Dogra dynasty: Difference between revisions
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[[File:The Hill fort of Maharaja Gulab Singh, 1846 drawing.jpg|right|250px|thumb|The Hill fort of [[Maharaja Gulab Singh]], ''1846 drawing''.]] |
[[File:The Hill fort of Maharaja Gulab Singh, 1846 drawing.jpg|right|250px|thumb|The Hill fort of [[Maharaja Gulab Singh]], ''1846 drawing''.]] |
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'''Dogra'''<ref name="britan">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/167993/Dogra-dynasty |title=Dogra dynasty | India | Britannica.com |publisher=britannica.com|accessdate=2015-08-20}}</ref> was a [[Hindu]] [[Rajput]] dynasty which traced its roots to the [[Ikshvaku dynasty]] of [[northern India]]. The rulers of the dynasty were [[Dogra Rajput]]s<ref name="britan"/> and the |
'''Dogra'''<ref name="britan">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/167993/Dogra-dynasty |title=Dogra dynasty | India | Britannica.com |publisher=britannica.com|accessdate=2015-08-20}}</ref> was a [[Hindu]] [[Rajput]] dynasty which traced its roots to the [[Ikshvaku dynasty]] of [[northern India]]. The rulers of the dynasty were [[Dogra Rajput]]s<ref name="britan"/> and the royal house of [[Jammu and Kashmir]]. |
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The ''Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir'' was the ruler of the erstwhile [[British India|Indian]] [[princely state]] of [[Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. The first ruler was [[Gulab Singh]], who became Raja, Governor-General, of [[Jammu]] principality through a grant from the [[Sikh]] ruler [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], and subsequently accepted the throne of Kashmir after the [[First Anglo-Sikh War|First Anglo-Sikh war]]. The principality of Jammu was ruled by Raja Gulab Singh as a governor of |
The ''Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir'' was the ruler of the erstwhile [[British India|Indian]] [[princely state]] of [[Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. The first ruler was [[Gulab Singh]], who became Raja, Governor-General, of [[Jammu]] principality through a grant from the [[Sikh]] ruler [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], and subsequently accepted the throne of Kashmir after the [[First Anglo-Sikh War|First Anglo-Sikh war]]. The principality of Jammu was ruled by Raja Gulab Singh as a governor of [[Sikh Empire]] till 1846. After the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] in 1846, under the terms of the [[Treaty of Amritsar, 1846|Treaty of Amritsar]], the British government sold Kashmir to Maharaja [[Gulab Singh]] and the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, the second largest princely state in British India, was created.<ref name="kashmir-issue">{{cite web|url=http://www.kashmir-issue.com/images3/treatyOfamritsar.pdf|date=1 September 2009|title=TREATY OF AMRITSAR|author=Yakub|accessdate=2015-08-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rai |first=Mridu |authorlink= |title=Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2004 |location= |pages=27, 133 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=x5azvT2hjW0C&printsec=frontcover&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=0-691-11688-1}}</ref> |
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Last ruling Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir was [[Hari Singh]], his son [[Karan Singh]] is the present [[titular ruler|titular]] Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir. |
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After the [[First World War]] the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir was granted a hereditary [[21-gun salute]] in recognition for the service of his soldiers for the British cause. This was the highest number given to any [[salute state]] with five of the 565 princely states attaining the honour. During the [[World War II]] as well as providing soldiers for the [[Allies of World War II|allied]] cause the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir served as a member of [[Winston Churchill|Churchill's]] British [[Imperial War Cabinet|War Cabinet]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War|last = Schofield|first = Victoria|publisher = [[I.B.TAURIS]]|year = 2010|isbn = 9780857730787|location = London|pages = |quote = In the State of Jammu and Kashmir, Hari Singh, one of the two Indian representatives of the Imperial War Cabinet, lent assistance in World War II.|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iaT3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT36&lpg=PT36&dq=hari+singh+imperial+war+cabinet&source=bl&ots=9XcppLZCZ0&sig=-R20fNVG7MWQvlen_oU6Jfj9LQg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCsQ6AEwA2oVChMIudvlr6nPyAIVQVsUCh3dEQ0s#v=onepage&q=hari%20singh%20imperial%20war%20cabinet&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = The Gallant Dogras: An Illustrated History of the Dogra Regiment|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_Wxsgt6_0TYC|publisher = Lancer Publishers|date = 2005|isbn = 9788170622680|language = en|first = Shankar|last = Prasad}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Citation|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IOwW7kFv-HU|accessdate = 2015-11-23|title = British War Cabinet At No 10 (1944)|publisher = [[Pathé News]]|location = 10 Downing Street, Westminster|year = 1944|at = Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir can be seen at timecode 0:29}}</ref> |
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The last ruling Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir was [[Hari Singh]] who had ascended to the throne in 1925 after his uncle [[Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Pratab Singh]] died with no direct heir. In October 1947, Hari Singh conceded partial governance of the state to India by the [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Instrument of Accession]] after being unable to suppress Pashtun uprisings allegedly backed by Pakistan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title = Kashmir: The origins of the dispute|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1762146.stm|newspaper = BBC|date = 2002-01-16|access-date = 2015-10-17}}</ref> |
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By this treaty signed with India's Governor-General [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Louis Mountbatten]], India's jurisdiction was limited to external affairs, defence and communications. However, in 1949, after the [[First Kashmir War]] between India and Pakistan, he was obliged by India to leave the state and its governance to Prime Minister [[Sheikh Abdullah]].<ref name=":0" /> The disputed nature of the Instrument of Accession left the region embroiled in the ongoing armed [[Kashmir conflict]] for the independence of the Kashmiri nation from the clutches of India; [[insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]. |
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After Hari Singh died, his son [[Karan Singh]] never officially adopted the title of maharaja and was the only royal of a princely state to voluntarily surrender his [[Privy Purse in India|privy purse]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Karan Singh: Born with a golden spoon|url = http://gulfnews.com/news/asia/india/karan-singh-born-with-a-golden-spoon-1.1210292|website = gulfnews.com|accessdate = 2015-10-17}}</ref> Instead he had been appointed [[prince regent]] by [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru's]] intervention, he abdicated in 1952 to become the president of Jammu and Kashmir and then its governor in 1964.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Detailed Profile - Dr. Karan Singh - Members of Parliament (Rajya Sabha) - Who's Who - Government: National Portal of India|url = http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=82|website = www.archive.india.gov.in|accessdate = 2015-10-18}}</ref> "I followed [[Pandit Nehru]] and not my father." Karan Singh had stated remembering the history in a 2011 interview with [[Outlook (magazine)|Outlook Magazine]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/karan-singh-on-accession-of-kashmir-to-india/735445|title=Karan Singh on Accession of Kashmir to India|date=2011-09-19|website=Outlook Magazine|access-date=2016-04-17}}</ref> |
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Later Karan Singh served as a cabinet minister in the government of India that terminated and abolished all official symbols of princely India, including titles, privileges, and remuneration (privy purses) by the promulgation of the Twenty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India in 1971. This barred all Indian citizens including Karan Singh and his lineage from legally holding royal titles which were considered incompatible with the country's "egalitarian social order".<ref>{{Cite web|title = THE CONSTITUTION (AMENDMENT)|url = http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend26.htm|website = indiacode.nic.in|accessdate = 2015-10-17}}</ref> |
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In July 2015, the [[High Court of Jammu and Kashmir]] declared that "it has been authoritatively ruled by the Supreme Court that signing of Instrument of Accession did not affect the sovereignty of Maharaja over his State." In the ruling justices MA Attar and AM Magray had given the observation that "the sovereignty of the State of J&K under the rule of Maharaja... legally and constitutionally remained intact and untampered."<ref>{{Cite web|title = Jammu and Kashmir's special status cannot be altered: High Court|url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-07-18/news/64567572_1_kashmir-high-court-jk-jammu-and-kashmir|website = timesofindia-economictimes|accessdate = 2015-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = J&K's special status cannot be altered: High Court|url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/j-k-s-special-status-cannot-be-altered-hc-115071800358_1.html|accessdate = 2015-10-17}}</ref> Previously in 1953, High Court justices had ruled that the Maharaja and his State of Jammu and Kashmir had become independent and sovereign in August 1947 under section 7 of the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]] passed by parliament in Britain.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/a-land-mark-judgement/226073.html|title=A land mark judgement|last=Din|first=Zahir|date=18 August 2016|work=Greater Kashmir|access-date=2016-10-17|via=}}</ref> |
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The Dogras continue to play a role in politics in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, India and the United Kingdom. |
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==History of Dogra rulers== |
==History of Dogra rulers== |
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{{unreferenced section|date=February 2015}} |
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{{See also|History of Kashmir|Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)}} |
{{See also|History of Kashmir|Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)}} |
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[[File:Gulabsingh1840.jpg|thumb|right|x250px|text|[[Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Maharaja Gulab Singh]], the founder of princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]] |
[[File:Gulabsingh1840.jpg|thumb|right|x250px|text|[[Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Maharaja Gulab Singh]], the founder of princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]] |
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According to legend, [[Raghuvanshi]] descendant, [[Minhas#Origins|Agnigarba]], who was living as a recluse, came to [[Nagarkot]] ([[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]), in the [[Shivalik Hills]]. When the Raja of Kangra came to know about this person's ancestry, he offered him the hand of his daughter and a part of kingdom. The river Ravi was then the boundary of Nagarkote. Agnigarba crossed it and captured some villages in the [[Kathua]] area and declared himself as sovereign king. |
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After his death, his son Bayusharva (B.C. 1530 – 1500) married the princess of Parole (Kathua). The princess was known as Erwan and she died young. The Raja founded a city after her which is still found near Parole, though now a small village and at the 'Samadhi' of the queen, a `Mela' (fair) is held at every `Baisakhi' (13 or 14 April) every year. Bayusharva extended the boundaries up to the river Ujh. Bayusharva's great grandson, Bahulochan was enthroned after his death. He migrated from Erwan and built his fort on the banks of river Tawi. Bahulochan died in a bloody battle with Chadaras, Raja of [[Sialkot]] (Shayalkot) and his younger brother Jambulochan (B.C 1320–1290) ascended the throne. In those days the area beyond Tawi (the present city of Jammu) was used for hunting. Tradition has it that one day Jambulochan came to this area and while he was sitting behind a bush to ambush some bird or animal, he saw a lion (a tiger in some accounts) and a goat drinking water from the same pond. This peaceful coexistence encouraged him to found the city of Jammu, which some say is named after him. |
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=== Legend === |
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According to legend, [[Raghuvanshi]] descendant, [[Minhas#Origins|Agnigarba]], who was living as a recluse, came to [[Nagarkot]] ([[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]), in the [[Shivalik Hills]]. When the Raja of Kangra came to know about this person's ancestry, he offered him the hand of his daughter and a part of kingdom. The river Ravi was then the boundary of Nagarkote. Agnigarba crossed it and captured some villages in the [[Kathua]] area and declared himself as sovereign king.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lfcvAQAAIAAJ|publisher = Anmol Publications|date = 1996-01-01|isbn = 9788170418597|language = en|first = S. S.|last = Shashi}}</ref> |
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One of his descendants, Raja Shaktikaran (B.C 1200–1177) introduced the [[Dogri language|Dogri]] script for the first time. Another of his descendants, Jasdev founded the city of [[Jasrota]] on the bank of river Ujh, and another Raja, Karan Dev built a fort on the banks of the river Basantar. In the early centuries of the first millennium the area came under the sway of the [[Indo-Greeks]], with their capital at [[Sagala]] ([[Sialkot]]). |
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=== Antiquity === |
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After his death, his son Bayusharva (B.C. 1530 – 1500) married the princess of Parole (Kathua). The princess was known as Erwan and she died young.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Cultural Heritage of the Dogras|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mZc9AAAAMAAJ|publisher = Light & Life Publishers|date = 1980|language = en|first = Jyoteeshwar|last = Pathik|first2 = Diwan Chand|last2 = Sharma|page = 14}}</ref> The Raja founded a city after her which is still found near [[Parole, India|Parole]], though now a small village and at the 'Samadhi' of the queen, a 'Mela' (fair) is held at every 'Baisakhi' (13 or 14 April) every year. Bayusharva extended the boundaries up to the river Ujh. Bayusharva's great grandson, Bahulochan was enthroned after his death. He migrated from Erwan and built his fort on the banks of river Tawi. Bahulochan died in a bloody battle with Chadaras, Raja of [[Sialkot]] (Shayalkot) and his younger brother Jambulochan (B.C 1320–1290) ascended the throne. |
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Among the rulers of Jammu was Raja Ranjit Dev (1728–1780), who introduced social reforms such as a ban on [[Sati (practice)|sati]] (immolation of the wife on the pyre of the husband) and female infanticide. |
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The Greek astrologer Pulomi, accompanying [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]] in his B.C. 323 campaign into the Indian subcontinent, referred to some inhabitants of Duggar as "a brave Dogra family living in the mountain ranges of Shivalik."<ref>Shastri, Balkrishan (1981). ''Dogri in the family of world languages (Translated)''. Dogri Research Centre, Jammu University.</ref> |
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In 1808, Jammu became part of the [[Sikh Empire]], under [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]. Ranjit Singh bestowed the place as a jagir on [[Gulab Singh]], who belonged to the Jamwal Rajput clan that ruled Jammu. As a jagirdar/Governor for the Sikhs, Gulab Singh extended the boundaries of the Sikh Empire to western Tibet with the help of his fine General [[Zorawar Singh Kahluria|Zorawar Singh]]. The Sikh rule was then extended beyond the Jammu Region and the Kashmir Valley to include the Tibetan Buddhist Kingdom of Ladakh and the Emirates of [[State of Hunza|Hunza]], [[Gilgit Agency|Gilgit]] and [[State of Nagar|Nagar]]. |
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Narendra Sahagala's book ''Jammu & Kashmir: A State in Turbulence'' and V.D. Mahajan's ''Pracheen Bharat,'' offer an alternate theory on the [[death of Alexander the Great]], where Alexander was shot dead by a Dogra archer in B.C. 325, on the banks of river [[Chandrabhaga River (Chenab River)|Chandrabhaga]]. In support of their theory Sahangala states that Greek historians have referred to Chandrabhaga as ''Sandro Fagus'', meaning Devourer of Alexander.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MwW3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT21&lpg=PT21&dq=Alexander+the+great+dogras&source=bl&ots=XQds7Ppaul&sig=ctnRrsrgTa5dUCIKB3Vde8fgKpA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJjvHdyrrRAhXHFSwKHTguCrQQ6AEIPjAE#v=onepage&q=Alexander%20the%20great%20dogras&f=false|title=Jammu & Kashmir: A State in Turbulence|last=Sahagala|first=Narendra|date=|publisher=Suruchi Prakashan|year=2011|isbn=9788189622831|location=|page=31|pages=|language=en|quote=|via=}}</ref> |
