Marine worm: Difference between revisions
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Any [[worm]] that lives in a [[ocean|marine]] [[environment (biophysical)|environment]] is considered a '''marine worm'''. Marine worms are found in several different [[phylum (biology)|phyla]], including the [[Platyhelminthes]], [[Nematoda]], [[Annelida]] (segmented worms), [[Chaetognatha]], [[Hemichordata]], and [[Phoronida]]. For a list of marine animals that have been called "sea worms", see [[Sea worm (disambiguation)|sea worm]]. |
Any [[worm]] that lives in a [[ocean|marine]] [[environment (biophysical)|environment]] is considered a '''marine worm'''. Marine worms are found in several different [[phylum (biology)|phyla]], including the [[Platyhelminthes]], [[Nematoda]], [[Annelida]] (segmented worms), [[Chaetognatha]], [[Hemichordata]], and [[Phoronida]]. For a list of marine animals that have been called "sea worms", see [[Sea worm (disambiguation)|sea worm]]. |
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Many of these worms have specialized tentacles used for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide and also may be used for reproduction. These specialized tentacles allow for gas exchange, increasing the low oxygen content in dead zones and in shallow water, which encourages plant and algae growth<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Çinar ME |title=Checklist of the phyla Platyhelminthes, Xenacoelomorpha, Nematoda, Acanthocephala, Myxozoa, Tardigrada, Cephalorhyncha, Nemertea, Echiura, Brachiopoda, Phoronida, Chaetognatha, and Chordata (Tunicata, Cephalochordata, and Hemichordata) from the Coasts of Turkey.| doi = 10.1038/srep46205|journal=Turkish Journal Of Zoology|pages= |
Many of these worms have specialized tentacles used for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide and also may be used for reproduction. These specialized tentacles allow for gas exchange, increasing the low oxygen content in dead zones and in shallow water, which encourages plant and algae growth<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Çinar ME | date = December 2014 |title=Checklist of the phyla Platyhelminthes, Xenacoelomorpha, Nematoda, Acanthocephala, Myxozoa, Tardigrada, Cephalorhyncha, Nemertea, Echiura, Brachiopoda, Phoronida, Chaetognatha, and Chordata (Tunicata, Cephalochordata, and Hemichordata) from the Coasts of Turkey.| doi = 10.1038/srep46205|journal=Turkish Journal Of Zoology | volume = 38 | issue = 6 | pages = 698–722 }}</ref>. |
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Polynoid scale worms are estimated to have arrived in deep sea ecosystems around sixty million years ago. Through the comparison of 120 positively selected genes using gene ontology term enrichment, researchers came to the conclusion that genes related to DNA repair, recombination, and integration were only present in the deep sea polynoidae, which correlates with the idea that they have to adapt to deal with potential hypoxia in deep sea environments.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang Y, Sun J, Chen C, Watanabe HK, Feng D, Zhang Y, Chiu JM, Qian PY, Qiu JW | display-authors = 6 | title = Adaptation and evolution of deep-sea scale worms (Annelida: Polynoidae): insights from transcriptome comparison with a shallow-water species | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | pages = 46205 | date = April 2017 | pmid = 28397791 | pmc = 5387418 | doi = 10.1038/srep46205 }}</ref> |
Polynoid scale worms are estimated to have arrived in deep sea ecosystems around sixty million years ago. Through the comparison of 120 positively selected genes using gene ontology term enrichment, researchers came to the conclusion that genes related to DNA repair, recombination, and integration were only present in the deep sea polynoidae, which correlates with the idea that they have to adapt to deal with potential hypoxia in deep sea environments.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang Y, Sun J, Chen C, Watanabe HK, Feng D, Zhang Y, Chiu JM, Qian PY, Qiu JW | display-authors = 6 | title = Adaptation and evolution of deep-sea scale worms (Annelida: Polynoidae): insights from transcriptome comparison with a shallow-water species | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | pages = 46205 | date = April 2017 | pmid = 28397791 | pmc = 5387418 | doi = 10.1038/srep46205 }}</ref> |
Revision as of 05:27, 26 March 2021
Any worm that lives in a marine environment is considered a marine worm. Marine worms are found in several different phyla, including the Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida (segmented worms), Chaetognatha, Hemichordata, and Phoronida. For a list of marine animals that have been called "sea worms", see sea worm.
Many of these worms have specialized tentacles used for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide and also may be used for reproduction. These specialized tentacles allow for gas exchange, increasing the low oxygen content in dead zones and in shallow water, which encourages plant and algae growth[1].
Polynoid scale worms are estimated to have arrived in deep sea ecosystems around sixty million years ago. Through the comparison of 120 positively selected genes using gene ontology term enrichment, researchers came to the conclusion that genes related to DNA repair, recombination, and integration were only present in the deep sea polynoidae, which correlates with the idea that they have to adapt to deal with potential hypoxia in deep sea environments.[2]
Some marine worms are tube worms, of which the giant tube worm lives in waters near underwater volcanoes, and can withstand temperatures up to 90 degrees Celsius or about 194 degrees Fahrenheit.
Some worms can live in the trench. These worms[3] were first discovered in the Pacific Ocean off the Galápagos Islands.
In recent years, marine worms (especially those found in the ocean) have been observed ingesting microplastic particles found in the oceans. This trend is concerning many scientists, as marine worms act as an important food source for many fish and wading birds. Marine Worms play as Keystone Species in an ecosystem, and the introduction of plastic in the oceans will not only diminish the growth rates of the marine worms, but also affect the food chain of that ecosystem.[4]
References
- ^ Çinar ME (December 2014). "Checklist of the phyla Platyhelminthes, Xenacoelomorpha, Nematoda, Acanthocephala, Myxozoa, Tardigrada, Cephalorhyncha, Nemertea, Echiura, Brachiopoda, Phoronida, Chaetognatha, and Chordata (Tunicata, Cephalochordata, and Hemichordata) from the Coasts of Turkey". Turkish Journal Of Zoology. 38 (6): 698–722. doi:10.1038/srep46205.
- ^ Zhang Y, Sun J, Chen C, Watanabe HK, Feng D, Zhang Y, et al. (April 2017). "Adaptation and evolution of deep-sea scale worms (Annelida: Polynoidae): insights from transcriptome comparison with a shallow-water species". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 46205. doi:10.1038/srep46205. PMC 5387418. PMID 28397791.
- ^ Trivedi BP (28 October 2002). "Giant Tubeworms Probed for Clues to Survival". National Geographic Today. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 2018-05-31.
- ^ "Limnology and Oceanography". The Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography.