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'''''Neobacillus''''' is a genus of rod-shaped bacteria that show [[Gram-positive bacteria|Gram-positive]] or Gram-variable staining.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal|last=Patel|first=Sudip|last2=Gupta|first2=Radhey S.|date=2020-01-01|title=A phylogenomic and comparative genomic framework for resolving the polyphyly of the genus Bacillus: Proposal for six new genera of Bacillus species, Peribacillus gen. nov., Cytobacillus gen. nov., Mesobacillus gen. nov., Neobacillus gen. nov., Metabacillus gen. nov. and Alkalihalobacillus gen. nov.|url=https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijsem.0.003775|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|language=en|volume=70|issue=1|pages=406–438|doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.003775|issn=1466-5026}}</ref> This genus belongs under the family ''[[Bacillaceae]]'' within the order ''[[Bacillales]]''. The type species of ''Neobacillus'' is ''Neobacillus niacini.''<ref name=":03" /> |
'''''Neobacillus''''' is a genus of rod-shaped bacteria that show [[Gram-positive bacteria|Gram-positive]] or Gram-variable staining.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal|last=Patel|first=Sudip|last2=Gupta|first2=Radhey S.|date=2020-01-01|title=A phylogenomic and comparative genomic framework for resolving the polyphyly of the genus Bacillus: Proposal for six new genera of Bacillus species, Peribacillus gen. nov., Cytobacillus gen. nov., Mesobacillus gen. nov., Neobacillus gen. nov., Metabacillus gen. nov. and Alkalihalobacillus gen. nov.|url=https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijsem.0.003775|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|language=en|volume=70|issue=1|pages=406–438|doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.003775|issn=1466-5026}}</ref> This genus belongs under the family ''[[Bacillaceae]]'' within the order ''[[Bacillales]]''. The type species of ''Neobacillus'' is ''Neobacillus niacini.''<ref name=":03" /> |
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Members of this genus were previously part of the ''[[Bacillus]]'' genus. It has long been recognized that the ''Bacillus'' genus is comprised of a wide range of phylogenetically unrelated bacteria, demonstrated through multiple phylogenetic studies and comparative genome studies.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2005|editor-last=Brenner|editor-first=Don J.|editor2-last=Krieg|editor2-first=Noel R.|editor3-last=Staley|editor3-first=James T.|editor4-last=Garrity|editor4-first=George M.|editor5-last=Boone|editor5-first=David R.|editor6-last=De Vos|editor6-first=Paul|editor7-last=Goodfellow|editor7-first=Michael|editor8-last=Rainey|editor8-first=Fred A.|editor9-last=Schleifer|editor9-first=Karl-Heinz|title=Bergey’s Manual® of Systematic Bacteriology|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28022-7|doi=10.1007/0-387-28022-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Logan|first=N.A.|date=2011-12-20|title=Bacillus and relatives in foodborne illness|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05204.x|journal=Journal of Applied Microbiology|volume=112|issue=3|pages=417–429|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05204.x|issn=1364-5072}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=La Duc|first=Myron T|last2=Satomi|first2=Masataka|last3=Agata|first3=Norio|last4=Venkateswaran|first4=Kasthuri|date=2004-03|title=gyrB as a phylogenetic discriminator for members of the Bacillus anthracis–cereus–thuringiensis group|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2003.11.004|journal=Journal of Microbiological Methods|volume=56|issue=3|pages=383–394|doi=10.1016/j.mimet.2003.11.004|issn=0167-7012}}</ref> ''Bacillus'' species were assigned based on vague criteria such as the ability to form endospores in the presence of oxygen, a criterion that many diverse, unrelated bacteria share.