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After the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] in 1846, Sir Henry Lawrence was appointed British Resident and Lal Singh was asked to surrender Kashmir.<ref>[http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019XZZ000007381U00013000 Raja Lal Singh]</ref> Under the terms of the [[Treaty of Amritsar, 1846|Treaty of Amritsar]], the British government then sold Kashmir for a sum of 7.5 million Nanakshahee rupees to Maharaja Gulab Singh. Thus the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir came into being under [[Gulab Singh|Maharaja Gulab Singh]], as per the treaties, [[Treaty of Lahore]], signed between the [[United Kingdom|British]] and the [[Sikhs]]. |
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=== Kingdom of Jammu === |
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In those days the area beyond Tawi (the present city of Jammu) was used for hunting. Tradition has it that one day Jambulochan came to this area and while he was sitting behind a bush to ambush some bird or animal, he saw a lion (a tiger in some accounts) and a goat drinking water from the same pond. This peaceful coexistence encouraged him to found the city of Jammu, which some say is named after him.<ref>{{Cite web|title = History of Jammu {{!}} Kashmir Tourism|url = http://www.kashmirtourism.org/destinations/jammu/history-of-jammu/|website = www.kashmirtourism.org|accessdate = 2015-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Forts and Palaces of the Western Himalaya|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=l2oZiyOqReoC|publisher = Indus Publishing|date = 2000-01-01|isbn = 9788173871047|language = en|first = Aśoka|last = Jeratha}}</ref> |
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One of his descendants, Raja Shaktikaran (B.C 1200-1177) introduced the [[Dogri language|Dogri]] script for the first time.<ref>{{Cite book|title = District Census Handbook, Jammu & Kashmir: Jammu|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cb7UAAAAMAAJ|language = en|first = |last = India Superintendent of Census Operations, Jammu and Kashmir|first2 = M. H.|last2 = Kamili}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Antiquities, history, culture, and shrines of Jammu|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uEtuAAAAMAAJ|publisher = Vinod Publishers & Distributors|date = 1997-01-01|language = en|first = Shiv Chander|last = Sharma}}</ref> Another of his descendants, Jasdev founded the city of [[Jasrota]] on the bank of river Ujh, and another Raja, Karan Dev built a fort on the banks of the river Basantar. In the early centuries of the first millennium the area came under the sway of the [[Indo-Greeks]], with their capital at [[Sagala]] ([[Sialkot]]). |
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Raja Dhruv Dev (1703-1725) and his sons Mian Ghunsar Dev of [[Udhampur district|Udhampur]] and Mian Surat Singh defeated and drove out the Imperial [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] army from Delhi to reestablish independent rule.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kashmirlife.net/all-of-a-sudden-kashmir-has-a-king-living-in-exile-103812/|title=All of a Sudden, Kashmir Has a King, Living in Exile!|last=|first=|date=|website=[[Kashmir Life]]|publisher=|access-date=2017-01-12|quote="Ankit Love’s ancestor Raja (King) Dhruv Dev’s son Prince Mian Dev of Udhampur that defeated the Mughal Imperial army"}}</ref> |
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Among the rulers of Jammu was Raja Ranjit Dev (1725-1782), who introduced social reforms such as a ban on [[Sati (practice)|sati]] (immolation of the wife on the pyre of the husband) and female infanticide.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Cultural Heritage of the Dogras|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mZc9AAAAMAAJ|publisher = Light & Life Publishers|date = 1980-01-01|language = en|first = Jyoteeshwar|last = Pathik|first2 = Diwan Chand|last2 = Sharma}}</ref> |
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In 1816, Jammu was annexed by the [[Sikh Empire]], under [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]. Raja Jit Singh (1797-1816) of Jammu was exiled to British territory.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Kugq3wEh-W4C&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=gulab+singh+jit+singh&source=bl&ots=aN4sacM7iV&sig=YqYMeRH45RnQhYqkG87N0m7eR3o&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiLyuPN6OzQAhWoIsAKHa6kAS0Q6AEIVDAJ#v=onepage&q=gulab%20singh%20jit%20singh&f=false|title=Pahāṛi Styles of Indian Murals|last=Charak|first=Sukh Dev Singh|last2=Billawaria|first2=Anita K.|date=1998-01-01|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=9788170173564|language=en}}</ref> Ranjit Singh appointed [[Gulab Singh]]'s father Kishore Singh as the Governor of Jammu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.royalark.net/India/kashmir2.htm|title=Dogra Dynasty|last=|first=|date=|website=www.royalark.net|publisher=|access-date=2016-12-11|quote=Raja Sri Dhruv Dev Sahib...Drove out the Mughals and re-established his independent rule. Mian Ghunsar Dev, of Bhalwalta (Udhampur). Successfully defeated and repulsed an invasion by the Imperial armies.}}</ref> Gulab Singh was from a junior branch of the [[Jamwal|Jamwal Rajput]] clan that ruled Jammu and had risen to the rank of general in the army of the Sikh emperor. As a Jagirdar (Governor) for the Sikhs, Gulab Singh extended the boundaries of the Sikh Empire to western Tibet with the help of his fine General [[Zorawar Singh Kahluria|Zorawar Singh]]. The Sikh rule was then extended beyond the Jammu Region and the Kashmir Valley to include the Tibetan Buddhist Kingdom of Ladakh and the Emirates of [[State of Hunza|Hunza]], [[Gilgit Agency|Gilgit]] and [[State of Nagar|Nagar]]. |
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Gulab Singh declared himself as the King of Jammu claiming to be a distant kinsman of the deposed King Jit Singh and secured a signed declaration from the ousted King of Jammu renouncing the throne in Gulab Singh's favour.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cbkwgl.wordpress.com/2014/09/25/end-of-the-kingdom-of-jammu/|title=End of the kingdom of Jammu|last=|first=|date=2014-09-25|website=|publisher=|access-date=2016-12-11}}</ref> |
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=== Prime Ministers of Sikh empire === |
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Gulab Singh's younger brother Dhian Singh was the [[Vizier|Vizir]] (Prime Minister) for the Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Upon the death of the Sikh emperor in 1839 coinciding with the death of his French General [[Jean-François Allard]], Dhian Singh continued as Prime Minister for Ranjit Singh's successor Maharaja [[Kharak Singh]]. Only after a few months into his reign, Prime Minister Dhian Singh had the new emperor imprisoned where he died mysteriously. Maharaja Kharak Singh was then succeeded by his son Kunwar (Prince) [[Nau Nihal Singh]] who also died mysteriously while returning from his father's funeral at the Lahore Fort. Gulab Singh's son Udham Singh also died in the same incident while his brother the Prime Minister Dhian Singh was injured.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Y9BbBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT76&lpg=PT76&dq=gulab+singh+son+killed&source=bl&ots=Z0cGbyWMyq&sig=sslanWN1hq5cK6cs2eeENFZjnco&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjsxeDx8uzQAhVqIcAKHcR9Bxo4ChDoAQguMAM#v=onepage&q=gulab%20singh%20son%20killed&f=false|title=The Last Sunset: The Rise & Fall of the Lahore Durbar|last=Singh|first=Captain Amarinder|date=2012-08-10|publisher=Roli Books Private Limited|isbn=9788174369116|language=en}}</ref> |
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After a battle between Sikh heir Sher Singh and Gulab Singh in which American artillery commander [[Alexander Gardner (soldier)|Alexander Gardner]] had fought for the Dogras, a peace deal was struck and Dhian Singh remained Prime Minister with Maharaja Ranjit Singh's illegitimate son Sher Singh becoming the emperor in January 1841.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VaeuCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=Sher+Singh+dhian+singh&source=bl&ots=3fo6U4JpxX&sig=LocI55Hz7VXLfg4hG5RDYcfbJaw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj14tDR4ezQAhWpDMAKHcbhD0EQ6AEIYzAN|title=Political Inheritance of Pakistan|last=Low|first=D. A.|date=1991-06-18|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781349115563|language=en}}</ref> |
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In September 1843, the Prime Minister Dhian Singh organized a coup d'état against Maharaja Sher Singh. The Dogra prime minister employed the Sikh emperor's cousin Ajit Singh, an army officer to assassinate the Maharaja. Ajit Singh succeeded in murdering the emperor, however he also betrayed the Prime Minister and killed him after. The Prime Minister's son Hira Singh then marched on the palace and killed Ajit Singh. |
