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{{Short description|Genus of rod-shaped bacteria}}
{{Taxobox
{{Taxobox
| phylum = [[Firmicutes]]
| phylum = [[Firmicutes]]

Revision as of 19:00, 10 June 2021

Neobacillus
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Firmicutes
Class:
Bacilli
Order:
Bacillales
Family:
Bacillaceae
Genus:
Neobacillus Patel and Gupta 2020
Species

Information based on LPSN 2021

Neobacillus is a genus of rod-shaped bacteria that show Gram-positive or Gram-variable staining.[1] This genus belongs under the family Bacillaceae within the order Bacillales.[2] The type species of Neobacillus is Neobacillus niacini.[3]

Members of this genus were previously part of the genus Bacillus. It has long been recognized that the genus Bacillus is comprised of a wide range of phylogenetically unrelated bacteria, demonstrated through multiple phylogenetic studies and comparative genome studies.[4][5] Bacillus species were assigned based on vague criteria such as the ability to form endospores in the presence of oxygen, a criterion that many diverse, unrelated bacteria share.[6][7] The result is a big genus comprised of over 300 species with distinct biochemical characteristics that are not uniquely shared by all members, leaving no way to reliably distinguish Bacillus species from other bacteria. Subsequently, many studies have used phylogenetic analyses as a means to clarify the evolutionary relationships between Bacillus species, resulting in the establishment of many novel genera such as Virgibacillus, Solibacillus, Brevibacillus, and Ectobacillus.[8][9][10][11] Additionally, Bacillus has been restricted to included only species closely related to Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus.[1][11]

The name Neobacillus is pieced together using the prefix "neo-" (from the Greek adjective neos, translating to new) and the suffix "-bacillus" (from the Latin noun bacillus, referring to a small staff or rod and Bacillus, the bacterial genus). Together, the name translates to "new Bacillus".

Biochemical Characteristics[1]

Members of Neobacillus can be either aerobic or facultatively anaerobic. Motility is variable, some species are motile while others are non-motile. All studied species are observed to form endospores under adverse environmental or nutritional conditions. Neobacillus can be found in a variety of environments, including soil, human origin (gut and skin) and plant roots. Neobacillus can grow in temperatures up to 50-55°C, but optimal growth occurs in the range of 25-37°C.

Taxonomy

As of May 2021, there are a total of 17 species with validly published names in the genus Neobacillus.[3] Members of this genus group together and forms a monophyletic branch in phylogenetic trees created from concatenated sequences from various datasets of conserved proteins as well as 16S rRNA gene sequences.[1] The Genome Taxonomy Database (GTDB) also shows members of Neobacillus grouping together.[12]

Additional phylogenetic studies have identified a number of non-validly published species ("Bacillus dielmoensis", "Bacillus ferrooxidans", "Bacillus rubiinfantis", and "Bacillus marasmi") that are considered to be members of this genus based on taxonomic placement in phylogenetic trees as well as shared molecular markers (specifically conserved signature indels) with other members of Neobacillus.[13] However, transfer was not proposed due to the lack of strain culture information. As additional culture information and genome sequences become available in the future, it would be necessary to revisit the taxonomic classifications proposed for this genus to update and validate the results.

Molecular signatures

In addition to phylogenetic analyses, members of Neobacillus can be distinguished from all other bacteria through molecular markers known as conserved signature indels (CSIs).[14] CSIs arises when a bacteria undergoes a rare genetic change in a highly conserved protein sequence and then subsequently passes on this genetic change laterally to its descendants.[14] The specific genetic mutation (an insertion or deletion of a number of amino acids) is flanked on both sides by conserved sequences and are often found in essential proteins, indicating their reliability as a molecular marker.[14] Their presence in pathogenic species can also serve as a basis for developing diagnostic methods for clinical purposes.[15][16]

