Jump to content

Black Irish (folklore): Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Any more reverts on your part and there will be an edit war notice
Tags: Undo Reverted
What I have is actual evidence from anthropologists, what you have is a singular theory by a random professor. Black irish was used as a scapegoat to hide heritage, sure, but that's not all of it at all. I've included a reference to those hiding their heritage in my version whilst also keeping the larger history of it in it. Why must yours be the one and true version?
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Mythical ethnic group}}
{{Short description|Mythical ethnic group}}
{{About|an ethnonym|Black citizens of Ireland|Black people in Ireland}}
{{About|an ethnonym|Black citizens of Ireland|Black people in Ireland}}
Black Irish is a traditional term believed to have originated in the United States that commonly ascribes to a dark brown or black hair phenotype appearing in Caucasian people of [[Irish]] descent. This can be distinguished in contrast to the (lighter) [[brown]], [[blond]] or [[red]] hair color variant, the latter stereotypically perceived to personify the look of typical Irish folk. The term itself is rather ambiguous and not frequently used in everyday conversation. As such, the description of those it depicts has been known to vary to a degree in that some have differing views on which physical characteristics (e.g., dark hair, brown eyes, medium skin tone or dark hair, blue eyes, pale skin tone) best define the appearance of the so-called Black Irish.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206062225/http://www.darkfiber.com/blackirish/bicomments.html}}</ref>
The historical term '''Black Irish''' was a myth<ref name="O'Toole"/> most likely created and popularised in the 19th and 20th centuries by [[Irish-Americans]] to conceal interracial unions with [[African-Americans]].<ref name="Alfonso"/><ref name="Roediger"/> It almost exactly parallels the phrase "[[Black Dutch (genealogy)|Black Dutch]]" which was also used in the United States to hide racial identity, and is similar to a myth used by many families in the Southern United States who would [[Pretendian|claim descent from]] a "[[Cherokee Princess]]" in order to conceal descent from African-Americans.<ref>{{cite news |last=Smithers |first=Gregory D. |date=1 October 2015 |title=Why Do So Many Americans Think They Have Cherokee Blood? |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2015/10/cherokee-blood-why-do-so-many-americans-believe-they-have-cherokee-ancestry.html |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |location= |access-date=}}</ref>

==Description==
==Origin==
The Black Irish myth proposed that a strain of Irish people with black hair and dark complexions, referred to as "Black Irish", were the descendants of Spanish sailors shipwrecked during the [[Spanish Armada]] of 1588.<ref name="O'Toole">{{cite news |author=[[Fintan O'Toole]] |date=30 July 1999 |title=Alluring myth of 'Black Irish' may be a sign of hope |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/alluring-myth-of-black-irish-may-be-a-sign-of-hope-1.211843 |work=[[Irish Times]] |location= |access-date= |quote=One sign of it might be the persistence, largely in oral tradition, of the myth of the "Black Irish", the supposed offspring of Spanish sailors thrown by the wreck of the Armada onto the Irish coast. The idea, for which there is little historical evidence, is still used in Ireland and in Irish America, to explain the fact that some Irish people have a dark, swarthy appearance. It was celebrated a few years by the poet Paul Durcan in his long dramatic poem ''Nights in the Gardens of Spain''.}}</ref>
The first clear evidence of human habitation in [[Ireland]] has been carbon dated to circa 7000 B.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Search-Ancient-Ireland-Neolithic-English/dp/1561310727}}</ref> Written records authenticating the existence of primordial peoples have yet to be discovered, but legends, such as those described in the Book of Invasions, refer to a number of historical ethnic groups, including the Fomorians, Nemedians, Fir Bolg, Tuatha Dé Danann, and Milesians. Despite the lack of empirical data linking them to the Irish, one or more of these races have been acknowledged in previous and current ancestral studies, such as Dennis O'Mullally's History of O'Mullally and Lally Clan, or The history of an Irish family through the ages entertwined with that of the Irish nation, <ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofomullal00omul}}</ref> wherein the author points to the Fir Bolg as "the aboriginal people of [[Ireland]], smaller in stature than the [[Gaels]], with jet-black hair and dark eyes, contrasting with unusually white skin." Likewise, while such observations remain devoid of scientific backing, recent advances in genetics continue to offer more clues.

==Iberian Connection==
The term 'Black Irish' is also sometimes accompanied by claims suggesting the aforementioned physical traits to be the result of an Iberian admixture originating with survivors of the [[Spanish Armada]].
The Spanish Armada myth is thought to have been a corruption of a story based on the [[Milesians]] (not to be confused with the ancient Greek people of the same name), the purported descendants of Míl Espáine (Latin Miles Hispaniae, "Soldier of Hispania", later pseudo-Latinised as "Milesius"), speculated to represent Celtic-speaking peoples from the western Iberian peninsula who began to migrate to Ireland and Britain in the fifth century B.C. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125141706/http://www.darkfiber.com/blackirish/}}</ref> Genetic research also shows a strong similarity between the Y chromosome haplotypes of males from northwestern Spain and Irish males with Gaelic surnames, <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1182057/?tool=pubmed}}</ref> with a sizeable difference between the west and the east of Ireland, in that much of those from the west owe less of their DNA to Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian populations. Genetic marker R1b reaches frequencies as high as 98% in northwestern Ireland and 95% in southwestern Ireland,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130015256/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~gallgaedhil/haplo_r1b_amh_13_29.htm}}</ref> but drops to 73% in northeastern Ireland and 85% in southeastern Ireland. Additionally, R1b averages between 89% and 95% in Y chromosomes of the [[Basques]] of northern Spain (and southwestern France) considerably greater than levels of the same haplogroup found amongst the remaining Spanish genepool, where it varies from region to region in a range from 42% to 75%, but mostly with percentages in the 50s and 60s <ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/1256894.stm}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205071837/http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mcdonald/WorldHaplogroupsMaps.pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205213040/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/EJHG_2004_v12_p855.pdf}}</ref>
In recently published books (Blood of the Isles by Bryan Sykes and The Origins of the British - A Genetic Detective Story by [[Stephen Oppenheimer]]), both authors propose that ancient inhabitants of Ireland can be traced back to the Iberian Peninsula, as a result of a series of migrations that took place during the Mesolithic and to a lesser extent the Neolithic Age. These movements theoretically laid the foundations for present-day populations in the British Isles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221161421/http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=7817}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110045407/http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/ViewArticle.aspx?articleid=2812146}}</ref> According to journalist Nicholas Wade, Oppenheimer maintains there is a great lineal commonality between the Irish and British people, as reported in the March 6, 2007 edition of the New York Times. Oppenheimer also advances the controversial claim that a language closely related to [[Basques|Basque]] was long ago spoken by their shared ancestors. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/06/science/06brits.html}}</ref>
==Fictional References==
In the [[NBC]] series [[The Black Donnellys]], Joey Ice Cream, narrator and one of the main characters, indirectly refers to himself and unspecified Donnelly brothers as Black Irish. Joey cites a story told by his grandmother which asserted that Ireland was originally inhabited by a "dark haired race of people" whom the invading Celts attacked, but failed to wipe out.

In the [[NBC]] Series [[30 Rock]], [[Conan O'Brien]] refers to Jack Donaghy as Black Irish.

Ryan O'Reily, on the [[HBO]] series Oz, describes himself as Black Irish, and convinces Sean Murphy, a corrections officer, to befriend him by pointing out that they are both Black Irish. Murphy responds that they are "as black as they come."





==Other Instances==
In the United States, whites with Native American, African American, or other non-white ancestry may historically have called themselves "Black Irish," "Black Dutch," or "Black German" as a reflection of their coloring, and to conceal their origins.