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Hira Singh aged 24, then became the Prime Minister. He appointed [[Duleep Singh]] to the throne with the infant's mother empress [[Jind Kaur]] as regent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.punjabonline.com/servlet/library.history?Action=Page&Param=43|title=Punjab Online: History of Punjab|last=|first=|date=|website=Punjab Online|publisher=|access-date=2016-12-11}}</ref> Hira Singh was then challenged by his uncle Suchet Singh, the lover of the empress.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/postgurus/herosvillains/heroes%20villains.htm|title=Heroes & Villians of Sikh Rule|last=|first=|date=11 December 2016|website=Sikh Heritage|publisher=|access-date=2016-12-11}}</ref> After Hira Singh killed his uncle at the mausoleum of Mian Wadda, he faced pressure from the Sikh army and the empress that turned against him on the account of his unpopular [[Brahmin]] advisor Pandit Jalla. |
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Hira Singh and Pandit Jalla were killed in 1844 while attempting to flee Lahore by the Sikh army. Raja Gulab Singh's second son Sohan Singh was also killed in the encounter.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&pg=PA122&lpg=PA122&dq=the+second+son+of+Gulab+Singh,+was+killed+with+Raja+Hira+Singh&source=bl&ots=xt7Bs3XkmJ&sig=MMst-yA398fDIngvxnmvfrfYU18&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj25sPI9ezQAhVHIcAKHRmCDw4Q6AEIKDAC#v=onepage&q=the%20second%20son%20of%20Gulab%20Singh,%20was%20killed%20with%20Raja%20Hira%20Singh&f=false|title=The Sikhs of the Punjab|last=Grewal|first=J. S.|date=1998-10-08|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521637640|language=en}}</ref> After the assassination of Hira Singh, the Sikh empress appointed her bother Jawahar Singh as Prime Minister. The empress then turned the Sikh army against the Dogra Raja Gulab Singh. Gulab Singh surrendered to the Sikh Army council and through diplomacy and paying a fine of thirty lakh rupees was returned to Jammu. |
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Shortly after Gulab Singh was offered to be the Prime Minister of the empire after the Sikh army turned against Prime Minister Jawahar Singh. The Sikh army had Jawahar Singh killed believing he had ordered the murder of Maharaja Ranjit Singh's son [[Pashaura Singh]] who had rebelled against the infant emperor Duleep Singh. However, Gulab Singh refused the position. [[Lal Singh]] a Dogra who was appointed as general under Hira Singh's premiership, then became the Prime Minister of the Sikh empire, with [[Tej Singh]] a Dogra and Brahmin as the commander-in-chief of the Sikh forces in the lead up to the first Anglo-Sikh War of 1846.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&pg=PA196&lpg=PA196&dq=tej+singh+dogra+brahmin&source=bl&ots=fQH_AmNEQB&sig=cC0fXw3fk_RzR4fWtuXIW77ZU6Y&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiMxdCq4ezQAhXKDcAKHXSsA1kQ6AEILjAD#v=onepage&q=tej%20singh%20dogra%20brahmin&f=false|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|last=Singha|first=H. S.|date=2000-01-01|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=9788170103011|language=en}}</ref> |
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During the Anglo-Sikh war the Dogra officers deliberately broke the Sikh army and leaked intelligence to the British allowing for their victory.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aoMXn_lR1XYC&pg=PT20&lpg=PT20&dq=lal+singh+sikh+empire+british&source=bl&ots=ICtN0F1BVm&sig=RyjojDvBbOPd6mVQxHEVE-oQM1Q&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj84umI7uzQAhVKCcAKHTqqBlc4ChDoAQg0MAU#v=onepage&q=lal%20singh%20sikh%20empire%20british&f=false|title=The Gallant Defender|last=Darshi|first=A. R.|date=2001-01-01|publisher=Sikh Students Federation|isbn=9788176014687|language=en}}</ref> This resulted in the partial sub subjugation of the Sikh empire by the East India Company and Gulab Singh gaining Kashmir for the Dogra assistance to the British. |
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=== State of Jammu and Kashmir === |
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After the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] in 1846, Sir Henry Lawrence was appointed British Resident and Lal Singh was asked to surrender Kashmir.<ref>[http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019XZZ000007381U00013000 Raja Lal Singh] {{wayback|url=http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019XZZ000007381U00013000 |date=20120214225152 }}</ref> Under the terms of the [[Treaty of Amritsar, 1846|Treaty of Amritsar]], the British government then sold Kashmir for a sum of 7.5 million Nanakshahee rupees to Maharaja Gulab Singh. Thus the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir came into being under [[Gulab Singh|Maharaja Gulab Singh]], as per the treaties, [[Treaty of Lahore]], signed between the [[United Kingdom|British]] and the [[Sikhs]]. |
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[[Partab Singh of Kashmir|Maharaja Partab Singh]] (enthroned in 1885) saw the construction of Banihal Cart Road (B.C. Road) mainly to facilitate telegraph services. |
[[Partab Singh of Kashmir|Maharaja Partab Singh]] (enthroned in 1885) saw the construction of Banihal Cart Road (B.C. Road) mainly to facilitate telegraph services. |
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One of the main residences of the |
One of the main residences of the maharadjas was the [[Sher Garhi Palace]] in their summer capital [[Srinagar]]. |
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Maharaja Hari Singh, was a member of Churchill's British War Cabinet in WWII,<ref name=":3" /> and features in one of the [[conspiracy theories about Adolf Hitler's death]]. Noted Kashmiri writer and historian Farooq Renzu Shah, believes that Hitler after his defeat was provided sanctuary by the Maharaja, and is buried at [[Roza Bal]] in Kashmir,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://onlykashmir.in/adolf-hitler-escaped-to-kashmir-buried-in-khanyar-claims-prominent-writer/|title=Adolf Hitler escaped to Kashmir, buried in Khanyar, claims prominent writer|last=|first=|date=13 June 2016|website=Only Kashmir|publisher=|access-date=2017-01-12}}</ref> where the followers of [[Ahmadiyya]] believe Jesus Christ was also entombed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/latest-news/519203/German-Third-Reich-fuhrer-Adolf-Hitler-fled-Kashmir-India-Jesus-tomb|title=Hitler was 'buried in BRITISH territory – in Jesus Christ's tomb'|last=Knox|first=Patrick|date=2016-05-29|work=|newspaper=[[Daily_Star_(British_newspaper)|Daily Star]]|access-date=2017-01-12|via=}}</ref> Farooq Renzu Shah belived that [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], an Indian independence leader, who had dealings with the Nazi leader had intorduced the Maharaja to Hitler.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/news/hitler-buried-in-kashmir/#.ihwl66tjb|title=Could Hitler Be Buried In Kashmir? Another One For the Conspiracy Theorists!|last=Showkin|first=Sameer|date=2015-06-13|work=|newspaper=Scoop Whoop|language=En|access-date=2017-01-12|via=}}</ref> |
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==List of Maharajas of Jammu and Kashmir ( |
==List of Maharajas of Jammu and Kashmir (1846–2015)== |
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[[ |
[[Image:Seal of Maharaja Hari Singh on the cover of the Civil List.jpg|thumb|right|Detail of the Seal of [[Maharaja Hari Singh]] as printed on the Civil List of his government]] |
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*[[Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Gulab Singh]] ( |
*[[Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Gulab Singh]] (1846–1857) |
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*[[Ranbir Singh]] ( |
*[[Ranbir Singh]] (1857–1885) |
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*[[Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Pratap Singh]] (1885–1925) |
*[[Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Pratap Singh]] (1885–1925) |
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*[[Hari Singh]] (1925–1949) |
*[[Hari Singh]] (1925–1949) |
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*[[Hari Singh]] (Title Only) (1949–1961) |
*[[Hari Singh]] (Title Only) (1949–1961) |
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*[[Karan Singh]] (Title Only) (1961–1971) |
*[[Karan Singh]] (Title Only) (1961–1971)(Monarchy abolished) |
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===Family tree=== |
===Family tree=== |
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{{Tree list}} |
{{Tree list}} |
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*[[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''I. Gulab Singh, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir''' (1792–1857; Maharaja: 1846 (abdicated 1856)) |
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#Agnivarna |
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**{{Tree list/final branch}} [[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''II. Ranbir Singh, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir''' [[Order of the Star of India|GCSI]], [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]] (1830–1885; r. 1856–1885) |