<ref name=":0" /> The result is a big genus comprised of over 300 species with distinct biochemical characteristics that are not uniquely shared by all members, leaving no way to reliably distinguish ''Bacillus'' species from other bacteria. Subsequently, many studies have used phylogenetic analyses as a means to clarify the complex interspecies taxonomic relationships of ''Bacillus'' species, resulting in the establishment of many novel genera such as ''[[Solibacillus]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mual|first=Poonam|last2=Singh|first2=Nitin Kumar|last3=Verma|first3=Ashish|last4=Schumann|first4=Peter|last5=Krishnamurthi|first5=Srinivasan|last6=Dastager|first6=Syed|last7=Mayilraj|first7=Shanmugam|date=2016-05-01|title=Reclassification of Bacillus isronensis Shivaji et al. 2009 as Solibacillus isronensis comb. nov. and emended description of genus Solibacillus Krishnamurthi et al. 2009|url=https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijsem.0.000982|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|language=en|volume=66|issue=5|pages=2113–2120|doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.000982|issn=1466-5026}}</ref> [[Virgibacillus]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Heyndrickx|first=M.|last2=Lebbe|first2=L.|last3=Kersters|first3=K.|last4=Hoste|first4=B.|last5=De Wachter|first5=R.|last6=De Vos|first6=P.|last7=Forsyth|first7=G.|last8=Logan|first8=N. A.|date=1999-07-01|title=Proposal of Virgibacillus proomii sp. nov. and emended description of Virgibacillus pantothenticus (Proom and Knight 1950) Heyndrickx et al. 1998|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00207713-49-3-1083|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|volume=49|issue=3|pages=1083–1090|doi=10.1099/00207713-49-3-1083|issn=1466-5026}}</ref> [[Brevibacillus]],''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shida|first=O.|last2=Takagi|first2=H.|last3=Kadowaki|first3=K.|last4=Komagata|first4=K.|date=1996-10-01|title=Proposal for Two New Genera, Brevibacillus gen. nov. and Aneurinibacillus gen. nov.|url=https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/00207713-46-4-939|journal=International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology|language=en|volume=46|issue=4|pages=939–946|doi=10.1099/00207713-46-4-939|issn=0020-7713}}</ref> ''[[Alkalihalobacillus]],''<ref name=":03" /> ''[[Ectobacillus]]''<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Gupta|first=Radhey S.|last2=Patel|first2=Sudip|last3=Saini|first3=Navneet|last4=Chen|first4=Shu|date=2020-11-01|title=Robust demarcation of 17 distinct Bacillus species clades, proposed as novel Bacillaceae genera, by phylogenomics and comparative genomic analyses: description of Robertmurraya kyonggiensis sp. nov. and proposal for an emended genus Bacillus limiting it only to the members of the Subtilis and Cereus clades of species|url=https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijsem.0.004475|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|language=en|volume=70|issue=11|pages=5753–5798|doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.004475|issn=1466-5026}}</ref> and ''[[Neobacillus]].''<ref name=":03" /> The name ''Neobacillus'' is pieced together using the prefix "neo-" (from the Greek adjective ''neos'', translating to new) and the suffix "-bacillus" (from the Latin noun ''bacillus'', referring to a small staff or rod and Bacillus, the bacterial genus). Together, the name translates to "new Bacillus". |
Members of this genus were previously part of the ''[[Bacillus]]'' genus. It has long been recognized that the ''Bacillus'' genus is comprised of a wide range of phylogenetically unrelated bacteria, demonstrated through multiple phylogenetic studies and comparative genome studies.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2005|editor-last=Brenner|editor-first=Don J.|editor2-last=Krieg|editor2-first=Noel R.|editor3-last=Staley|editor3-first=James T.|editor4-last=Garrity|editor4-first=George M.|editor5-last=Boone|editor5-first=David R.|editor6-last=De Vos|editor6-first=Paul|editor7-last=Goodfellow|editor7-first=Michael|editor8-last=Rainey|editor8-first=Fred A.|editor9-last=Schleifer|editor9-first=Karl-Heinz|title=Bergey’s Manual® of Systematic Bacteriology|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28022-7|doi=10.1007/0-387-28022-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Logan|first=N.A.