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==History==
==History==
===Sur Empire===
===Sur Empire===
[[Sher Shah Suri]], the founder of the [[Sur Empire]] ruled [[North India]] from 1540 to 1545 [[Anno Domini|AD]]. <ref name="p.83">Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). ''The Mughul Empire'', Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-7276-407-1}}, p.83</ref> During his reign, Suri issued pure silver coins in 1542 and named it ''Rupiya'' (from Sanskrit रौप्य, raupya, meaning silver). The denomination remained in usage through the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]], [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]], [[East India Company|East India company]] and [[British Raj|British]] rules.<ref name="Facts about Indian coinage">{{cite news|title=Facts about Indian coinage|publisher=mymoneysage.in|accessdate=29 August 2017|url=https://www.mymoneysage.in/blog/interesting-facts-about-coinage-and-currency-notes-in-india/}}</ref><ref name="History of Indian coins">{{cite news|title=History of Indian coins|publisher=indianumismatics.wordpress.com|accessdate=29 August 2017|url=https://indianumismatics.wordpress.com/category/history-of-indian-coins/}}</ref> The rupiya was retained by the East India company till 1835 and formed the basis of the British Raj currency till 1947.<ref name="History of Pashtuns">{{cite news|title=History of Pashtuns|publisher=barmazid.com|accessdate=29 August 2017|url=http://www.barmazid.com/2014/11/currency-reforms-of-sher-shah.html}}</ref> Each rupiya coin weighed {{convert|178|gr|g|abbr=off}}. The [[Denomination (currency)# Subunit and super unit|sub-unit]] of rupyia were copper pieces and 40 copper pieces constituted as one rupiya. Sher Shah Suri named the copper pieces as [[Paisa]].<ref name="Facts about Indian coinage"/><ref name="History of Pashtuns"/><ref name="Interesting Facts about Rupee and Coins">{{cite news|title=Interesting Facts about Rupee and Coins|publisher=mapsofindia.com|accessdate=29 August 2017|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/india/interesting-facts-about-rupee-and-coins}}</ref>
[[Sher Shah Suri]], the founder of the [[Sur Empire]] ruled [[North India]] from 1540 to 1545 [[Anno Domini|AD]]. <ref name="p.83">Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). ''The Mughul Empire'', Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-7276-407-1}}, p.83</ref> During his reign, Suri issued pure silver coins in 1542 and named it ''Rupiya'' (from Sanskrit रौप्य, raupya, meaning silver). The denomination remained in usage through the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]], [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]], [[East India Company|East India company]] and [[British Raj|British]] rules.<ref name="Facts about Indian coinage">{{cite news|title=Facts about Indian coinage|publisher=mymoneysage.in|access-date=29 August 2017|url=https://www.mymoneysage.in/blog/interesting-facts-about-coinage-and-currency-notes-in-india/}}</ref><ref name="History of Indian coins">{{cite news|title=History of Indian coins|publisher=indianumismatics.wordpress.com|access-date=29 August 2017|url=https://indianumismatics.wordpress.com/category/history-of-indian-coins/}}</ref> The rupiya was retained by the East India company till 1835 and formed the basis of the British Raj currency till 1947.<ref name="History of Pashtuns">{{cite news|title=History of Pashtuns|publisher=barmazid.com|access-date=29 August 2017|url=http://www.barmazid.com/2014/11/currency-reforms-of-sher-shah.html}}</ref> Each rupiya coin weighed {{convert|178|gr|g|abbr=off}}. The [[Denomination (currency)# Subunit and super unit|sub-unit]] of rupyia were copper pieces and 40 copper pieces constituted as one rupiya. Sher Shah Suri named the copper pieces as [[Paisa]].<ref name="Facts about Indian coinage"/><ref name="History of Pashtuns"/><ref name="Interesting Facts about Rupee and Coins">{{cite news|title=Interesting Facts about Rupee and Coins|publisher=mapsofindia.com|access-date=29 August 2017|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/india/interesting-facts-about-rupee-and-coins}}</ref>