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***[[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''III. Pratap Singh, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir''' [[Order of the Star of India|GCSI]], [[Order of the Indian Empire|GCIE]], [[Order of the British Empire|GBE]] (1848–1925; r. 1885–1925) |
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#Vayusrava |
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#Agnigarbha |
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#Rai Jambu-Lochana founder of Jammu (circa 1300 BCE) |
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#Rai Suraj Dev (850-920) |
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#Rai Bhoj Dev (920-987) |
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#Rai Avtar Dev (987-1030) |
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#Rai Jas Dev (1030-1061) |
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#Rai Sangram Dev (1061-1095) |
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#Rai Jasaskar (1095-1165) |
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#Rai Brij Dev (1165-1216) |
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#Rai Narsing Dev (1216-1258) |
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#Rai Arjan Dev (1258-1313) |
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#Rai Jodh Dev( 1313-1361) |
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#Rai Mal Dev (1361-1400) |
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#Rai Hamir Dev [Rai Bhim] (1400-1423) |
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#Rai Ajab Dev |
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#Rai Bairam Dev |
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#Rai Khokhar Dev (d. 1528) |
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#Rai Kapur Dev (1530-1570) |
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#Rai Samil Dev (1570-1594) |
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#Raja Sangram, Raja of Jammu (1594-1624) |
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#Raja Bhup Dev (1624-1650) |
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#Raja Hari Dev (1650-1686) |
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#Raja Gujai Dev [Gujja Singh] (1686-1703) |
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#Raja Sri Dhruv Dev Sahib, Raja of Jammu (1703-1725) |
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#Raja Sri Ranjit Dev Sahib, Raja of Jammu (1725-1782) |
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#Raja Sri Brijraj Dev Sahib, Raja of Jammu (1782-1787) |
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#Raja Sri Sampuran Singh, Raja of Jammu (1787-1797) |
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#Raja Jit Singh, Raja of Jammu (1797-1816) |
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''Territory annexed by Sikh empire and Kishore Singh installed as Governor.'' |
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#Kishore Singh Sahib, Jagirdar (Governor) of Jammu (1820-1822) |
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#Gulab Singh, Raja of Jammu (1822-1846) |
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''Territory lost by Sikh empire after First Anglo-Sikh war and Kashmir acquired by Gulab Singh under Treaty of Amritsar 1846.'' |
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*[[File:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''I. Gulab Singh, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir''' (1792–1857; Maharaja: 1846 (abdicated 1856<ref name="Kashmir3">[http://www.royalark.net/India/kashmir3.htm Kashmir 3]</ref>)) |
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**{{Tree list/final branch}} [[File:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''II. Ranbir Singh, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir''' [[Order of the Star of India|GCSI]], [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]] (1830–1885; r. 1856–1885) |
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**{{Tree list/final branch}} |
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**[[File:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''||. Mian Udham Singh,Maharaja of Balwalta '''[[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]]'''(1817-1840; r. 1832-1840) |
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**{{Tree list/final branch}} |
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*[[File:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]]Maharaja Udhai Singh(Abdullah),Maharaja of Balwalta ''[[Order of the Star of India|GCSI]]'''(1838-1865; r.1849-1865) |
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**{{Tree list/final branch}} |
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***Raja Ala Din[[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]] (1861-1892) [Adopted by Hayat Baksh Manhas (Royal Barbar)] (He was Settled in a village of Pothwar after 1st Anglo Sikh war) |
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**{{Tree list/final branch}} |
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****Mian Karam Din (1880-1946) |
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**{{Tree list/final branch}} |
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**Mian Lal Hussain (1908-2012 |
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*Mian Qamar Uz Zaman (b1952) |
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** Bilal Hamid (b1989) |
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***Saad Abaidullah(b1994) |
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****Saqib Ali(b1998) |
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***[[File:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''III. Pratap Singh, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir''' [[Order of the Star of India|GCSI]], [[Order of the Indian Empire|GCIE]], [[Order of the British Empire|GBE]] (1848–1925; r. 1885–1925) |
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***{{Tree list/final branch}} Raja Amar Singh [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]] (1864–1909) |
***{{Tree list/final branch}} Raja Amar Singh [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]] (1864–1909) |
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****{{Tree list/final branch}} [[ |
****{{Tree list/final branch}} [[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''IV. Hari Singh, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir''' [[Order of the Star of India|GCSI]], [[Order of the Indian Empire|GCIE]], [[Royal Victorian Order|GCVO]] (1895–1961; r. 1925–1952; titular Maharaja: 1952–1961) |
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*****{{Tree list/final branch}} [[ |
*****{{Tree list/final branch}} [[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]]'''V. Karan Singh, President of Jammu and Kashmir''' (b. 1931; Regent of Jammu and Kashmir: 1949–1952; ''Sardar-e-Riyasat'' (President) of Jammu and Kashmir: 1952–1965; Governor of Jammu and Kashmir: 1965–1967; titular Maharaja: 1961–1971; pretender: 1971-present) |
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******''Yuvraja'' Vikramaditya Singh (born 1964) |
******''Yuvraja'' Vikramaditya Singh (born 1964) |
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*******{{Tree list/final branch}}''Mian'' Martanday Singh (b. 198?) |
*******{{Tree list/final branch}}''Mian'' Martanday Singh (b. 198?) |
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{{Tree list/end}} |
{{Tree list/end}} |
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<ref name="royalark">{{cite web|url=http://www.royalark.net/India/kashmir.htm |title=Jammu and Kashmir - family genealogy |publisher=royalark.net|accessdate=2015-08-20}}</ref> |
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==Persecution of Muslims by Dogras== |
==Persecution of Muslims by Dogras== |
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In 1837, Raja Gulab Singh of Jammu was entrusted by Maharaja Ranjit Singh to suppress the revolt of the Yousafzai tribe which formed the biggest proportion of Pashtun tribes. He offered one rupee for the head of every Yousafzai man brought to his feet. He made Kahuta his headquarters and hunted for Muslim Pashtun tribes. He had some of the women spared, but others were kept for Raja Gulab Singh's harem and the rest were sold as slaves in Lahore and Jammu. It was reported that this expedition resulted in the loss of tens of thousands of Pashtun rebels and thousands of women were sold into slavery.<ref>Hastings Donnan, ''Marriage Among Muslims: Preference and Choice in Northern Pakistan'', (Brill, 1997), 41.[ |