In reality, of the roughly 5,000 Spanish sailors who were recorded as being wrecked off the coast of Ireland and Scotland, the very few that survived the wrecks were either hunted down and killed by English troops or immediately returned to Spain,<ref>{{cite book |last=Mattingly |first=Garrett |author-link= |date=2005 |title=The Armada |url= |location= |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |page=369 |isbn=9780618565917}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Burnett |first1=Bruce I. |date=July 1988 |title=The Great Enterprise |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/1988/july/great-enterprise |journal=Naval History Magazine |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages= |doi= |access-date= |quote=The rest, seeking safe harbor on the wild Irish coast without pilots and charts and sometimes without anchors, were smashed more effectively by the rocks than by the English broadsides. Some Spaniards, no doubt, found refuge amongst fellow Catholics, albeit nowhere near enough to justify the myth of the “Black Irish” being descended from them. Most were simply murdered as they lay exhausted on the beaches, or were handed over to English soldiers for almost certain execution.}}</ref> and thus could not have impacted the Irish gene pool in any significant manner.
In 1912, Irish author [[James Joyce]] asserted a different version of the myth, suggesting in an article that the residents of [[Galway]] were of "the true Spanish type" owing to their interaction and trade with the Spanish in the medieval era.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruiz-Mas |first1=José |date=2023 |title=Joyce, Galway and the Spanish Armada |url=https://www.estudiosirlandeses.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/EI-18-Jose-Ruiz-Mas.pdf |journal=Estudios Irlandeses |volume= |issue=18 |pages=94–102 |doi=10.24162/EI2023-11386 |s2cid=257588035 }}</ref>
==Genetic studies==
Two separate genetic studies carried out in the 2010s found little if any Spanish traces in Irish DNA, with population geneticist Dan Bradley of [[Trinity College Dublin]], rejecting any notion of the "Black Irish" existing or having any genetic basis.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gibbons |first=Ann |date=19 May 2017 |title=Busting myths of origin |url=https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.356.6339.678 |work=[[Science.org]] |volume=356 |issue=6339 |pages=678–681 |location= |doi=10.1126/science.356.6339.678 |access-date= |quote=That telling resonates with a later yarn about ships from the Spanish Armada, wrecked on the shores of Ireland and the Scottish Orkney Islands in 1588, Bradley says: “Good-looking, dark-haired Spaniards washed ashore” and had children with Gaelic and Orkney Islands women, creating a strain of Black Irish with dark hair, eyes, and skin. Although it's a great story, Bradley says, it “just didn't happen.” In two studies, researchers have found only “a very small ancient Spanish contribution” to British and Irish DNA, says human geneticist Walter Bodmer of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom, co-leader of a landmark 2015 study of British genetics.}}</ref>
==Potential purposes of the myth==
[[David Roediger]], a professor of American studies and history with the University of Kansas, has suggested the myth of the Black Irish as the descendants of Spanish sailors was created and popularised in the 19th and 20th centuries by [[Irish Americans]] in the [[United States]] seeking to conceal interracial children produced with [[African Americans]].<ref name="Alfonso">{{cite thesis |last=Alfonso |first=Juan D. |date=13 June 2018 |title=Racial Constructions and Activism Within Graphic Literature: An Analysis of Hank McCoy, The Beast |url=https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5028&context=etd |type= |chapter= |publisher= |docket= |oclc= |access-date=}}</ref><ref name="Roediger">{{cite book |author=[[David Roediger]] |author-link= |date=2007 |title=The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class |url=https://caringlabor.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/roediger-the-wages-of-whiteness-race-and-the-making-of-the-american-working-class.pdf |location= |publisher=Verso |page= |isbn=}}</ref> Similarly, researchers into the multi-racial [[Melungeon]] ethnic identity and other Native American groups in the southern United States found that "Black Irish" was amongst a dozen myths about Spanish sailors and other European women used to disguise the African heritage of interracial children.<ref>{{cite book |last=Vande Brake |first=Katherine |author-link= |date=August 2009 |title=Through the Back Door: Melungeon Literacies and Twenty-first-century Technologies |url= |location= |publisher= Mercer University Press |page= |isbn= |quote=Calling someone "Black Dutch" or "Black Irish" was a way to acknowledge the person's dark skin without insinuating a Negro ancestor}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Estes |first1=Roberta |date=2010 |title=Revealing American Indian and Minority Heritage Using Y-line, Mitochondrial, Autosomal and X Chromosomal Testing Data Combined with Pedigree Analysis |url=https://dna-explained.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Revealing-American-Indian-Heritage-Pedigree-Analysis.pdf |journal=Journal of Genetic Genealogy |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages= |doi= |access-date= |quote=Any classification other than white meant in terms of social and legal status that these people were lesser citizens. Therefore, Native American or African heritage that was not visually obvious was hidden and sometimes renamed to much less emotionally and socially charged monikers, such as "Black Dutch", "Black Irish" and possibly also Portuguese.}}</ref> A primary source told researchers "They would say they were "Black Dutch" or "Black Irish" or "Black French", or Native American. They’d say they were anything but Melungeon because anything else would be better ... because to be Melungeon was to be discriminated against."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Podber |first1=Jacob J. |date=September 2008 |title=Creating Real and Virtual Communities Among the Melungeons of Appalachia |url=https://dspace.nku.edu/bitstream/handle/11216/1295/Creating.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |journal=Journal of Kentucky Studies |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}</ref>
==Modern use of the term==
In the early to mid-20th century, the myth of the Black Irish was used occasionally by [[Aboriginal Australians]] in order to [[Passing (racial identity)|racially pass]] themselves into white Australian society.<ref> {{cite journal |last1=Karen |first1=Hughes |date=2017 |title=Mobilising across colour lines: Intimate encounters between Aboriginal women and African American and other allied servicemen on the World War II Australian home front |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/5e898beabb25aebee88288f5f9d1d916/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=5048050 |journal=Aboriginal History |volume=41 |issue= |pages=47–70 |doi= 10.22459/AH.41.2017.03|access-date=|doi-access=free }}</ref>
In the early to mid-20th century, the myth of the Black Irish was used occasionally by [[Aboriginal Australians]] in order to [[Passing (racial identity)|racially pass]] themselves into white Australian society.<ref> {{cite journal |last1=Karen |first1=Hughes |date=2017 |title=Mobilising across colour lines: Intimate encounters between Aboriginal women and African American and other allied servicemen on the World War II Australian home front |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/5e898beabb25aebee88288f5f9d1d916/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=5048050 |journal=Aboriginal History |volume=41 |issue= |pages=47–70 |doi= 10.22459/AH.41.2017.03|access-date=|doi-access=free }}</ref>


