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|Ship class=
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|Ship displacement=
|Ship displacement=
|Ship tons burthen=210 ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]])<ref>Winfield (2008), p. 348.</ref>
|Ship tons burthen=210 ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]]){{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=348}}
|Ship length=
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==Capture==
==Capture==
''Hirondelle'' was a privateer from Marseille, originally with 180 men and 14 guns.<ref name=Demerliac>Demerliac (2004), p. 301, no. 2492.</ref>
''Hirondelle'' was a privateer from Marseille, originally with 180 men and 14 guns.{{sfnp|Demerliac|2003|p=301|loc=no. 2492}}


In the evening of 27th ''Hirondelle'' captured, after an action, the Government of Malta brig ''King George'' off [[Cape Passero]].<ref name=LG15728/>
In the evening of 27th ''Hirondelle'' captured, after an action, the Government of Malta brig ''King George'' off [[Cape Passero]].<ref name=LG15728/>
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Captain Robert Corbet of ''Bittern'' detached two boats, one for each of the brig, and set off in pursuit of ''Hirondelle''. After a chase of 36 hours, in perfect calm, ''Bittern'' was able to capture ''Hirondelle''. To catch her, Corbett had converted the smaller spars he carried to sweeps (large oars). His crew rowed all 36 hours without a break, not even for meals, and covered some 60 miles without the assistance of any wind.<ref name=LG15728/>
Captain Robert Corbet of ''Bittern'' detached two boats, one for each of the brig, and set off in pursuit of ''Hirondelle''. After a chase of 36 hours, in perfect calm, ''Bittern'' was able to capture ''Hirondelle''. To catch her, Corbett had converted the smaller spars he carried to sweeps (large oars). His crew rowed all 36 hours without a break, not even for meals, and covered some 60 miles without the assistance of any wind.<ref name=LG15728/>


During the last six hours of the chase, the two had exchanged fire from their bow and stern [[chase gun|chasers]]. ''Hirondelle''{{'}}s fire, aimed primarily at ''Bitter''{{'}}s mast and except for one hole between wind and water, which was easily stopped, did little damage. One shot from ''Bittern'' caused a hole in ''Hirondelle'' that had her fast filling with water, forcing her to [[striking the colours|strike]].{{#tag:ref|Some accounts credit the capture to {{HMS|Madras|1795|2}}.<ref name=Demerliac/> However, Captain Schomberg, of ''Madras'', was senior officer at Malta, and it was he who had sent Corbet out to find ''Hirondelle'', and it was Schomberg who transmitted Corbet's letter to him on to Admiral [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Lord Nelson]], commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean.|group=Note}} ''Bittern''{{'}}s crew was able to stop this hole too.<ref name=LG15728/>
During the last six hours of the chase, the two had exchanged fire from their bow and stern [[chase gun|chasers]]. ''Hirondelle''{{'}}s fire, aimed primarily at ''Bitter''{{'}}s mast and except for one hole between wind and water, which was easily stopped, did little damage. One shot from ''Bittern'' caused a hole in ''Hirondelle'' that had her fast filling with water, forcing her to [[striking the colours|strike]].{{efn|Some accounts credit the capture to {{HMS|Madras|1795|2}}.{{sfnp|Demerliac|2003|p=301|loc=no. 2492}} However, Captain Schomberg, of ''Madras'', was senior officer at Malta, and it was he who had sent Corbet out to find ''Hirondelle'', and it was Schomberg who transmitted Corbet's letter to him on to Admiral [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Lord Nelson]], commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean.}} ''Bittern''{{'}}s crew was able to stop this hole too.<ref name=LG15728/>


Corbet described ''Hirondelle'' as a "very fine cutter", fitted out at Cette and just launched. Her hull had [[copper sheathing]], and she was armed with fourteen 12-pounder guns and had a complement of 80 crew, many of whom were away on prizes.<ref name=LG15728/>
Corbet described ''Hirondelle'' as a "very fine cutter", fitted out at Cette and just launched. Her hull had [[copper sheathing]], and she was armed with fourteen 12-pounder guns. She had a complement of 80 crew, many of whom were away on prizes.<ref name=LG15728/>


From ''Hirondelle'' Corbet found out about the capture of ''King George''. He dispatched his launch, whose crew then rowed 15 leagues to try to recapture ''King George'' before she reached Syracuse. However, they were unable to catch up in time.<ref name=LG15728/>
From ''Hirondelle'' Corbet found out about the capture of ''King George''. He dispatched his launch, whose crew then rowed 15 leagues to try to recapture ''King George'' before she reached Syracuse. However, they were unable to catch up in time.<ref name=LG15728/>


When ''Bittern''{{'}}s boats recaptured the two brigs, they turned out to be ''Mentor'', of London, and ''Catherine'', of Liverpool. They had been sailing with valuable cargoes from Messina to Malta to join a convoy.<ref name=LG15728>{{London Gazette|issue=15728|page=997|date=14 August 1804}}</ref>
When ''Bittern''{{'}}s boats recaptured the two brigs, they turned out to be ''Mentor'', of London, and ''Catherine'', of Liverpool. They had been sailing with valuable cargoes from Messina to Malta to join a convoy.<ref name=LG15728>{{London Gazette|issue=15728|page=997|date=14 August 1804}}</ref> ''[[Lloyd's List]]'' reported that ''Bittern'' had recaptured ''Mentor'' and ''Catherine'', and their captor.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044050633072?urlappend=%3Bseq=331 |title=The Marine List |work=Lloyd's List |issue=4465 |date=26 June 1804 |accessdate=29 June 2021}}</ref>


==Career==
==Career==
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By 1807, ''Hirondelle'' was under the command of Lieutenant George Augustus Elliot Skinner.
By 1807, ''Hirondelle'' was under the command of Lieutenant George Augustus Elliot Skinner.


On 19 February 1807, {{HMS|Glatton|1795|2}} captured the Turkish vessels ''San Giovanni Pidomias'' and ''Codro Mariolo''.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=17086|date=2 December 1815|page=2402}}</ref> That same day ''Glatton'' and ''Hirondelle'' captured the ''San Michelle''.<ref name=LG17181/>{{refn|More than 12 years later, the prize money for a seaman for ''San Giovanni Pidomias'' and ''Codro Mariolo'' was £1 2s 4d.<ref name=LG17172>{{London Gazette|issue=17172|date=14 September 1816|page=1775}}</ref>|group=Note}}
On 19 February 1807, {{HMS|Glatton|1795|2}} captured the Turkish vessels ''San Giovanni Pidomias'' and ''Codro Mariolo''.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=17086|date=2 December 1815|page=2402}}</ref> That same day ''Glatton'' and ''Hirondelle'' captured the ''San Michelle''.<ref name=LG17181/>{{efn|More than 12 years later, the prize money for a seaman for ''San Giovanni Pidomias'' and ''Codro Mariolo'' was £1 2s 4d.<ref name=LG17172>{{London Gazette|issue=17172|date=14 September 1816|page=1775}}</ref>}}