{{Coin image box 1 double
{{Coin image box 1 double
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===East India company===
===East India company===
In the 17<sup>th</sup> century AD, the [[East India Company]] wanted to introduce the [[Pound sterling]] in India. Due to the popularity of the Rupiya, the Pound sterling could not be introduced in India. It was only in 1717 AD that the English obtained permission from the Mughal emperor [[Farrukhsiyar]] to coin Mughal money. In 1835 AD, the ''Coinage Act of 1835'' for uniform coinage came into force.<ref name="Facts about Indian coinage"/><ref name="British India Coinage">{{cite news|title=British India Coinage|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|accessdate=30 August 2017|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/commonman/English/Currency/Scripts/BritishIndia.aspx}}</ref> Composed of 0.917 silver, the new one rupee coins weighed {{convert|11.66|g|gr|abbr=off}} and had a diameter of {{convert|30.55|mm|in|adj=off}}. The reverse of all one rupee coins minted after 1835 and before 1862 AD bore "East India Company" instead of the country's name.<ref name="Queen Victoria coin variants">{{cite news|title=Queen Victoria coin variants|publisher=Numista|accessdate=30 August 2017|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/index.php?mode=avance&p=1&r=&e=inde_britannique&d=&ca=3&no=&i=&v=1&m=&a=1840-1901&t=&dg=&w=&u=&f=&g=&tb=y&cat=y}}</ref> The one rupee coins had bust of [[William IV of the United Kingdom|King William IIII]] (''IV minted as IIII'') and were first minted in 1835 AD.<ref name="1835 one rupee">{{cite news|title=1835 one rupee|publisher=Numista|accessdate=30 August 2017|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces15709.html}}</ref> Rupee coins issued after 1840 bore the busts of [[Queen Victoria]] (1840 to 1901 AD), [[Edward VII]] (1903 to 1910 AD), [[George V]] (1911 to 1936 AD) and [[George VI]] (1938 to 1947 AD).<ref name="Facts about Indian coinage"/><ref name="British India 1 rupee coins">{{cite news|title=British India 1 rupee coins|publisher=Numista|accessdate=30 August 2017|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/index.php?mode=avance&p=1&r=&e=inde_britannique&d=&ca=3&no=&i=&v=1+rupee&m=&a=&t=&dg=&w=&u=&f=&g=&tb=y&cat=y}}</ref>
In the 17<sup>th</sup> century AD, the [[East India Company]] wanted to introduce the [[Pound sterling]] in India. Due to the popularity of the Rupiya, the Pound sterling could not be introduced in India. It was only in 1717 AD that the English obtained permission from the Mughal emperor [[Farrukhsiyar]] to coin Mughal money. In 1835 AD, the ''Coinage Act of 1835'' for uniform coinage came into force.<ref name="Facts about Indian coinage"/><ref name="British India Coinage">{{cite news|title=British India Coinage|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=30 August 2017|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/commonman/English/Currency/Scripts/BritishIndia.aspx}}</ref> Composed of 0.917 silver, the new one rupee coins weighed {{convert|11.66|g|gr|abbr=off}} and had a diameter of {{convert|30.55|mm|in|adj=off}}. The reverse of all one rupee coins minted after 1835 and before 1862 AD bore "East India Company" instead of the country's name.<ref name="Queen Victoria coin variants">{{cite news|title=Queen Victoria coin variants|publisher=Numista|access-date=30 August 2017|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/index.php?mode=avance&p=1&r=&e=inde_britannique&d=&ca=3&no=&i=&v=1&m=&a=1840-1901&t=&dg=&w=&u=&f=&g=&tb=y&cat=y}}</ref> The one rupee coins had bust of [[William IV of the United Kingdom|King William IIII]] (''IV minted as IIII'') and were first minted in 1835 AD.<ref name="1835 one rupee">{{cite news|title=1835 one rupee|publisher=Numista|access-date=30 August 2017|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces15709.html}}</ref> Rupee coins issued after 1840 bore the busts of [[Queen Victoria]] (1840 to 1901 AD), [[Edward VII]] (1903 to 1910 AD), [[George V]] (1911 to 1936 AD) and [[George VI]] (1938 to 1947 AD).<ref name="Facts about Indian coinage"/><ref name="British India 1 rupee coins">{{cite news|title=British India 1 rupee coins|publisher=Numista|access-date=30 August 2017|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/index.php?mode=avance&p=1&r=&e=inde_britannique&d=&ca=3&no=&i=&v=1+rupee&m=&a=&t=&dg=&w=&u=&f=&g=&tb=y&cat=y}}</ref>


===British Raj===
===British Raj===
The [[British Raj]] started in India in 1858 AD after a century of control by the East India Company. The British Raj lasted until Indian independence in 1947.<ref name="British Raj">{{cite news|title=British Raj|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=30 August 2017|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/independence1947_01.shtml}}</ref> From 1835 to 1858, uniform rupee coins were being issued in accordance to the ''Coinage Act of 1835''.<ref name="Facts about Indian coinage"/><ref name="British India Coinage"/> In 1862, new one rupee coins were issued, were known as the ''Regal issue'', bore the bust of Queen Victoria on the obverse and the country name "India" minted on the reverse side. One rupee coins issued after 1835 but before 1862 AD had "East India Company" on reverse instead of country name.<ref name="Queen Victoria coin variants"/> From 1862 to 1939 AD, one rupee coins were minted from 0.917 silver, weighed {{convert|11.66|g|gr|abbr=off}}, had a diameter of {{convert|30.78|mm|in|adj=off}} and thickness of {{convert|1.9|mm|in|adj=off}}. The obverse side of the coins featured the busts of [[Queen Victoria]] (1862 to 1901 AD), [[Edward VII]] (1903 to 1910 AD), [[George V]] (1911 to 1936 AD) and [[George VI]] (1938 to 1947 AD). [[Edward VIII]] was never featured on any one rupee coin since his reign (Jan-Dec 1936 AD) was short.<ref name="Facts about Indian coinage"/><ref name="British India 1 rupee coins"/>
The [[British Raj]] started in India in 1858 AD after a century of control by the East India Company. The British Raj lasted until Indian independence in 1947.<ref name="British Raj">{{cite news|title=British Raj|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=30 August 2017|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/independence1947_01.shtml}}</ref> From 1835 to 1858, uniform rupee coins were being issued in accordance to the ''Coinage Act of 1835''.<ref name="Facts about Indian coinage"/><ref name="British India Coinage"/> In 1862, new one rupee coins were issued, were known as the ''Regal issue'', bore the bust of Queen Victoria on the obverse and the country name "India" minted on the reverse side. One rupee coins issued after 1835 but before 1862 AD had "East India Company" on reverse instead of country name.<ref name="Queen Victoria coin variants"/> From 1862 to 1939 AD, one rupee coins were minted from 0.917 silver, weighed {{convert|11.66|g|gr|abbr=off}}, had a diameter of {{convert|30.78|mm|in|adj=off}} and thickness of {{convert|1.9|mm|in|adj=off}}. The obverse side of the coins featured the busts of [[Queen Victoria]] (1862 to 1901 AD), [[Edward VII]] (1903 to 1910 AD), [[George V]] (1911 to 1936 AD) and [[George VI]] (1938 to 1947 AD). [[Edward VIII]] was never featured on any one rupee coin since his reign (Jan-Dec 1936 AD) was short.<ref name="Facts about Indian coinage"/><ref name="British India 1 rupee coins"/>


Due to [[World War I]] and [[World War II|II]], there was a shortage of silver. As a result of the shortage, 0.917 silver one rupee coins were replaced by Quaternary silver alloy (0.500) in 1940. In 1947, the silver one rupee coin was replaced by nickel coins.<ref name="Facts about Indian coinage"/>
Due to [[World War I]] and [[World War II|II]], there was a shortage of silver. As a result of the shortage, 0.917 silver one rupee coins were replaced by Quaternary silver alloy (0.500) in 1940. In 1947, the silver one rupee coin was replaced by nickel coins.<ref name="Facts about Indian coinage"/>
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! Obverse !! Reverse !! Weight !! Diameter !! Thickness !! Metal !! Edge !! Obverse !! Reverse !! First !! Last !!
! Obverse !! Reverse !! Weight !! Diameter !! Thickness !! Metal !! Edge !! Obverse !! Reverse !! First !! Last !!
|-
|-
| [[File:Indian rupee (1835) - Obverse 01.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Indian rupee (1835) - Reverse.jpg|100px]] || 11.66 g || 30.5 mm || 1.9 mm || rowspan="5"| [[Silver]]<br/>(0.917) || rowspan="5"| Reeded || Bust of [[William IV of the United Kingdom|King William IIII]]<br/>with his name. || Face value, country and<br/>date surrounded by wreath. || 1835 || 1840 || 69,472,000<br/><ref name="William IIII coin variants">{{cite news|title=William IIII coin variants|publisher=colnect.com|accessdate=30 August 2017|url=https://colnect.com/en/coins/list/variant/76944}}</ref> ||
| [[File:Indian rupee (1835) - Obverse 01.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Indian rupee (1835) - Reverse.jpg|100px]] || 11.66 g || 30.5 mm || 1.9 mm || rowspan="5"| [[Silver]]<br/>(0.917) || rowspan="5"| Reeded || Bust of [[William IV of the United Kingdom|King William IIII]]<br/>with his name. || Face value, country and<br/>date surrounded by wreath. || 1835 || 1840 || 69,472,000<br/><ref name="William IIII coin variants">{{cite news|title=William IIII coin variants|publisher=colnect.com|access-date=30 August 2017|url=https://colnect.com/en/coins/list/variant/76944}}</ref> ||
|-
|-
| [[File:India 1 Rupee 1884 Victoria(obv)-4037.jpg|100px]] || [[File:India 1 Rupee 1884 Victoria(rev)-4038.jpg|100px]] || 11.66 g || 30.78 mm || 1.9 mm || Bust of [[Queen Victoria]]<br/>surrounded by her name. || Face value, country and<br/>date surrounded by wreath. || 1840 || 1901 || 2,454,825,107<br/><ref name="Queen Victoria coin variants"/> ||
| [[File:India 1 Rupee 1884 Victoria(obv)-4037.jpg|100px]] || [[File:India 1 Rupee 1884 Victoria(rev)-4038.jpg|100px]] || 11.66 g || 30.78 mm || 1.9 mm || Bust of [[Queen Victoria]]<br/>surrounded by her name. || Face value, country and<br/>date surrounded by wreath. || 1840 || 1901 || 2,454,825,107<br/><ref name="Queen Victoria coin variants"/> ||
|-
|-
| colspan="2"| [[File:1 Indian rupee (1905).jpg|210px]] || 11.66 g || 30.6 mm || 1.9 mm || Bust of [[Edward VII]]<br/>surrounded by his name. || Face value, country and<br/>date surrounded by wreath. || 1903 || 1910 || 849,622,000<br/><ref name="Edward VII coin variants">{{cite news|title=Edward VII coin variants|publisher=Numista|accessdate=30 August 2017|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces3722.html}}</ref> ||
| colspan="2"| [[File:1 Indian rupee (1905).jpg|210px]] || 11.66 g || 30.6 mm || 1.9 mm || Bust of [[Edward VII]]<br/>surrounded by his name. || Face value, country and<br/>date surrounded by wreath. || 1903 || 1910 || 849,622,000<br/><ref name="Edward VII coin variants">{{cite news|title=Edward VII coin variants|publisher=Numista|access-date=30 August 2017|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces3722.html}}</ref> ||
|-
|-
| colspan="2"| [[File:1 Indian rupee (1918).jpg|210px]] || 11.66 g || 30.5 mm || 1.9 mm || Bust of [[George V]]<br/>surrounded by his name. || Face value, country and<br/>date surrounded by wreath. || 1911 || 1936 || 1,807,479,000<br/><ref name="George V coin variants">{{cite news|title=George V coin variants|publisher=colnect.com|accessdate=30 August 2017|url=https://colnect.com/en/coins/list/variant/2083}}</ref> || ''Coins minted in 1911 had<br/>nick name "pig rupee"''.<ref name="Facts about Indian coinage"/>
| colspan="2"| [[File:1 Indian rupee (1918).jpg|210px]] || 11.66 g || 30.5 mm || 1.9 mm || Bust of [[George V]]<br/>surrounded by his name. || Face value, country and<br/>date surrounded by wreath. || 1911 || 1936 || 1,807,479,000<br/><ref name="George V coin variants">{{cite news|title=George V coin variants|publisher=colnect.com|access-date=30 August 2017|url=https://colnect.com/en/coins/list/variant/2083}}</ref> || ''Coins minted in 1911 had<br/>nick name "pig rupee"''.<ref name="Facts about Indian coinage"/>
|-
|-
| colspan="2"| [[File:Indian rupee (1939).jpg|210px]] || 11.66 g || 30.5 mm || 1.9 mm || rowspan="3"| Bust of [[George VI]]<br/>surrounded by his name. || rowspan="3"| Face value, country and<br/>date surrounded by wreath. || 1938 || 1939 || rowspan="2"| 772,980,000<br/><ref name="George VI coin variants">{{cite news|title=George VI coin variants|publisher=colnect.com|accessdate=30 August 2017|url=https://colnect.com/en/coins/list/variant/2085}}</ref> ||
| colspan="2"| [[File:Indian rupee (1939).jpg|210px]] || 11.66 g || 30.5 mm || 1.9 mm || rowspan="3"| Bust of [[George VI]]<br/>surrounded by his name. || rowspan="3"| Face value, country and<br/>date surrounded by wreath. || 1938 || 1939 || rowspan="2"| 772,980,000<br/><ref name="George VI coin variants">{{cite news|title=George VI coin variants|publisher=colnect.com|access-date=30 August 2017|url=https://colnect.com/en/coins/list/variant/2085}}</ref> ||
|-
|-
| colspan="2"| [[File:Indian rupee (1940).jpg|210px]] || 11.66 g || 30.5 mm || 1.9 mm || Silver<br/>(0.500) || rowspan="2"| Security || 1939 || 1945 ||
| colspan="2"| [[File:Indian rupee (1940).jpg|210px]] || 11.66 g || 30.5 mm || 1.9 mm || Silver<br/>(0.500) || rowspan="2"| Security || 1939 || 1945 ||
|-
|-
| [[File:1 Indian rupee (1947) - Obverse.jpg|100px]] || [[File:1 Indian rupee (1947) - Reverse.jpg|100px]] || 11.8 g || 28 mm || 2.48 mm || [[Nickel]] || 1947 || 1947 || 160,039,000<br/><ref name="George VI Nickel coin">{{cite news|title=George VI Nickel coin|publisher=Numista|accessdate=30 August 2017|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces12426.html}}</ref> || ''Only minted in 1947.''
| [[File:1 Indian rupee (1947) - Obverse.jpg|100px]] || [[File:1 Indian rupee (1947) - Reverse.jpg|100px]] || 11.8 g || 28 mm || 2.48 mm || [[Nickel]] || 1947 || 1947 || 160,039,000<br/><ref name="George VI Nickel coin">{{cite news|title=George VI Nickel coin|publisher=Numista|access-date=30 August 2017|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces12426.html}}</ref> || ''Only minted in 1947.''
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Independent India===
===Independent India===
On 15 August 1947, India obtained [[Indian Independence Act 1947|independence]] and the [[monetary system]] and [[Coins of British India|coinage]] of the [[British Raj]] were retained. It was not until 15 August 1950 that India introduced new coins. Introduction of new coins (including one rupee coin) was done in following chronology and reasons;<ref name="British Raj"/><ref name="Republic India Coinage">{{cite news|title=Republic India Coinage|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|accessdate=28 August 2017|url=https://rbi.org.in/SCRIPTs/mc_republic.aspx}}</ref>
On 15 August 1947, India obtained [[Indian Independence Act 1947|independence]] and the [[monetary system]] and [[Coins of British India|coinage]] of the [[British Raj]] were retained. It was not until 15 August 1950 that India introduced new coins. Introduction of new coins (including one rupee coin) was done in following chronology and reasons;<ref name="British Raj"/><ref name="Republic India Coinage">{{cite news|title=Republic India Coinage|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=28 August 2017|url=https://rbi.org.in/SCRIPTs/mc_republic.aspx}}</ref>