Line 17: Line 29:


In the 21st century, "Black Irish" is now more commonly used to refer to Irish nationals of African descent. As of 2016, 10,100 Irish nationals of African descent living in the Republic of Ireland referred to themselves as "Black Irish" in the national census.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cp8iter/p8iter/p8e/ |title=Census of Population 2016 – Profile 8 Irish Travellers, Ethnicity and Religion |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date=30 January 2022 |quote=There were 10,100 dual Irish nationals who identified themselves as 'Black or Black Irish – African', the largest group of which was Irish-Nigerian nationals (6,683 persons).}}</ref> Figures such as [[Phil Lynott]] are described by Irish national media sources as "Black Irish".<ref>{{cite news |last=Hann |first=Michael |date=2 November 2020 |title=Thin Lizzy members on the band's rise and fall: 'Heroin was the worst mistake we made' |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/music/thin-lizzy-members-on-the-band-s-rise-and-fall-heroin-was-the-worst-mistake-we-made-1.4397445 |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |location= |access-date= |quote=And in Lynott, the black Irish cowboy with the will of a warrior and the heart of a romantic, they had one of the great frontmen}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hotpress.com/opinion/niall-stokes-on-philip-lynott-music-and-racism-in-ireland-22817707 |title=Niall Stokes on Philip Lynott, Music and Racism in Ireland |last=Stokes |first=Niall |date=8 June 2020 |website=[[Hot Press]] |publisher= |access-date= |quote=and in anticipation of what would have been the 70th birthday of the great, black Irish rock star, Philip Lynott}}</ref>
In the 21st century, "Black Irish" is now more commonly used to refer to Irish nationals of African descent. As of 2016, 10,100 Irish nationals of African descent living in the Republic of Ireland referred to themselves as "Black Irish" in the national census.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cp8iter/p8iter/p8e/ |title=Census of Population 2016 – Profile 8 Irish Travellers, Ethnicity and Religion |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date=30 January 2022 |quote=There were 10,100 dual Irish nationals who identified themselves as 'Black or Black Irish – African', the largest group of which was Irish-Nigerian nationals (6,683 persons).}}</ref> Figures such as [[Phil Lynott]] are described by Irish national media sources as "Black Irish".<ref>{{cite news |last=Hann |first=Michael |date=2 November 2020 |title=Thin Lizzy members on the band's rise and fall: 'Heroin was the worst mistake we made' |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/music/thin-lizzy-members-on-the-band-s-rise-and-fall-heroin-was-the-worst-mistake-we-made-1.4397445 |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |location= |access-date= |quote=And in Lynott, the black Irish cowboy with the will of a warrior and the heart of a romantic, they had one of the great frontmen}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hotpress.com/opinion/niall-stokes-on-philip-lynott-music-and-racism-in-ireland-22817707 |title=Niall Stokes on Philip Lynott, Music and Racism in Ireland |last=Stokes |first=Niall |date=8 June 2020 |website=[[Hot Press]] |publisher= |access-date= |quote=and in anticipation of what would have been the 70th birthday of the great, black Irish rock star, Philip Lynott}}</ref>



