''29 Below''===
Rignall partnered with Wilder and ghostwriter Patricia Colander to write a memoir of his experience with Gacy and his investigative attempts to find the rapist afterward. The book, published by Wellington Press and titled ''29 Below'', was released in 1979.<ref name=Rignall1>{{cite book|last=Rignall|first=Jeff|title=29 Below|year=1979|publisher=Wellington Press, Inc|location=California}}</ref><ref name="book release party" /> Wellington Press released a description of the book:
Rignall partnered with Wilder and ghostwriter Patricia Colander to write a memoir of his experience with Gacy and his investigative attempts to find the rapist afterward. The book, published by Wellington Press and titled ''29 Below'', was released in 1979.<ref name=Rignall1>{{cite book|last=Rignall|first=Jeff|title=29 Below|year=1979|publisher=Wellington Press, Inc|location=California}}</ref><ref name="book release party" /> Wellington Press released a description of the book:
{{Blockquote
{{Blockquote
|text="[''29 Below'' is] the story in the year of the life of a young, gay man living in the New Town section of Chicago, the bittersweet tale of someone trying to find himself amidst the confusions and successes accompanying a search for sexual identity."<ref name="book release party" />
|text="[''29 Below'' is] the story in the year of the life of a young, gay man living in the New Town section of Chicago, the bittersweet tale of someone trying to find himself amidst the confusions and successes accompanying a search for sexual identity."<ref name=" book release party" />
}}
}}
A book release party was held in Chicago in July 1979, where Rignall, Wilder, and Colander mingled with guests, one of whom was [[Robert A. Roth]], publisher of the ''[[Chicago Reader]]''. The book's first run sold through its 5,000 copies, and another release was planned.<ref name="book release party" /> By 2021, the book was [[out of print]] and sold for hundreds of dollars on online retail platforms.<ref name="out of print book">{{cite news |last1=Tron |first1=Gina |title=How John Wayne Gacy Survivor Jeffrey Rignall Went On A Personal Mission To Stop Him From Hurting Others |url=https://www.oxygen.com/true-crime-buzz/how-john-wayne-gacy-survivor-jeffrey-rignall-went-on-a-personal-mission |access-date=July 24, 2022 |publisher=Oxygen |date=April 8, 2021}}</ref>
A book release party was held in Chicago in July 1979, where Rignall, Wilder, and Colander mingled with guests, one of whom was [[Robert A. Roth]], publisher of the ''[[Chicago Reader]]''. The book's first run sold through it's 5,000 copies, and another release was planned.<ref name="book release party" /> By 2021, the book was [[out of print]] and sold for hundreds of dollars on online retail platforms.<ref name="out of the print book">{{cite news |last1=Tron |first1=Gina |title=How John Wayne Gacy Survivor Jeffrey Rignall Went On A Personal Mission To Stop Him From Hurting Others |url=https://www.oxygen.com/true-crime-buzz/how-john-wayne-gacy-survivor-jeffrey-rignall-went-on-a-personal-mission |access-date=July 24, 2022 |publisher=Oxygen |date=April 8, 2021}}</ref>


===Later life===
===Later life===

Revision as of 17:54, 7 March 2023

Jeffrey Rignall
Bornc. 1951-1952
Kentucky, United States
Died2000
NationalityAmerican
Alma materWestern Kentucky University
OccupationAuthor
Known forSurviving an attack by John Wayne Gacy
Works29 Below
PartnerRon Wilder

Jeffrey D. Rignall (d. 2000) was an American memoirist who wrote 29 Below about surviving a 1978 attack by serial killer John Wayne Gacy and his subsequent search to find his attacker. Rignall's testimony during Gacy's trial helped to secure the latter's conviction and death sentence. Rignall was profoundly affected both mentally and physically by the attack for the rest of his life. He died in 2000 at age 49.

Biography

Early life

Jeffery D. Rignall was born in Kentucky, United States.[1] He attended Western Kentucky University in Bowling Green and then worked as a building renovator.[1][2]

Attack by John Wayne Gacy

Rignall identified as bisexual and lived with his girlfriend as well as partner Ron Wilder, described by Rignall's attorney Fred R. Richman as a "live-in companion".[3] While walking to a local gay bar in Rosemont, Illinois on March 21, 1978,[4][5] 26-year-old Rignall encountered Gacy, who lured Rignall into his car by offering him a ride and to smoke a joint with him.[6] Gacy then held a rag soaked in chloroform over Rignall's mouth until he passed out. Rignall woke up intermittently during the car ride to Gacy's house and recognized a few landmarks, but was chloroformed again and eventually lapsed into unconsciousness.[7] Rignall said that when he awoke, he was inside Gacy's house.[7] He was fastened to a torture device consisting of a wooden board laced with chains pinning Rignall's limbs. Gacy stood naked in front of him with an array of dildos and described in detail what he would do to Rignall with each of them. Gacy then brutally raped, drugged, whipped, and tortured Rignall.[7] In later accounts, Rignall stated that there was another man in the room while Gacy raped him.[8][9][10] Rignall regained consciousness the next day under a statue in Chicago's Lincoln Park. He made it back to his girlfriend's house and she took him to Northwestern Memorial Hospital, where he stayed for six days. In the hospital, Rignall recounted the experience to police, but they were skeptical of his story and Rignall was unable to identify his assailant.[6]

Aftermath of the attack

Rignall took on the investigation himself, staking out freeway exit ramps and overpasses in Northwest Chicago, looking for Gacy's black Oldsmobile. He eventually spotted Gacy, recorded his license plate number, and followed the car to Gacy's house in Norwood Park Township.[7] Rignall provided police with the license plate number and address, but they did not act quickly on the information. Finally, in July 1978, the state's attorney's office filed a charge of battery against Gacy, but he was permitted to remain free. Rignall's case was never resolved in court. The battery charge was still pending in December of 1978 when 15-year-old Robert Piest vanished in Des Plaines, Illinois, after encountering Gacy at a pharmacy. The Des Plaines police quickly settled on Gacy as a suspect and found Rignall's charge on Gacy's rap sheet. Investigators contacted Rignall, but before they were able to interview him, Gacy was arrested and confessed. Between the date that Rignall's battery charge was filed and the date of the Des Plaines arrest, Gacy had murdered four more young men, including Piest.