|date=2011-12-20|title=Bacillus and relatives in foodborne illness|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05204.x|journal=Journal of Applied Microbiology|volume=112|issue=3|pages=417–429|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05204.x|issn=1364-5072}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=La Duc|first=Myron T|last2=Satomi|first2=Masataka|last3=Agata|first3=Norio|last4=Venkateswaran|first4=Kasthuri|date=2004-03|title=gyrB as a phylogenetic discriminator for members of the Bacillus anthracis–cereus–thuringiensis group|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2003.11.004|journal=Journal of Microbiological Methods|volume=56|issue=3|pages=383–394|doi=10.1016/j.mimet.2003.11.004|issn=0167-7012}}</ref> ''Bacillus'' species were assigned based on vague criteria such as the ability to form endospores in the presence of oxygen, a criterion that many diverse, unrelated bacteria share.<ref name=":0" /> The result is a big genus comprised of over 300 species with distinct biochemical characteristics that are not uniquely shared by all members, leaving no way to reliably distinguish ''Bacillus'' species from other bacteria. Subsequently, many studies have used phylogenetic analyses as a means to clarify the complex interspecies taxonomic relationships of ''Bacillus'' species, resulting in the establishment of many novel genera such as ''[[Solibacillus]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mual|first=Poonam|last2=Singh|first2=Nitin Kumar|last3=Verma|first3=Ashish|last4=Schumann|first4=Peter|last5=Krishnamurthi|first5=Srinivasan|last6=Dastager|first6=Syed|last7=Mayilraj|first7=Shanmugam|date=2016-05-01|title=Reclassification of Bacillus isronensis Shivaji et al. 2009 as Solibacillus isronensis comb. nov. and emended description of genus Solibacillus Krishnamurthi et al. 2009|url=https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijsem.0.000982|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|language=en|volume=66|issue=5|pages=2113–2120|doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.000982|issn=1466-5026}}</ref> [[Virgibacillus]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Heyndrickx|first=M.|last2=Lebbe|first2=L.|last3=Kersters|first3=K.|last4=Hoste|first4=B.|last5=De Wachter|first5=R.|last6=De Vos|first6=P.|last7=Forsyth|first7=G.|last8=Logan|first8=N. A.|date=1999-07-01|title=Proposal of Virgibacillus proomii sp. nov. and emended description of Virgibacillus pantothenticus (Proom and Knight 1950) Heyndrickx et al. 1998|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00207713-49-3-1083|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|volume=49|issue=3|pages=1083–1090|doi=10.1099/00207713-49-3-1083|issn=1466-5026}}</ref> [[Brevibacillus]],''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shida|first=O.|last2=Takagi|first2=H.|last3=Kadowaki|first3=K.|last4=Komagata|first4=K.|date=1996-10-01|title=Proposal for Two New Genera, Brevibacillus gen. nov. and Aneurinibacillus gen. nov.|url=https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/00207713-46-4-939|journal=International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology|language=en|volume=46|issue=4|pages=939–946|doi=10.1099/00207713-46-4-939|issn=0020-7713}}</ref> ''[[Alkalihalobacillus]],''<ref name=":03" /> ''[[Ectobacillus]]''<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Gupta|first=Radhey S.|last2=Patel|first2=Sudip|last3=Saini|first3=Navneet|last4=Chen|first4=Shu|date=2020-11-01|title=Robust demarcation of 17 distinct Bacillus species clades, proposed as novel Bacillaceae genera, by phylogenomics and comparative genomic analyses: description of Robertmurraya kyonggiensis sp. nov. and proposal for an emended genus Bacillus limiting it only to the members of the Subtilis and Cereus clades of species|url=https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijsem.0.004475|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|language=en|volume=70|issue=11|pages=5753–5798|doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.004475|issn=1466-5026}}</ref> and ''[[Neobacillus]].''<ref name=":03" /> |
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The name ''Neobacillus'' is pieced together using the prefix "neo-" (from the Greek adjective ''neos'', translating to new) and the suffix "-bacillus" (from the Latin noun ''bacillus'', referring to a small staff or rod and Bacillus, the bacterial genus). Together, the name translates to "new Bacillus". |
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== Biochemical Characteristics<ref name=":03" /> == |
== Biochemical Characteristics<ref name=":03" /> == |
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| Genus: | Neobacillus Patel and Gupta 2020