*[[Motif (visual arts)|Motifs]] and symbol of [[sovereignty]] were adapted to represent Indian independence.
*[[Motif (visual arts)|Motifs]] and symbol of [[sovereignty]] were adapted to represent Indian independence.
Line 168: Line 168:


===Mintage===
===Mintage===
As of 2020, one rupee coins are minted by the [[India Government Mint]]s in [[India Government Mint, Mumbai|Mumbai]], [[India Government Mint, Kolkata|Kolkata]], [[India Government Mint, Hyderabad|Hyderabad]] and in [[India Government Mint, Noida|Noida]]. All coins are circulated only through the [[Reserve Bank of India]].<ref name="Indian coins">{{cite news|title=Indian coins|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|accessdate=28 August 2017|url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/ic_coins.aspx}}</ref>
As of 2020, one rupee coins are minted by the [[India Government Mint]]s in [[India Government Mint, Mumbai|Mumbai]], [[India Government Mint, Kolkata|Kolkata]], [[India Government Mint, Hyderabad|Hyderabad]] and in [[India Government Mint, Noida|Noida]]. All coins are circulated only through the [[Reserve Bank of India]].<ref name="Indian coins">{{cite news|title=Indian coins|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=28 August 2017|url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/ic_coins.aspx}}</ref>


===Mint marks===
===Mint marks===
The following mint marks have been used on one rupee coins since 1947.<ref name="Mint marks">{{cite news|title=Mint marks|publisher=indian-coins.com|accessdate=28 August 2017|url=http://www.indian-coins.com/commemorativecoins/mint-marks}}</ref><ref name="Mint marks (abroad 1)">{{cite news|title=Mint marks (abroad 1)|publisher=Numista|accessdate=28 August 2017|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces1628.html}}</ref><ref name="Mint marks (abroad 2)">{{cite news|title=Mint marks (abroad 2)|publisher=Numista|accessdate=28 August 2017|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces1609.html}}</ref>
The following mint marks have been used on one rupee coins since 1947.<ref name="Mint marks">{{cite news|title=Mint marks|publisher=indian-coins.com|access-date=28 August 2017|url=http://www.indian-coins.com/commemorativecoins/mint-marks}}</ref><ref name="Mint marks (abroad 1)">{{cite news|title=Mint marks (abroad 1)|publisher=Numista|access-date=28 August 2017|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces1628.html}}</ref><ref name="Mint marks (abroad 2)">{{cite news|title=Mint marks (abroad 2)|publisher=Numista|access-date=28 August 2017|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces1609.html}}</ref>


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"

Revision as of 16:20, 29 January 2021

One rupee coin
India
Value₹1
Mass3.09 g
Diameter20 mm (0.79 in)
CompositionStainless steel
Years of minting1950 (1950)–present
Mint marks♦ = Mumbai
B = Mumbai Proof issue
* = Hyderabad
° = Noida
No mint-mark = Kolkata
Obverse
Reverse

The Indian 1-rupee coin (₹1) is an Indian coin worth one Indian rupee and is made up of a hundred paisas. Currently, one rupee coin is the smallest Indian coin in circulation. Since 1992, one Indian rupee coins are minted from stainless steel. Round in shape, the one rupee coins weighs 3.76 grams (58.0 grains), has a diameter of 21.93-millimetre (0.863 in) and thickness of 1.45-millimetre (0.057 in). In independent India, one rupee coins was first minted in 1950 and is currently in circulation.

History

Sur Empire

Sher Shah Suri, the founder of the Sur Empire ruled North India from 1540 to 1545 AD. [1] During his reign, Suri issued pure silver coins in 1542 and named it Rupiya (from Sanskrit रौप्य, raupya, meaning silver). The denomination remained in usage through the Mughal, Maratha, East India company and British rules.[2][3] The rupiya was retained by the East India company till 1835 and formed the basis of the British Raj currency till 1947.[4] Each rupiya coin weighed 178 grains (11.5 grams). The sub-unit of rupyia were copper pieces and 40 copper pieces constituted as one rupiya. Sher Shah Suri named the copper pieces as Paisa.[2][4][5]

1 Rupiya coin (Sher Shah Suri)
Obverse: Trace of Kalima, name of four Khalifas, Sher Shah Suri's name and pious wish "Khald Allah mulk". Reverse: Name of mint (some coins bore word "Jahapanah" instead of mint name) and date.
Coins were minted in different mints like Ujjain, Agra, Punduah, Chunar, Satgaon etc.