==References==
==References==
Line 25: Line 38:
[[Category:Historical definitions of race]]
[[Category:Historical definitions of race]]
[[Category:Irish-American history]]
[[Category:Irish-American history]]
[[Category:Pseudohistory]]

Revision as of 06:59, 9 September 2023

This article is about an ethnonym. For Black citizens of Ireland, see Black people in Ireland.

Black Irish is a traditional term believed to have originated in the United States that commonly ascribes to a dark brown or black hair phenotype appearing in Caucasian people of Irish descent. This can be distinguished in contrast to the (lighter) brown, blond or red hair color variant, the latter stereotypically perceived to personify the look of typical Irish folk. The term itself is rather ambiguous and not frequently used in everyday conversation. As such, the description of those it depicts has been known to vary to a degree in that some have differing views on which physical characteristics (e.g., dark hair, brown eyes, medium skin tone or dark hair, blue eyes, pale skin tone) best define the appearance of the so-called Black Irish.[1]

Origin

The first clear evidence of human habitation in Ireland has been carbon dated to circa 7000 B.C.[2] Written records authenticating the existence of primordial peoples have yet to be discovered, but legends, such as those described in the Book of Invasions, refer to a number of historical ethnic groups, including the Fomorians, Nemedians, Fir Bolg, Tuatha Dé Danann, and Milesians. Despite the lack of empirical data linking them to the Irish, one or more of these races have been acknowledged in previous and current ancestral studies, such as Dennis O'Mullally's History of O'Mullally and Lally Clan, or The history of an Irish family through the ages entertwined with that of the Irish nation, [3] wherein the author points to the Fir Bolg as "the aboriginal people of Ireland, smaller in stature than the Gaels, with jet-black hair and dark eyes, contrasting with unusually white skin." Likewise, while such observations remain devoid of scientific backing, recent advances in genetics continue to offer more clues.

Iberian Connection

The term 'Black Irish' is also sometimes accompanied by claims suggesting the aforementioned physical traits to be the result of an Iberian admixture originating with survivors of the Spanish Armada. The Spanish Armada myth is thought to have been a corruption of a story based on the Milesians (not to be confused with the ancient Greek people of the same name), the purported descendants of Míl Espáine (Latin Miles Hispaniae, "Soldier of Hispania", later pseudo-Latinised as "Milesius"), speculated to represent Celtic-speaking peoples from the western Iberian peninsula who began to migrate to Ireland and Britain in the fifth century B.C. [4] Genetic research also shows a strong similarity between the Y chromosome haplotypes of males from northwestern Spain and Irish males with Gaelic surnames, [5] with a sizeable difference between the west and the east of Ireland, in that much of those from the west owe less of their DNA to Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian populations. Genetic marker R1b reaches frequencies as high as 98% in northwestern Ireland and 95% in southwestern Ireland,[6] but drops to 73% in northeastern Ireland and 85% in southeastern Ireland. Additionally, R1b averages between 89% and 95% in Y chromosomes of the Basques of northern Spain (and southwestern France) considerably greater than levels of the same haplogroup found amongst the remaining Spanish genepool, where it varies from region to region in a range from 42% to 75%, but mostly with percentages in the 50s and 60s [7] [8] [9] In recently published books (Blood of the Isles by Bryan Sykes and The Origins of the British - A Genetic Detective Story by Stephen Oppenheimer), both authors propose that ancient inhabitants of Ireland can be traced back to the Iberian Peninsula, as a result of a series of migrations that took place during the Mesolithic and to a lesser extent the Neolithic Age. These movements theoretically laid the foundations for present-day populations in the British Isles.[10] [11] According to journalist Nicholas Wade, Oppenheimer maintains there is a great lineal commonality between the Irish and British people, as reported in the March 6, 2007 edition of the New York Times. Oppenheimer also advances the controversial claim that a language closely related to Basque was long ago spoken by their shared ancestors. [12]

