1685 in China: Difference between revisions
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* [[Sino-Russian border conflicts]] |
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** The siege of [[Albazino]] in [[Jaxa (state)|Jaxa]] began on June 23, 1685. On the 26th there was an indecisive day-long battle. The Manchus thereupon piled dry wood along the fort's wooden walls and when they began to light it, Tolbuzin surrendered (exact date uncertain). The 600 or so defenders were allowed to withdraw to Nerchinsk. About 45 opted to go with the Manchus where they joined the [[Albazinians|Russian colony in Peking]]. The Manchus burned the fort and withdrew, but did not destroy the crops. When news of the defeat reached Moscow in November it was decided to abandon the Amur and send an ambassador to Peking. The Qing troops constituted of former [[Southern Ming]] marines from Taiwan, renowned for their knowledge of nautical warfare.<ref name="Felsing1979">{{cite book|author=Robert H. Felsing|title=The Heritage of Han: The Gelaohui and the 1911 Revolution in Sichuan|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=XC-KU--0JKPKsQTR5IDgBg&id=EsO3AAAAIAAJ&dq=The+most+implausible+component+of+the+account%2C+the+episode+in+which+the+emperor+calls+upon+Ming+loyalists+to+defend+the+Qing+dynasty+and+they+handily+defeat+barbarian+interlopers%2C+actually+happened.+In+l684%2C+a+Chinese+special+troop+unit+composed+of+men+who+had+once+served+under+Zheng+Chenggong+defeated+a+Russian+force+that+had+encroached+upon+Chinese+soil+at+Albazin.+The+Kangxi+emperor+himself+had+ordered+the+recruitment+of+Zheng+Chenggong%27+s+men+after+witnessing+a+demonstration+of+their+skills+with+the+long+sword+and+impenetrable+l2+rattan+shields.+The+force+of+approximately+500+former+Ming+troops+beat+the+Russians+in+a+river+battle+without+suffering+a+single+l3+casualty.+The+inclusion+of+this+historically+verifiable+event+in+the+founding+tradition+of+the+Hongmen+strongly+suggests+that+the&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Chenggong+Albazin|year=1979|publisher=University of Iowa.|page=18}}</ref><ref name="Lux1998">{{cite book|author=Louise Lux|title=The Unsullied Dynasty & the Kʻang-hsi Emperor|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=Iy-KU6CNIc_lsASGpIHIDA&id=IfxVAAAAYAAJ&dq=On+the+river+side%2C+Russian+reinforcements+—+as+few+as+40+or+as+many+as+500+—+attempted+to+reach+the+fort+on+rafts%2C+but+the+rattan+marines%2C+stripped+naked+except+for+head+shields+and+armed+with+swords%2C+cut+them+1.+According+to+the+Chinese%2C+they+were+3500+strong%2C+500+of+these+the+rattan-shield+experts+who+had+surrendered+at+Formosa+and+were+led+by+the+former+Wu+general%2C+Lin+Hsing-chu%2C+and+the+former+Koxinga+loyalist%2C+Ho+Yu.&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=rattan+marines+stripped|year=1998|publisher=Mark One Printing|page=270}}</ref><ref name="Mancall1971">{{cite book|author=Mark Mancall|title=Russia and China: their diplomatic relations to 1728|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=6gG5UpnkD9LJsQTcyYBA&id=UEduAAAAMAAJ&dq=He+recommended+sending%2C+instead%2C+surrendered+officers+and+soldiers+from+Fukien%2C+who+were+skilled+in+the+use+of+rattan+shields+and+were+now+settled+in+the+eight+banners+in+such+places+as+Shantung%2C+Shansi%2C+and+Honan.+Five+hundred+of+these+...&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=rattan+shields|year=1971|publisher=Harvard University Press|page=338}}</ref><ref name="Grant2005">{{cite book|author=R. G. Grant|title=Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gb8qAQAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Albazin+Kangxi+had+a+substantial+force+sent+to+attack+the+outpost.+This+included+some+of+the+Zhengs%27+followers+recently+defeated+in+Taiwan%2C+who+supplied+valuable+naval+expertise+for+navigating+the+northern+rivers|year=2005|publisher=DK Pub.|isbn=978-0-7566-1360-0|page=179}}</ref><ref name="Spence1991">{{cite book|author=Jonathan D. Spence|title=The Search for Modern China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vI1RRslLNSwC&pg=PA56#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=1991|publisher=Norton|isbn=978-0-393-30780-1|pages=56–}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theworldofchinese.com/2016/09/settling-siberia-nerchinsk-1689/ |title=Settling Siberia: Nerchinsk, 1689 |last1=Jenne |first1=Jeremiah |date=September 6, 2016 |website=The World of Chinese }}</ref> |