In 1837, Raja Gulab Singh of Jammu was entrusted by Maharaja Ranjit Singh to suppress the revolt of the Yousafzai tribe which formed the biggest proportion of Pashtun tribes. He offered one rupee for the head of every Yousafzai man brought to his feet. He made Kahuta his headquarters and hunted for Muslim Pashtun tribes. He had some of the women spared, but others were kept for Raja Gulab Singh's harem and the rest were sold as slaves in Lahore and Jammu. It was reported that this expedition resulted in the loss of tens of thousands of Pashtun rebels and thousands of women were sold into slavery.<ref>Hastings Donnan, ''Marriage Among Muslims: Preference and Choice in Northern Pakistan'', (Brill, 1997), 41.[http://books.google.co.in/books?id=PL_ACoFwJ2gC&pg=PA41&dq=raja+gulab+singh+revolt&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5VEwT9G8NoanrAfg-dmeBA&ved=0CGMQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=raja%20gulab%20singh%20revolt&f=false]</ref> In 1863 the Dogra ruler Maharaja Ranbir Singh ordered a major invasion of the frontier areas of Yasin and Hunza to punish Muslim rebels. 3,000 troops were commanded by General Hooshiara Singh who invaded the frontier. The Dogras took all men as prisoners and many Dogra soldiers entered the back portion of the Mandoori Hill which was full of Yasini and Hunza women and their children. Those women who were injured but not dead were burnt alive and approximately 2000 Yasin villagers were killed overall. About 5,000 Yasinis were taken back to Srinagar for forced labor and many of their surviving women were included either in the harems or in the zenanas of Dogra Soldiers.<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Gilgit Agency 1877-1935Second Reprint|author=Chohan, A.S.|date=1997|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors (P) Limited|isbn=9788171561469|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=EqZFsNIuVWEC&pg=PA16|page=16|accessdate=2015-08-20}}</ref> |
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==The last ruling Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir== |
==The last ruling Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir== |
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The last ruler of [[Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] was Maharaja [[Hari Singh]], who ascended the throne in 1925. He made primary education compulsory in the State, introduced laws prohibiting child marriage and threw open places of worship for the low castes. |
The last ruler of [[Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] was Maharaja [[Hari Singh]], who ascended the throne in 1925. He made primary education compulsory in the State, introduced laws prohibiting child marriage and threw open places of worship for the low castes. |
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Singh's reign saw the accession of Jammu & Kashmir to the newly independent [[Indian Union]] in 1947. He originally manoeuvered to maintain his independence by playing off [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] against each other. There was an armed movement against |
Singh's reign saw the accession of Jammu & Kashmir to the newly independent [[Indian Union]] in 1947. He originally manoeuvered to maintain his independence by playing off [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] against each other. There was an armed movement against Maharaja, s rule especially in the Poonch district of Jammu, when his troops were unable to control these fighters and his troops retreated to Jammu, in October 1947, Singh appealed to [[India]] for its help. He acceded to India, though there is considerable controversy over exactly at what point. |
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In June 1952, Singh's rule was terminated by the state government of Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web|title = J&K terminates hereditary monarchy - This Day in India|url = http://thisdayinindia.com/jk-terminates-hereditary-monarchy/|website = thisdayinindia.com|accessdate = 2015-10-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = The Hindu : dated June 14, 1952: Rulership of Kashmir|url = http://www.thehindu.com/2002/06/14/stories/2002061400870800.htm|website = www.thehindu.com|accessdate = 2015-10-18}}</ref> His son [[Yuvraj]] (Crown Prince) [[Karan Singh]] was elected 'Sadr-e-Riyasat' ('President of the Province') and [[Governor of Jammu and Kashmir|Governor]] of the State in 1964. |
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== Dogras in Politics post 1952 == |
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''Yuvraj'' (Crown Prince) [[Karan Singh]] after serving as the President of Jammu and Kashmir from 1952-64 would go on to become the youngest cabinet minister as a leading member the [[Indian Congress party|Indian Congress Party]] in 1967. He was also the Indian Ambassador to the USA in 1989. His elder son [[Vikramaditya Singh (politician)|Vikramaditya Singh]] is a member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party|Peoples Democratic Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Karan Singh’s elder son to join Mufti’s PDP - The Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Karan-Singhs-elder-son-to-join-Muftis-PDP/articleshow/39853626.cms|website = The Times of India|accessdate = 2015-10-18}}</ref> Karan Singh's younger son Ajatshatru Singh was a member of the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] (NC) headed by [[Omar Abdullah]], grandson of Sheikh Abdullah who had abolished the monarchy in 1952. [[Ajatshatru Singh]] had served with the NC as a minister in the Jammu and Kashmir Government from 1996 to 2002. In 2014 he quit the NC to join the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], stating that he had done so to satisfy the "people’s desire to have a corruption and dynasty-free government".<ref>{{Cite web|title = After Ajatshatru’s switch, family has a member each in BJP, Cong, PDP|url = http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/after-ajatshatrus-switch-family-has-a-member-each-in-bjp-cong-pdp/|website = The Indian Express|publisher = |date = 2014-11-13|accessdate = 2015-10-18}}</ref> Dogra leader Bhim Singh once close to Karan Singh had commented though that the move was "unexpected of the descendants of the secular, democratic Hari Singh". |
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''[[Kunwar]]'' (Prince) [[Bhim Singh (politician)|Bhim Singh]], descendent of celebrated Dogra General [[Zorawar Singh Kahluria|Zorawar Singh]], was the President of the Jammu and Kashmir State Youth Congress, 1973–74 and General Secretary of the [[All India Congress Committee]], 1980-82.<ref>{{Cite web|title = The purpose of Gauhati AICC session was to formulate a national policy: Congress President D.K. Borooah : Cover Story - India Today|url = http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/the-purpose-of-gauhati-aicc-session-was-to-formulate-a-national-policy-congress-president-d.k.-borooah/1/436952.html|website = indiatoday.intoday.in|accessdate = 2015-10-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Kunwar Bhim Singh vs State Of Jammu And Kashmir And Anr. on 12 May, 1966|url = http://indiankanoon.org/doc/730169/|website = indiankanoon.org|accessdate = 2015-10-18}}</ref> In 1982 he founded the [[Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party|Jammu & Kashmir National Panthers Party]], and was its Chairman for 30 years until 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party (JKNPP) – Party History, Symbol, Founders, Election Results and News|url = http://www.elections.in/political-parties-in-india/jammu-and-kashmir-national-panthers-party.html|website = www.elections.in|accessdate = 2015-10-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = UNPO: UNPO Address Gilgit Baltistan Concerns at UN|url = http://unpo.org/article/10857|website = unpo.org|accessdate = 2015-10-18}}</ref> "Let the Dogra monarchy return as it was in 1947," Bhim Singh was quoted as saying in 2000, arguing that the Monarchy's abolition in 1952 by the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]], under Prime Minister [[Sheikh Abdullah]] was itself undemocratic as Abdullah had appointed 65 of the 70 members of the State Assembly.<ref>{{Cite web|title = rediff.com: Bhim Singh flays autonomy bill|url = http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/jun/22akd.htm|website = www.rediff.com|accessdate = 2015-10-18}}</ref> |
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The Panthers Party now represents Dogra interest along with secular values in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Several activists join Panthers Party JKNPP commits to fight for cause of Dogras: Harsh - State Times|url = http://news.statetimes.in/several-activists-join-panthers-party-jknpp-commits-to-fight-for-cause-of-dogras-harsh/|website = State Times|publisher = State Times|accessdate = 2015-10-18|language = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_FoqW11I4do|title = Panther party MLAs disrupt house in Jammu and Kashmir assembly|last = |first = |date = August 28, 2014|work = Headlines Today|access-date = October 18, 2015|via = youtube.com}}</ref> Bhim Singh's elder nephew [[Harsh Dev Singh]] served as the cabinet minister for education in Jammu and Kashmir from 2002–08 and became the Chairman of the Panthers Party in 2012,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Harsh Dev flays BJP’s ‘surrender’ on core agenda|url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/politics/harsh-dev-flays-bjp-s-surrender-on-core-agenda/48840.html|website = Tribune Inida|accessdate = 2015-10-18}}</ref> while Bhim Singh's younger nephew [[Balwant Singh Mankotia|Balwant Singh]] is the state President of the Panthers Party and has been twice member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Panthers Party MLA marshalled out from Jammu and Kashmir Assembly|url = http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140825/nation-current-affairs/article/panthers-party-mla-marshalled-out-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly|website = Deccan Chronicle|accessdate = 2015-10-18}}</ref> |