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Neobacillus is a genus of rod-shaped bacteria that show Gram-positive or Gram-variable staining.[1] This genus belongs under the family Bacillaceae within the order Bacillales. The type species of Neobacillus is Neobacillus niacini.[1]
Members of this genus were previously part of the Bacillus genus. It has long been recognized that the Bacillus genus is comprised of a wide range of phylogenetically unrelated bacteria, demonstrated through multiple phylogenetic studies and comparative genome studies.[2][3][4] Bacillus species were assigned based on vague criteria such as the ability to form endospores in the presence of oxygen, a criterion that many diverse, unrelated bacteria share.[2] The result is a big genus comprised of over 300 species with distinct biochemical characteristics that are not uniquely shared by all members, leaving no way to reliably distinguish Bacillus species from other bacteria. Subsequently, many studies have used phylogenetic analyses as a means to clarify the complex interspecies taxonomic relationships of Bacillus species, resulting in the establishment of many novel genera such as Solibacillus,[5] Virgibacillus,[6] Brevibacillus,[7] Alkalihalobacillus,[1] Ectobacillus[8] and Neobacillus.[1]
The name Neobacillus is pieced together using the prefix "neo-" (from the Greek adjective neos, translating to new) and the suffix "-bacillus" (from the Latin noun bacillus, referring to a small staff or rod and Bacillus, the bacterial genus). Together, the name translates to "new Bacillus".
Biochemical Characteristics[1]
Members of Neobacillus can be either aerobic or facultatively anaerobic. Motility is variable, some species are motile while others are non-motile. All studied species are observed to form endospores under adverse environmental or nutritional conditions. Neobacillus can be found in a variety of environments, including soil, human origin (gut and skin) and plant roots. Neobacillus can grow in temperatures up to 50-55°C, but optimal growth occurs in the range of 25-37°C.
Taxonomy
As of May 2021, there are a total of 17 species with validly published names in the genus Neobacillus.[9] Members of this genus group together and forms a monophyletic branch in phylogenetic trees created from concatenated sequences from various datasets of conserved proteins as well as 16S rRNA gene sequences.[1] Additional phylogenetic studies have identified a number of non-validly published species ("Bacillus dielmoensis", "Bacillus ferrooxidans", "Bacillus rubiinfantis", and "Bacillus marasmi") that are considered to be members of this genus based on taxonomic placement in phylogenetic trees as well as shared molecular markers (specifically conserved signature indels) with other members of Neobacillus.[8] However, transfer was not proposed due to the lack of strain culture information. As additional culture information and genome sequences become available in the future, it would be necessary to revisit the taxonomic classifications proposed for this genus to update and validate the results.
Molecular signatures
In addition to phylogenetic analyses, members of Neobacillus can be distinguished from all other bacteria through molecular markers known as conserved signature indels (CSIs).[10] CSIs arise when a bacteria undergoes a rare genetic change in a highly conserved protein sequence and then subsequently passes on this genetic change laterally to its descendants.[10] The specific genetic mutation (an insertion or deletion of a number of amino acids) is flanked on both sides by conserved sequences and are often found in essential proteins, indicating their reliability as a molecular marker.[10] 11 CSIs were identified for Neobacillus in proteins such as 50S ribosomal protein L24, flagellar M-ring protein FliF, 50S ribosomal protein L11 methyltransferase, imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase subunit HisH, ATP phosphoribosyltrans- ferase regulatory subunit, LTA synthase family protein, type I DNA topoisomerase, nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase, bifunctional hydroxymethylpyrimidine kinase/phospho- methylpyrimidine kinase, single-stranded-DNA-specific exonuclease RecJ and 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase.[1] Majority of the CSIs are exclusively shared by all/most members of the Neobacillus genus and are not found in any other bacteria.