** The siege of [[Albazino]] in [[Jaxa (state)|Jaxa]] began on June 23, 1685. On the 26th there was an indecisive day-long battle. The Manchus thereupon piled dry wood along the fort's wooden walls and when they began to light it, Tolbuzin surrendered (exact date uncertain). The 600 or so defenders were allowed to withdraw to Nerchinsk. About 45 opted to go with the Manchus where they joined the [[Albazinians|Russian colony in Peking]]. The Manchus burned the fort and withdrew, but did not destroy the crops. When news of the defeat reached Moscow in November it was decided to abandon the Amur and send an ambassador to Peking. The Qing troops constituted of former [[Southern Ming]] marines from Taiwan, renowned for their knowledge of nautical warfare.<ref name="Felsing1979">{{cite book|author=Robert H. Felsing|title=The Heritage of Han: The Gelaohui and the 1911 Revolution in Sichuan|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=XC-KU--0JKPKsQTR5IDgBg&id=EsO3AAAAIAAJ&dq=The+most+implausible+component+of+the+account%2C+the+episode+in+which+the+emperor+calls+upon+Ming+loyalists+to+defend+the+Qing+dynasty+and+they+handily+defeat+barbarian+interlopers%2C+actually+happened.+In+l684%2C+a+Chinese+special+troop+unit+composed+of+men+who+had+once+served+under+Zheng+Chenggong+defeated+a+Russian+force+that+had+encroached+upon+Chinese+soil+at+Albazin.+The+Kangxi+emperor+himself+had+ordered+the+recruitment+of+Zheng+Chenggong%27+s+men+after+witnessing+a+demonstration+of+their+skills+with+the+long+sword+and+impenetrable+l2+rattan+shields.+The+force+of+approximately+500+former+Ming+troops+beat+the+Russians+in+a+river+battle+without+suffering+a+single+l3+casualty.+The+inclusion+of+this+historically+verifiable+event+in+the+founding+tradition+of+the+Hongmen+strongly+suggests+that+the&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Chenggong+Albazin|year=1979|publisher=University of Iowa.|page=18}}</ref><ref name="Lux1998">{{cite book|author=Louise Lux|title=The Unsullied Dynasty & the Kʻang-hsi Emperor|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=Iy-KU6CNIc_lsASGpIHIDA&id=IfxVAAAAYAAJ&dq=On+the+river+side%2C+Russian+reinforcements+—+as+few+as+40+or+as+many+as+500+—+attempted+to+reach+the+fort+on+rafts%2C+but+the+rattan+marines%2C+stripped+naked+except+for+head+shields+and+armed+with+swords%2C+cut+them+1.+According+to+the+Chinese%2C+they+were+3500+strong%2C+500+of+these+the+rattan-shield+experts+who+had+surrendered+at+Formosa+and+were+led+by+the+former+Wu+general%2C+Lin+Hsing-chu%2C+and+the+former+Koxinga+loyalist%2C+Ho+Yu.&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=rattan+marines+stripped|year=1998|publisher=Mark One Printing|page=270}}</ref><ref name="Mancall1971">{{cite book|author=Mark Mancall|title=Russia and China: their diplomatic relations to 1728|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=6gG5UpnkD9LJsQTcyYBA&id=UEduAAAAMAAJ&dq=He+recommended+sending%2C+instead%2C+surrendered+officers+and+soldiers+from+Fukien%2C+who+were+skilled+in+the+use+of+rattan+shields+and+were+now+settled+in+the+eight+banners+in+such+places+as+Shantung%2C+Shansi%2C+and+Honan.+Five+hundred+of+these+...&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=rattan+shields|year=1971|publisher=Harvard University Press|page=338}}</ref><ref name="Grant2005">{{cite book|author=R. G. Grant|title=Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gb8qAQAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Albazin+Kangxi+had+a+substantial+force+sent+to+attack+the+outpost.+This+included+some+of+the+Zhengs%27+followers+recently+defeated+in+Taiwan%2C+who+supplied+valuable+naval+expertise+for+navigating+the+northern+rivers|year=2005|publisher=DK Pub.