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Bhim Singh's son [[Ankit Love]], founded the [[One Love Party (UK)|One Love Party]] in the United Kingdom in October 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/05/02/meet-ankit-love-the-32-year-old-maharaja-of-jammu-and-kashmir-r/|title=Meet Ankit Love, The 32-Year-Old 'Maharaja Of Jammu & Kashmir' Running For London Mayor|last=Bose|first=Adrija|date=2 May 2016|website=Huffington Post India|publisher=|access-date=2016-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://search.electoralcommission.org.uk/English/Registrations/PP2838|title=One Love Party - Registration Details|last=|first=|date=12 October 2015|website=Electoral Commission of the United Kingdom|publisher=|access-date=2016-10-17}}</ref> He was the youngest candidate for the 2016 Mayor of London elections<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/europe/uk/uk-elections/kashmiri-maharajah-bidding-to-be-london-mayor-1.1818904|title=Kashmiri Maharajah bidding to be London mayor|last=Downer|first=Martin|date=2016-05-04|work=|newspaper=Gulf News|access-date=2016-10-17|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/ITVLondon/videos/10153554432342944/|title=ITV News London|last=Martel|first=Rags|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=2016-10-17}}</ref> and has been three times candidate for Member of Parliament in Britain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wandsworthguardian.co.uk/news/14556419._Only_God_can_judge_me___One_Love_candidate_releases_rap_video_as_he_pledges_to_fight_for_cleaner_air/|title='Only God can judge me': One Love candidate releases rap video as he pledges to fight for cleaner air|last=Taylor|first=Rebecca|date=15 June 2016|website=Wandsworth Guardian|publisher=|access-date=2016-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thepressnews.co.uk/press-news/love-candidate-contest-poll/|title=‘Love’ candidate to contest poll|last=|first=|date=22 July 2016|website=The Press News|publisher=|access-date=2016-10-17}}</ref> In 2015 Ankit Love had claimed the titles of the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cityam.com/238563/is-this-the-most-regal-election-ever-exiled-emperor-ankit-love-is-running-in-the-london-mayoral-elections-and-wants-to-ban-cars-from-the-capital|title=An exiled emperor is running for London mayor|last=Hancock|first=Edith|date=2016-04-11|work=[[City A.M.]]|access-date=2016-10-17|via=}}</ref> in a private coronation ceremony held at [[Hotel Café Royal]], London,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.catchnews.com/international-news/meet-ankit-love-the-exiled-emperor-of-kashmir-running-for-london-mayor-1462283477.html/fullview|title=Emperor of Kashmir running for London mayor|last=|first=|date=3 May 2016|work=|newspaper=Catch News India|access-date=2016-10-17|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.huckmagazine.com/perspectives/reportage-2/ankit-love-revolutionary-royal-london-mayoral-candidate-youve-never-heard/|title=The unknown revolutionary royal who wants to be London's next Mayor|last=Andrei|first=Thomas|date=2016-05-05|work=|newspaper=[[Huck Magazine]]|language=en-US|access-date=2016-10-17|via=}}</ref> as decendent of ''Raja'' (King) Dhruv Dev's (1703-1725) son Mian (Prince) Ghunsar Dev of [[Udhampur district|Udhampur]].<ref name=":2" /> |
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In 1951 Singh's rule was terminated by the state government of Indian-administered Kashmir. His son [[Yuvraj]] (Crown Prince) [[Karan Singh]] was elected 'Sadr-e-Riyasat' ('President of the Province') and [[Governor of Jammu and Kashmir|Governor]] of the State in 1964, His Highness Dr. Karan Singh is the present [[Titular ruler|titular]] Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir. |
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Ankit Love now seeks an independent sovereign state of Jammu and Kashmir via restoration of the monarchy,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/london-mayoral-polls-maharaja-with-message-of-peace/|title=London mayoral polls: ‘Maharaja’ with message of peace|last=Sharma|first=Arun|date=2016-05-02|work=|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=2016-10-17|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://europe.newsweek.com/mayor-london-polish-prince-ankit-love-456864?rm=eu|title=What's It Like to Run For Mayor of London|last=Lowe|first=Josh|date=5 June 2016|work=Newsweek|access-date=2016-10-17|via=}}</ref> as well as the reunion of India and Pakistan to end potential of nuclear war between the two adversaries.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-prince-of-peace-ankit-love-tries-his-luck-at-london-s-mayoral-polls-2209262|title=Prince of peace' Ankit Love tries his luck at London's mayoral polls|last=Hassan|first=Ishfaq|date=2016-05-05|work=|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|language=en-US|access-date=2016-10-17|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://topyaps.com/ankit-love-kashmiri-mayor-of-london|title=This Is Ankit Love. He Is A Kashmiri And He Wants To Become The Mayor Of London.|last=Gupta|first=Manas Sen|date=2016-05-05|newspaper=TopYaps|access-date=2016-10-17}}</ref> Ankit Love's claim rests on being a senior [[Dogra Rajput]] royal who is not a citizen of the Republic of India and thus not subject to its 26th constitutional amendment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jammuandkashmir.org.uk/faq|title=FAQ|website=jammuandkashmir.org.uk|access-date=2016-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsgram.com/people-of-london-get-ready-here-comes-one-love-party/|title=People of London Get Ready, Here Comes One Love Party|last=Singh|first=Shillpi|date=2016-05-04|work=|newspaper=NewsGram|language=en-US|access-date=2016-10-17|via=}}</ref> In the 2016 Richmond Park by-election he stood with the title of Maharaja Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/a-dogra-bids-to-make-it-in-uk-politics-again/story-Nj728TNlFVH6C7SjG2kEmM.html|title=A Dogra bids to make it in UK politics – again|last=Sonwalkar|first=Prasun|date=1 November 2016|website=Hindustan Times|publisher=|access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref> According to Dogra historian Deshbandu Nutan, Ankit Love's ancestors a rival faction of the royal clan were killed and buried at the fort at Ramnagar, [[Udhampur district|Udhampur]] 200 years ago by the ancestors of Karan Singh.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/london-mayoral-polls-maharaja-with-message-of-peace/|title=London mayoral polls: ‘Maharaja’ with message of peace|date=2016-05-02|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-11-11}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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*[http://www.4dw.net/royalark/India/kashmir.htm Genealogy of the ruling chiefs of Jammu and Kashmir] |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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Revision as of 22:29, 12 January 2017
Dogra[1] was a Hindu Rajput dynasty which traced its roots to the Ikshvaku dynasty of northern India. The rulers of the dynasty were Dogra Rajputs[1] and the royal house of Jammu and Kashmir.
The Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir was the ruler of the erstwhile Indian princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. The first ruler was Gulab Singh, who became Raja, Governor-General, of Jammu principality through a grant from the Sikh ruler Maharaja Ranjit Singh, and subsequently accepted the throne of Kashmir after the First Anglo-Sikh war. The principality of Jammu was ruled by Raja Gulab Singh as a governor of Sikh Empire till 1846. After the First Anglo-Sikh War in 1846, under the terms of the Treaty of Amritsar, the British government sold Kashmir to Maharaja Gulab Singh and the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, the second largest princely state in British India, was created.[2][3]
Last ruling Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir was Hari Singh, his son Karan Singh is the present titular Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir.
History of Dogra rulers
 |
According to legend, Raghuvanshi descendant, Agnigarba, who was living as a recluse, came to Nagarkot (Kangra, Himachal Pradesh), in the Shivalik Hills. When the Raja of Kangra came to know about this person's ancestry, he offered him the hand of his daughter and a part of kingdom. The river Ravi was then the boundary of Nagarkote. Agnigarba crossed it and captured some villages in the Kathua area and declared himself as sovereign king.