11 CSIs were identified for Neobacillus in proteins such as 50S ribosomal protein L24, flagellar M-ring protein FliF, 50S ribosomal protein L11 methyltransferase, imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase subunit HisH, ATP phosphoribosyltrans- ferase regulatory subunit, LTA synthase family protein, type I DNA topoisomerase, nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase, bifunctional hydroxymethylpyrimidine kinase/phospho- methylpyrimidine kinase, single-stranded-DNA-specific exonuclease RecJ and 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase.[1] Majority of the CSIs are exclusively shared by all/most members of the Neobacillus genus and are not found in any other bacteria. These CSIs can be used to identify additional members of Neobacillus through in-silico or other experimental methods.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Patel, Sudip; Gupta, Radhey S. (2020-01-01). "A phylogenomic and comparative genomic framework for resolving the polyphyly of the genus Bacillus: Proposal for six new genera of Bacillus species, Peribacillus gen. nov., Cytobacillus gen. nov., Mesobacillus gen. nov., Neobacillus gen. nov., Metabacillus gen. nov. and Alkalihalobacillus gen. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 70 (1): 406–438. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.003775. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 31617837.
  2. ^ Brenner, Don J.; Krieg, Noel R.; Staley, James T.; Garrity, George M.; Boone, David R.; De Vos, Paul; Goodfellow, Michael; Rainey, Fred A.; Schleifer, Karl-Heinz, eds. (2005). Bergey's Manual® of Systematic Bacteriology. doi:10.1007/0-387-28022-7. ISBN 978-0-387-24144-9.
  3. ^ a b "Genus: Neobacillus". lpsn.dsmz.de. Retrieved 2021-05-20.
  4. ^ Logan, N.A. (2011-12-20). "Bacillus and relatives in foodborne illness". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 112 (3): 417–429. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05204.x. ISSN 1364-5072. PMID 22121830.
  5. ^ La Duc, Myron T; Satomi, Masataka; Agata, Norio; Venkateswaran, Kasthuri (March 2004). "gyrB as a phylogenetic discriminator for members of the Bacillus anthracis–cereus–thuringiensis group". Journal of Microbiological Methods. 56 (3): 383–394. doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2003.11.004. ISSN 0167-7012. PMID 14967230.
  6. ^ Ash, Carol; Farrow, J.A.E.; Wallbanks, Sally; Collins, M.D. (2008-06-28). "Phylogenetic heterogeneity of the genus Bacillus revealed by comparative analysis of small-subunit-ribosomal RNA sequences". Letters in Applied Microbiology. 13 (4): 202–206. doi:10.1111/j.1472-765x.1991.tb00608.x. ISSN 0266-8254. S2CID 82988953.
  7. ^ Logan, N. A.; Berge, O.; Bishop, A. H.; Busse, H.-J.; De Vos, P.; Fritze, D.; Heyndrickx, M.; Kampfer, P.; Rabinovitch, L.; Salkinoja-Salonen, M. S.; Seldin, L. (2009-06-30). "Proposed minimal standards for describing new taxa of aerobic, endospore-forming bacteria". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 59 (8): 2114–2121. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.013649-0. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 19567583.
  8. ^ Heyndrickx, M.; Lebbe, L.; Kersters, K.; Hoste, B.; De Wachter, R.; De Vos, P.; Forsyth, G.; Logan, N. A. (1999-07-01). "Proposal of Virgibacillus proomii sp. nov. and emended description of Virgibacillus pantothenticus (Proom and Knight 1950) Heyndrickx et al. 1998". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 49 (3): 1083–1090. doi:10.1099/00207713-49-3-1083. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 10425765.
  9. ^ Shida, O.; Takagi, H.; Kadowaki, K.; Komagata, K. (1996-10-01). "Proposal for Two New Genera, Brevibacillus gen. nov. and Aneurinibacillus gen. nov". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 46 (4): 939–946. doi:10.1099/00207713-46-4-939. ISSN 0020-7713. PMID 8863420.
  10. ^ Mual, Poonam; Singh, Nitin Kumar; Verma, Ashish; Schumann, Peter; Krishnamurthi, Srinivasan; Dastager, Syed; Mayilraj, Shanmugam (2016-05-01). "Reclassification of Bacillus isronensis Shivaji et al. 2009 as Solibacillus isronensis comb. nov. and emended description of genus Solibacillus Krishnamurthi et al. 2009". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 66 (5): 2113–2120. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.000982. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 26907585.
  11. ^ a b Gupta, Radhey S.; Patel, Sudip; Saini, Navneet; Chen, Shu (2020-11-01). "Robust demarcation of 17 distinct Bacillus species clades, proposed as novel Bacillaceae genera, by phylogenomics and comparative genomic analyses: description of Robertmurraya kyonggiensis sp. nov. and proposal for an emended genus Bacillus limiting it only to the members of the Subtilis and Cereus clades of species". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 70 (11): 5753–5798. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004475. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 33112222.
  12. ^ "GTDB - Tree". gtdb.ecogenomic.org. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
  13. ^ Gupta, Radhey S.; Patel, Sudip; Saini, Navneet; Chen, Shu (2020-11-01). "Robust demarcation of 17 distinct Bacillus species clades, proposed as novel Bacillaceae genera, by phylogenomics and comparative genomic analyses: description of Robertmurraya kyonggiensis sp. nov. and proposal for an emended genus Bacillus limiting it only to the members of the Subtilis and Cereus clades of species". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 70 (11): 5753–5798. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004475. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 33112222.
  14. ^ a b c Naushad, Hafiz Sohail; Lee, Brian; Gupta, Radhey S. (2014-02-01). "Conserved signature indels and signature proteins as novel tools for understanding microbial phylogeny and systematics: identification of molecular signatures that are specific for the phytopathogenic genera Dickeya, Pectobacterium and Brenneria". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 64 (Pt_2): 366–383. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.054213-0. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 24505075.
  15. ^ Wong, Shirley Y.; Paschos, Athanasios; Gupta, Radhey S.; Schellhorn, Herb E. (2014-10-07). "Insertion/deletion-based approach for the detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in freshwater environments". Environmental Science & Technology. 48 (19): 11462–11470. doi:10.1021/es502794h. ISSN 1520-5851. PMID 25166281.
  16. ^ Ahmod, Nadia Z.; Gupta, Radhey S.; Shah, Haroun N. (December 2011). "Identification of a Bacillus anthracis specific indel in the yeaC gene and development of a rapid pyrosequencing assay for distinguishing B. anthracis from the B. cereus group". Journal of Microbiological Methods. 87 (3): 278–285. doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2011.08.015. ISSN 1872-8359. PMID 21907250.
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