|isbn=978-0-7566-1360-0|page=179}}</ref><ref name="Spence1991">{{cite book|author=Jonathan D. Spence|title=The Search for Modern China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vI1RRslLNSwC&pg=PA56#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=1991|publisher=Norton|isbn=978-0-393-30780-1|pages=56–}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theworldofchinese.com/2016/09/settling-siberia-nerchinsk-1689/ |title=Settling Siberia: Nerchinsk, 1689 |last1=Jenne |first1=Jeremiah |date=September 6, 2016 |website=The World of Chinese }}</ref> |
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** Qing government sent two letters to the Tsar (in Latin) suggesting peace and demanding that Russian freebooters leave the Amur.{{cn|date=May 2019}} |
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* According to ''Daqing Huidian'', [[Anhui]] province had 35.43 million [[Chinese_units_of_measurement#Area|''mu'']] of privately cultivated land<ref>Agricultural Development in Qing China: A Quantitative Study, 1661-1911 |
* According to ''Daqing Huidian'', [[Anhui]] province had 35.43 million [[Chinese_units_of_measurement#Area|''mu'']] of privately cultivated land<ref>Agricultural Development in Qing China: A Quantitative Study, 1661-1911 |
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Revision as of 23:25, 13 January 2021
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| See also: | Other events of 1685 History of China • Timeline • Years | ||||
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Events from the year 1685 in China.
Incumbents
- Kangxi Emperor (24th year)
Events
- In 1685, four customs were set up in Guangzhou (Guangdong Province), Xiamen (Fujian Province), Ningbo (Zhejiang Province), and Songjiang (Jiangsu Province) to deal with trade with foreign countries[1]
- Sino-Russian border conflicts
- The siege of Albazino in Jaxa began on June 23, 1685. On the 26th there was an indecisive day-long battle. The Manchus thereupon piled dry wood along the fort's wooden walls and when they began to light it, Tolbuzin surrendered (exact date uncertain). The 600 or so defenders were allowed to withdraw to Nerchinsk. About 45 opted to go with the Manchus where they joined the Russian colony in Peking. The Manchus burned the fort and withdrew, but did not destroy the crops. When news of the defeat reached Moscow in November it was decided to abandon the Amur and send an ambassador to Peking. The Qing troops constituted of former Southern Ming marines from Taiwan, renowned for their knowledge of nautical warfare.[2][3][4][5][6][7]
- According to Daqing Huidian, Anhui province had 35.43 million mu of privately cultivated land[8]
Births
![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (May 2019) |
Deaths
- July 1 – Nalan Xingde (born 1655), Chinese Qing Dynasty poet most famous for his ci poetry
References
- ^ A.J.H. Latham, Heita Kawakatsu, Intra-Asian Trade and the World Market - Page 9 https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1134194080
- ^ Robert H. Felsing (1979). The Heritage of Han: The Gelaohui and the 1911 Revolution in Sichuan. University of Iowa. p. 18.
- ^ Louise Lux (1998). The Unsullied Dynasty & the Kʻang-hsi Emperor. Mark One Printing. p. 270.
- ^ Mark Mancall (1971). Russia and China: their diplomatic relations to 1728. Harvard University Press. p. 338.
- ^ R. G. Grant (2005). Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat. DK Pub. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-7566-1360-0.
- ^ Jonathan D. Spence (1991). The Search for Modern China. Norton. pp. 56–. ISBN 978-0-393-30780-1.
- ^ Jenne, Jeremiah (September 6, 2016). "Settling Siberia: Nerchinsk, 1689". The World of Chinese.
- ^ Agricultural Development in Qing China: A Quantitative Study, 1661-1911
- Zhao, Erxun (1928). Draft History of Qing (Qing Shi Gao) (in Chinese).
- Spence, Jonathan D. (2002), "The K'ang-hsi Reign", in Peterson, Willard J. (ed.), Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 120–182, ISBN 0521243343.