Fictional References

In the NBC series The Black Donnellys, Joey Ice Cream, narrator and one of the main characters, indirectly refers to himself and unspecified Donnelly brothers as Black Irish. Joey cites a story told by his grandmother which asserted that Ireland was originally inhabited by a "dark haired race of people" whom the invading Celts attacked, but failed to wipe out.

In the NBC Series 30 Rock, Conan O'Brien refers to Jack Donaghy as Black Irish.

Ryan O'Reily, on the HBO series Oz, describes himself as Black Irish, and convinces Sean Murphy, a corrections officer, to befriend him by pointing out that they are both Black Irish. Murphy responds that they are "as black as they come."



Other Instances

In the United States, whites with Native American, African American, or other non-white ancestry may historically have called themselves "Black Irish," "Black Dutch," or "Black German" as a reflection of their coloring, and to conceal their origins.

In the early to mid-20th century, the myth of the Black Irish was used occasionally by Aboriginal Australians in order to racially pass themselves into white Australian society.[13]

In the 1950s, Malcolm X of the Nation of Islam would occasionally assert, alongside claiming Italians were descended from Carthaginian Africans and the Spanish were descended from the Moors, that the Irish were also of Black descent by invoking the Black Irish myth.[14]

In the 21st century, "Black Irish" is now more commonly used to refer to Irish nationals of African descent. As of 2016, 10,100 Irish nationals of African descent living in the Republic of Ireland referred to themselves as "Black Irish" in the national census.[15] Figures such as Phil Lynott are described by Irish national media sources as "Black Irish".[16][17]


References

  1. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20081206062225/http://www.darkfiber.com/blackirish/bicomments.html. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. ^ https://www.amazon.com/Search-Ancient-Ireland-Neolithic-English/dp/1561310727. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  3. ^ https://archive.org/details/historyofomullal00omul. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  4. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20090125141706/http://www.darkfiber.com/blackirish/. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. ^ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1182057/?tool=pubmed. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  6. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20090130015256/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~gallgaedhil/haplo_r1b_amh_13_29.htm. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/1256894.stm. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  8. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20090205071837/http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mcdonald/WorldHaplogroupsMaps.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  9. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20090205213040/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/EJHG_2004_v12_p855.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  10. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20081221161421/http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=7817. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20090110045407/http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/ViewArticle.aspx?articleid=2812146. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  12. ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/06/science/06brits.html. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  13. ^ Karen, Hughes (2017). "Mobilising across colour lines: Intimate encounters between Aboriginal women and African American and other allied servicemen on the World War II Australian home front". Aboriginal History. 41: 47–70. doi:10.22459/AH.41.2017.03.
  14. ^ "Malcolm X and United States Policies towards Africa: A Qualitative Analysis of His Black Nationalism and Peace through Power and Coercion Paradigms" (PDF). Africology: The Journal of Pan African Studies. 9 (4). July 2016.
  15. ^ "Census of Population 2016 – Profile 8 Irish Travellers, Ethnicity and Religion". Retrieved 30 January 2022. There were 10,100 dual Irish nationals who identified themselves as 'Black or Black Irish – African', the largest group of which was Irish-Nigerian nationals (6,683 persons).
  16. ^ Hann, Michael (2 November 2020). "Thin Lizzy members on the band's rise and fall: 'Heroin was the worst mistake we made'". The Irish Times. And in Lynott, the black Irish cowboy with the will of a warrior and the heart of a romantic, they had one of the great frontmen
  17. ^ Stokes, Niall (8 June 2020). "Niall Stokes on Philip Lynott, Music and Racism in Ireland". Hot Press. and in anticipation of what would have been the 70th birthday of the great, black Irish rock star, Philip Lynott
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Irish_(folklore)&oldid=1174559227"