Madras Presidency

The Madras Presidency issued one rupee coins until 1815 AD. One rupee was equal to twelve fanams.[5]

1 Rupee coin (Madras Presidency)
Obverse: Reverse:

East India company

In the 17th century AD, the East India Company wanted to introduce the Pound sterling in India. Due to the popularity of the Rupiya, the Pound sterling could not be introduced in India. It was only in 1717 AD that the English obtained permission from the Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar to coin Mughal money. In 1835 AD, the Coinage Act of 1835 for uniform coinage came into force.[2][6] Composed of 0.917 silver, the new one rupee coins weighed 11.66 grams (179.9 grains) and had a diameter of 30.55 millimetres (1.203 in). The reverse of all one rupee coins minted after 1835 and before 1862 AD bore "East India Company" instead of the country's name.[7] The one rupee coins had bust of King William IIII (IV minted as IIII) and were first minted in 1835 AD.[8] Rupee coins issued after 1840 bore the busts of Queen Victoria (1840 to 1901 AD), Edward VII (1903 to 1910 AD), George V (1911 to 1936 AD) and George VI (1938 to 1947 AD).[2][9]

British Raj

The British Raj started in India in 1858 AD after a century of control by the East India Company. The British Raj lasted until Indian independence in 1947.[10] From 1835 to 1858, uniform rupee coins were being issued in accordance to the Coinage Act of 1835.[2][6] In 1862, new one rupee coins were issued, were known as the Regal issue, bore the bust of Queen Victoria on the obverse and the country name "India" minted on the reverse side. One rupee coins issued after 1835 but before 1862 AD had "East India Company" on reverse instead of country name.[7] From 1862 to 1939 AD, one rupee coins were minted from 0.917 silver, weighed 11.66 grams (179.9 grains), had a diameter of 30.78 millimetres (1.212 in) and thickness of 1.9 millimetres (0.075 in). The obverse side of the coins featured the busts of Queen Victoria (1862 to 1901 AD), Edward VII (1903 to 1910 AD), George V (1911 to 1936 AD) and George VI (1938 to 1947 AD). Edward VIII was never featured on any one rupee coin since his reign (Jan-Dec 1936 AD) was short.[2][9]

Due to World War I and II, there was a shortage of silver. As a result of the shortage, 0.917 silver one rupee coins were replaced by Quaternary silver alloy (0.500) in 1940. In 1947, the silver one rupee coin was replaced by nickel coins.[2]

One rupee coinage from 1835 to 1947

One Rupee coins (1835 to 1947): East India Company and British Raj
Image Technical parameters Description Year of minting Known
mintage		 Comments
Obverse Reverse Weight Diameter Thickness Metal Edge Obverse Reverse First Last
11.66 g 30.5 mm 1.9 mm Silver
(0.917)		 Reeded Bust of King William IIII
with his name.		 Face value, country and
date surrounded by wreath.		 1835 1840 69,472,000
[11]
11.66 g 30.78 mm 1.9 mm Bust of Queen Victoria
surrounded by her name.		 Face value, country and
date surrounded by wreath.		 1840 1901 2,454,825,107
[7]
11.66 g 30.6 mm 1.9 mm Bust of Edward VII
surrounded by his name.		 Face value, country and
date surrounded by wreath.		 1903 1910 849,622,000
[12]
11.66 g 30.5 mm 1.9 mm Bust of George V
surrounded by his name.		 Face value, country and
date surrounded by wreath.		 1911 1936 1,807,479,000
[13]		 Coins minted in 1911 had
nick name "pig rupee".[2]
11.66 g 30.5 mm 1.9 mm Bust of George VI
surrounded by his name.		 Face value, country and
date surrounded by wreath.		 1938 1939 772,980,000
[14]
11.66 g 30.5 mm 1.9 mm Silver
(0.500)		 Security 1939 1945
11.8 g 28 mm 2.48 mm Nickel 1947 1947 160,039,000
[15]		 Only minted in 1947.