After Gacy's arrest, Rignall's assault charge against him was widely covered in the press. Other young men came forward with similar stories: that they too had been sexually assaulted or tortured by Gacy, and their reports to the Chicago police had been dismissed. The event, including recounting the experiences, affected Rignall greatly. He recounted he lost approximately 40 pounds, became severely withdrawn, and experienced depression and "bouts of vomiting."[1] He began treatment for mental health concerns and was placed on tranquilizers and sleeping drugs. By February 1980, his medical expenses had ballooned between $25,000-$30,000.[1]

Gacy was tried for murder in Chicago in 1980; Rignall appeared as a witness for the defense. Rignall supported the defense case by stating that in his opinion, Gacy was not legally sane at the time of the attack, citing "...the beastly and animalistic ways he attacked me".[11] Gacy never fully acknowledged his attack on Rignall - he described most of his sexual assaults as consensual encounters - and never explained why he released Rignall alive, but killed at least 33 other men and boys. Gacy was sentenced to death and was executed by lethal injection on May 10, 1994, at Stateville Correctional Center in Crest Hill.

29 Below

Rignall partnered with Wilder and ghostwriter Patricia Colander to write a memoir of his experience with Gacy and his investigative attempts to find the rapist afterward. The book, published by Wellington Press and titled 29 Below, was released in 1979.[12][2] Wellington Press released a description of the book:

"[29 Below is] the story in the year of the life of a young, gay man living in the New Town section of Chicago, the bittersweet tale of someone trying to find himself amidst the confusions and successes accompanying a search for sexual identity."[2]

A book release party was held in Chicago in July 1979, where Rignall, Wilder, and Colander mingled with guests, one of whom was Robert A. Roth, publisher of the Chicago Reader. The book's first run sold through it's 5,000 copies, and another release was planned.[2] By 2021, the book was out of print and sold for hundreds of dollars on online retail platforms.[13]

Later life

Approximately a year and a half after the attack, Rignall and Wilder moved to the Louisville, Kentucky area so that Rignall could escape the memories of what happened to him. While in Louisville, he became reclusive and rarely left their apartment.[1] He died in 2000 at age 49.[14]

Bibliography

  • Rignall, Jeff; Wilder, Ron. 29 Below. Wellington Press, 1979.

Filmography

Documentaries
Year Titel Notes
2019 Very Scary People Archival footage
2021 John Wayne Gacy: Devil in Disguise Archival footage
2022 Conversations with a Killer: The John Wayne Gacy Tapes Archival footage
Television
Year Titel Notes
1979 The Late Late Show with Tom Snyder Interview, February 16, 1979[15]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Brecher, Elinor (February 1, 1980). "Gacy case brings back memories for assault victim now in Louisville". The Courier-Journal. pp. 1, 10. Archived from the original on July 22, 2022. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d Anderson, Jon (July 17, 1979). "Author keeps a date with fame above and below the streets". Chicago Tribune. pp. 15–16. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
  3. ^ "Gacy defense tells of rape, torture by accused". Gadsden Times. February 22, 1980. Archived from the original on May 21, 2021. Retrieved November 30, 2013.
  4. ^ Cahill 1986, p. 205.
  5. ^ "Gadsden Times - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Archived from the original on May 21, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  6. ^ a b Bell, Rachael. "John Wayne Gacy Jr". Tru TV. Archived from the original on October 24, 2013. Retrieved November 30, 2013.
  7. ^ a b c d Bailey, Frankie Y. "Famous American Crimes and Trials". The African American Experience. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 30, 2013,. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  8. ^ Springer, Kate (February 13, 2012). "Serial Killer John Wayne Gacy May Have Had Accomplices". TIME Magazine. New York City: Meredith Corporation. Archived from the original on March 4, 2014. Retrieved February 19, 2014.
  9. ^ Lutzke, Andrew (July 30, 2013). "Unsolved Mysteries and Scary Stuff: John Wayne Gacy". Culture Crossfire. Archived from the original on February 24, 2014. Retrieved February 19, 2014.
  10. ^ Main, Frank (February 10, 2012). "Gacy had at least one accomplice, two lawyers believe". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on February 19, 2014. Retrieved February 19, 2014.
  11. ^ "People v. Gacy". Leagle. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 30, 2013.
  12. ^ Rignall, Jeff (1979). 29 Below. California: Wellington Press, Inc.
  13. ^ Tron, Gina (April 8, 2021). "How John Wayne Gacy Survivor Jeffrey Rignall Went On A Personal Mission To Stop Him From Hurting Others". Oxygen. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference out of print book was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ "TV Tonight". Lansing State Journal. February 15, 1979. p. 32. Retrieved July 29, 2022.
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