References
- ^ a b c d e f g Patel, Sudip; Gupta, Radhey S. (2020-01-01). "A phylogenomic and comparative genomic framework for resolving the polyphyly of the genus Bacillus: Proposal for six new genera of Bacillus species, Peribacillus gen. nov., Cytobacillus gen. nov., Mesobacillus gen. nov., Neobacillus gen. nov., Metabacillus gen. nov. and Alkalihalobacillus gen. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 70 (1): 406–438. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.003775. ISSN 1466-5026.
- ^ a b Brenner, Don J.; Krieg, Noel R.; Staley, James T.; Garrity, George M.; Boone, David R.; De Vos, Paul; Goodfellow, Michael; Rainey, Fred A.; Schleifer, Karl-Heinz, eds. (2005). "Bergey's Manual® of Systematic Bacteriology". doi:10.1007/0-387-28022-7.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Logan, N.A. (2011-12-20). "Bacillus and relatives in foodborne illness". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 112 (3): 417–429. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05204.x. ISSN 1364-5072.
- ^ La Duc, Myron T; Satomi, Masataka; Agata, Norio; Venkateswaran, Kasthuri (2004-03). "gyrB as a phylogenetic discriminator for members of the Bacillus anthracis–cereus–thuringiensis group". Journal of Microbiological Methods. 56 (3): 383–394. doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2003.11.004. ISSN 0167-7012.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Mual, Poonam; Singh, Nitin Kumar; Verma, Ashish; Schumann, Peter; Krishnamurthi, Srinivasan; Dastager, Syed; Mayilraj, Shanmugam (2016-05-01). "Reclassification of Bacillus isronensis Shivaji et al. 2009 as Solibacillus isronensis comb. nov. and emended description of genus Solibacillus Krishnamurthi et al. 2009". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 66 (5): 2113–2120. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.000982. ISSN 1466-5026.
- ^ Heyndrickx, M.; Lebbe, L.; Kersters, K.; Hoste, B.; De Wachter, R.; De Vos, P.; Forsyth, G.; Logan, N. A. (1999-07-01). "Proposal of Virgibacillus proomii sp. nov. and emended description of Virgibacillus pantothenticus (Proom and Knight 1950) Heyndrickx et al. 1998". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 49 (3): 1083–1090. doi:10.1099/00207713-49-3-1083. ISSN 1466-5026.
- ^ Shida, O.; Takagi, H.; Kadowaki, K.; Komagata, K. (1996-10-01). "Proposal for Two New Genera, Brevibacillus gen. nov. and Aneurinibacillus gen. nov". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 46 (4): 939–946. doi:10.1099/00207713-46-4-939. ISSN 0020-7713.
- ^ a b Gupta, Radhey S.; Patel, Sudip; Saini, Navneet; Chen, Shu (2020-11-01). "Robust demarcation of 17 distinct Bacillus species clades, proposed as novel Bacillaceae genera, by phylogenomics and comparative genomic analyses: description of Robertmurraya kyonggiensis sp. nov. and proposal for an emended genus Bacillus limiting it only to the members of the Subtilis and Cereus clades of species". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 70 (11): 5753–5798. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004475. ISSN 1466-5026.
- ^ "Genus: Neobacillus". lpsn.dsmz.de. Retrieved 2021-05-20.
- ^ a b c Naushad, Hafiz Sohail; Lee, Brian; Gupta, Radhey S. (2014-02-01). "Conserved signature indels and signature proteins as novel tools for understanding microbial phylogeny and systematics: identification of molecular signatures that are specific for the phytopathogenic genera Dickeya, Pectobacterium and Brenneria". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 64 (Pt_2): 366–383. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.054213-0. ISSN 1466-5026.