Independent India

On 15 August 1947, India obtained independence and the monetary system and coinage of the British Raj were retained. It was not until 15 August 1950 that India introduced new coins. Introduction of new coins (including one rupee coin) was done in following chronology and reasons;[10][16]

  • Motifs and symbol of sovereignty were adapted to represent Indian independence.
  • Introduction of metric system and related impact on Indian coinage.
  • Changes due to metallic value of coins.
  • "Coinisation" of currency notes for cost-benefit.

Subunits

From 1947 to 1957, the Indian rupee was not decimalised and was divided into 16 annas. Each anna was further divided to four Indian pices (from 1835 to 1947, each pice was divided into three Indian pies; till the pie was demonetized in 1947). Table below shows sub-units of one rupee (1835-present).[3]

Denomination Sub-unit Sub-unit Sub-unit From To Comments
Rupee Anna
(1 Rupee=16 Anna)		 Pice
(1 Anna = 4 Pice)		 Pie
(1 Pice = 3 Pie)		 1835 1947 Pie demonetized in 1947.
- 1947 1950 The Frozen Series
1950 1957 The Anna Series
Paisa
(1 Rupee = 100 Paisa)		 - - 1957 1964 Naya Paisa Series. Anna & Pice demonetized in 1957.
1964 Present Except 50 paisa, all lower coins demonetized.
(1835-1947): 1 Indian rupee = 16 anna = 64 pice = 192 pie.
(1947-1957): 1 Indian rupee = 16 anna = 64 pice.
(1957-1964): 1 Indian rupee = 100 naye paise.
(1964-present): 1 Indian rupee = 100 paise.[16]

Mintage

Mintage

As of 2020, one rupee coins are minted by the India Government Mints in Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad and in Noida. All coins are circulated only through the Reserve Bank of India.[17]

Mint marks

The following mint marks have been used on one rupee coins since 1947.[18][19][20]

Mint Mark Description Comments
Coins minted in Indian mints
Hyderabad ☆ Five-pointed star
Kolkata No mint-mark Since this was the first Indian mint, coins minted in Kolkata don't carry a mark.[18]
Mumbai ♦ Diamond
• Small dot (solid)
B Letter B below year
M Letter M below year On coins minted after 1996.
Noida ° Small dot (hollow)
Coins minted in foreign mints
Birmingham H Letter H below year One rupee coins (KM# 79.1) in 1985 were also minted in Birmingham mint, United Kingdom.[19]
Kremnica mk Letters "mk" in circle One rupee coins (KM# 92.2) from 1998 to 2001 were also minted in the Kremnica mint, Slovakia.[20]
Mexico Mo °M, letter "M" beneath circle One rupee coins (KM# 92.2) in 1997 were also minted in the Mexican Mint.[20]
Pretoria M Letter "M" in oval One rupee coins (KM# 92.2) from 1998 to 2000 were also minted in the Pretoria mint, South Africa.[20]
Royal Mint • Small dot One rupee coins (KM# 79.1) in 1985 were also minted in Royal Mint in Llantrisant, United Kingdom.[19]

See also

References

  1. ^ Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). The Mughul Empire, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, ISBN 81-7276-407-1, p.83
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h "Facts about Indian coinage". mymoneysage.in. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  3. ^ a b "History of Indian coins". indianumismatics.wordpress.com. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  4. ^ a b "History of Pashtuns". barmazid.com. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  5. ^ a b "Interesting Facts about Rupee and Coins". mapsofindia.com. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  6. ^ a b "British India Coinage". Reserve Bank of India. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  7. ^ a b c "Queen Victoria coin variants". Numista. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  8. ^ "1835 one rupee". Numista. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  9. ^ a b "British India 1 rupee coins". Numista. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  10. ^ a b "British Raj". BBC. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  11. ^ "William IIII coin variants". colnect.com. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  12. ^ "Edward VII coin variants". Numista. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  13. ^ "George V coin variants". colnect.com. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  14. ^ "George VI coin variants". colnect.com. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  15. ^ "George VI Nickel coin". Numista. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  16. ^ a b "Republic India Coinage". Reserve Bank of India. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
  17. ^ "Indian coins". Reserve Bank of India. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
  18. ^ a b "Mint marks". indian-coins.com. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
  19. ^ a b c "Mint marks (abroad 1)". Numista. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
  20. ^ a b c d "Mint marks (abroad 2)". Numista. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
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