After his death, his son Bayusharva (B.C. 1530 – 1500) married the princess of Parole (Kathua). The princess was known as Erwan and she died young. The Raja founded a city after her which is still found near Parole, though now a small village and at the 'Samadhi' of the queen, a `Mela' (fair) is held at every `Baisakhi' (13 or 14 April) every year. Bayusharva extended the boundaries up to the river Ujh. Bayusharva's great grandson, Bahulochan was enthroned after his death. He migrated from Erwan and built his fort on the banks of river Tawi. Bahulochan died in a bloody battle with Chadaras, Raja of Sialkot (Shayalkot) and his younger brother Jambulochan (B.C 1320–1290) ascended the throne. In those days the area beyond Tawi (the present city of Jammu) was used for hunting. Tradition has it that one day Jambulochan came to this area and while he was sitting behind a bush to ambush some bird or animal, he saw a lion (a tiger in some accounts) and a goat drinking water from the same pond. This peaceful coexistence encouraged him to found the city of Jammu, which some say is named after him.
One of his descendants, Raja Shaktikaran (B.C 1200–1177) introduced the Dogri script for the first time. Another of his descendants, Jasdev founded the city of Jasrota on the bank of river Ujh, and another Raja, Karan Dev built a fort on the banks of the river Basantar. In the early centuries of the first millennium the area came under the sway of the Indo-Greeks, with their capital at Sagala (Sialkot).
Among the rulers of Jammu was Raja Ranjit Dev (1728–1780), who introduced social reforms such as a ban on sati (immolation of the wife on the pyre of the husband) and female infanticide.
In 1808, Jammu became part of the Sikh Empire, under Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Ranjit Singh bestowed the place as a jagir on Gulab Singh, who belonged to the Jamwal Rajput clan that ruled Jammu. As a jagirdar/Governor for the Sikhs, Gulab Singh extended the boundaries of the Sikh Empire to western Tibet with the help of his fine General Zorawar Singh. The Sikh rule was then extended beyond the Jammu Region and the Kashmir Valley to include the Tibetan Buddhist Kingdom of Ladakh and the Emirates of Hunza, Gilgit and Nagar.
After the First Anglo-Sikh War in 1846, Sir Henry Lawrence was appointed British Resident and Lal Singh was asked to surrender Kashmir.[4] Under the terms of the Treaty of Amritsar, the British government then sold Kashmir for a sum of 7.5 million Nanakshahee rupees to Maharaja Gulab Singh. Thus the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir came into being under Maharaja Gulab Singh, as per the treaties, Treaty of Lahore, signed between the British and the Sikhs.
Maharaja Partab Singh (enthroned in 1885) saw the construction of Banihal Cart Road (B.C. Road) mainly to facilitate telegraph services.
One of the main residences of the maharadjas was the Sher Garhi Palace in their summer capital Srinagar.
List of Maharajas of Jammu and Kashmir (1846–2015)
- Gulab Singh (1846–1857)
- Ranbir Singh (1857–1885)
- Pratap Singh (1885–1925)
- Hari Singh (1925–1949)
- Hari Singh (Title Only) (1949–1961)
- Karan Singh (Title Only) (1961–1971)(Monarchy abolished)
Family tree
I. Gulab Singh, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir (1792–1857; Maharaja: 1846 (abdicated 1856))
- II. Ranbir Singh, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir GCSI, CIE (1830–1885; r. 1856–1885)
- III. Pratap Singh, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir GCSI, GCIE, GBE (1848–1925; r. 1885–1925)
- Raja Amar Singh KCSI (1864–1909)
- IV. Hari Singh, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir GCSI, GCIE, GCVO (1895–1961; r. 1925–1952; titular Maharaja: 1952–1961)
- V. Karan Singh, President of Jammu and Kashmir (b. 1931; Regent of Jammu and Kashmir: 1949–1952; Sardar-e-Riyasat (President) of Jammu and Kashmir: 1952–1965; Governor of Jammu and Kashmir: 1965–1967; titular Maharaja: 1961–1971; pretender: 1971-present)
- Yuvraja Vikramaditya Singh (born 1964)
- Mian Martanday Singh (b. 198?)
- Maharajkumar Ajatshatru Singh (born 1966)
- Mian Ranvijay Singh (born 1993)
- Yuvraja Vikramaditya Singh (born 1964)
Persecution of Muslims by Dogras
In 1837, Raja Gulab Singh of Jammu was entrusted by Maharaja Ranjit Singh to suppress the revolt of the Yousafzai tribe which formed the biggest proportion of Pashtun tribes. He offered one rupee for the head of every Yousafzai man brought to his feet. He made Kahuta his headquarters and hunted for Muslim Pashtun tribes. He had some of the women spared, but others were kept for Raja Gulab Singh's harem and the rest were sold as slaves in Lahore and Jammu. It was reported that this expedition resulted in the loss of tens of thousands of Pashtun rebels and thousands of women were sold into slavery.[6] In 1863 the Dogra ruler Maharaja Ranbir Singh ordered a major invasion of the frontier areas of Yasin and Hunza to punish Muslim rebels. 3,000 troops were commanded by General Hooshiara Singh who invaded the frontier. The Dogras took all men as prisoners and many Dogra soldiers entered the back portion of the Mandoori Hill which was full of Yasini and Hunza women and their children. Those women who were injured but not dead were burnt alive and approximately 2000 Yasin villagers were killed overall. About 5,000 Yasinis were taken back to Srinagar for forced labor and many of their surviving women were included either in the harems or in the zenanas of Dogra Soldiers.[7]
The last ruling Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir
The last ruler of Jammu and Kashmir was Maharaja Hari Singh, who ascended the throne in 1925. He made primary education compulsory in the State, introduced laws prohibiting child marriage and threw open places of worship for the low castes.
Singh's reign saw the accession of Jammu & Kashmir to the newly independent Indian Union in 1947. He originally manoeuvered to maintain his independence by playing off India and Pakistan against each other. There was an armed movement against Maharaja, s rule especially in the Poonch district of Jammu, when his troops were unable to control these fighters and his troops retreated to Jammu, in October 1947, Singh appealed to India for its help. He acceded to India, though there is considerable controversy over exactly at what point.
In 1951 Singh's rule was terminated by the state government of Indian-administered Kashmir. His son Yuvraj (Crown Prince) Karan Singh was elected 'Sadr-e-Riyasat' ('President of the Province') and Governor of the State in 1964, His Highness Dr. Karan Singh is the present titular Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir.
See also
References
- ^ a b "Dogra dynasty | India | Britannica.com". britannica.com. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
- ^ Yakub (1 September 2009). "TREATY OF AMRITSAR" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-08-20.
- ^ Rai, Mridu (2004). Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir. Princeton University Press. pp. 27, 133. ISBN 0-691-11688-1.
- ^ Raja Lal Singh
- ^ "Jammu and Kashmir - family genealogy". royalark.net. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
- ^ Hastings Donnan, Marriage Among Muslims: Preference and Choice in Northern Pakistan, (Brill, 1997), 41.[1]
- ^ Chohan, A.S. (1997). Gilgit Agency 1877-1935Second Reprint. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors (P) Limited. p. 16. ISBN 9788171561469. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Royal House of Jammu and Kashmir.
- Kashmir and Jammu, The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1909, v. 15, p. 71.
- Genealogy of the ruling chiefs of Jammu and Kashmir
- Conflict in Kashmir: Selected Internet Resources by the Library, University of California, Berkeley, USA; University of California at Berkeley Library Bibliographies and Web-Bibliographies list
- Brief history of Kashmir rulers with their coinage details
- Brief history of Jammu rulers with a coin image