Four days later, ''Hirondelle'' captured the vessel ''Madonna'', with ''Glatton'' sharing by agreement.<ref name=LG17246/>{{refn|Unfortunately, the prize agent for the vessel went bankrupt in 1816. As a result, the fourth and final payment of prize money was not paid out until July 1850. At that time, a first-class share was worth £4 14s 5½d; a fifth-class share was worth 3¾d. The payments represented 5¼d per £1 that the prize agents had owed.<ref name=LG21105>{{London Gazette|issue=21105|page=1703|date=18 June 1850}}</ref>|group=Note}} On 26 February ''Hirondelle'' captured ''San Nicollo'', and ''Glatton'' again shared by agreement.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=17294|date=14 October 1817|page=2121}}</ref>
Four days later, ''Hirondelle'' captured the vessel ''Madonna'', with ''Glatton'' sharing by agreement.<ref name=LG17246/>{{efn|Unfortunately, the prize agent for the vessel went bankrupt in 1816. As a result, the fourth and final payment of prize money was not paid out until July 1850. At that time, a first-class share was worth £4 14s 5½d; a fifth-class share was worth 3¾d. The payments represented 5¼d per £1 that the prize agents had owed.<ref name=LG21105>{{London Gazette|issue=21105|page=1703|date=18 June 1850}}</ref>}} On 26 February ''Hirondelle'' captured ''San Nicollo'', and ''Glatton'' again shared by agreement.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=17294|date=14 October 1817|page=2121}}</ref>


On 1 March, boats from ''Glatton'' cut out a former French corvette in Turkish service from the port of [[Sigri (village)|Sigri]] on the island of [[Mitylene]]. The vessel was pierced for 18 guns but only 10 were mounted. The British boarding party lost five officers and men killed and nine men wounded. ''Hirondelle'' provided support.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=16027|date=9 May 1807|page=618}}</ref>
On 1 March, boats from ''Glatton'' cut out a former French corvette in Turkish service from the port of [[Sigri (village)|Sigri]] on the island of [[Mitylene]]. The vessel was pierced for 18 guns but only 10 were mounted. The British boarding party lost five officers and men killed and nine men wounded. ''Hirondelle'' provided support.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=16027|date=9 May 1807|page=618}}</ref>


The next day ''Glatton'' and ''Hirondelle'' captured three more Turkish vessels, names unknown but with masters Statio, Constantine, and Papeli. Prize money for these vessels, and ''San Michelle'', was paid in October 1816.{{refn|A first-class share for ''San Michelle'' and two merchantmen was worth £25 4s 9½d; a fifth-class share was worth 1s 9d. The prize money for the third merchantman was much better. A first-class share was worth £323 2s 0½d; a fifth-class share was worth £1 2s 8d.<ref name=LG17181>{{London Gazette|issue=17181|date=12 October 1816|pages=1962–1963}}</ref>|group=Note}}
The next day ''Glatton'' and ''Hirondelle'' captured three more Turkish vessels, names unknown but with masters Statio, Constantine, and Papeli. Prize money for these vessels, and ''San Michelle'', was paid in October 1816.{{efn|A first-class share for ''San Michelle'' and two merchantmen was worth £25 4s 9½d; a fifth-class share was worth 1s 9d. The prize money for the third merchantman was much better. A first-class share was worth £323 2s 0½d; a fifth-class share was worth £1 2s 8d.<ref name=LG17181>{{London Gazette|issue=17181|date=12 October 1816|pages=1962–1963}}</ref>}}


On 4 March ''Glatton'' and ''Hirondelle'' captured another Turkish vessel.<ref name=LG17246>{{London Gazette|issue=17246|date=29 April 1817|page=1037}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|For the vessel with the unknown name a fifth-class share was worth £7 7s 7d.<ref name=LG17172/>|group=Note}}{{refn|As in the case of ''Madonna'', the fourth and final payment was paid in July 1850. A first-class share was worth 11s 8½d; a fifth-class share was worth ½d.<ref name=LG21105/>|group=Note}}
On 4 March ''Glatton'' and ''Hirondelle'' captured another Turkish vessel.<ref name=LG17246>{{London Gazette|issue=17246|date=29 April 1817|page=1037}}</ref>{{efn|For the vessel with the unknown name a fifth-class share was worth £7 7s 7d.<ref name=LG17172/>}}{{efn|As in the case of ''Madonna'', the fourth and final payment was paid in July 1850. A first-class share was worth 11s 8½d; a fifth-class share was worth ½d.<ref name=LG21105/>}}


A prize money announcement has ''Hirondelle'', under the command of Lieutenant John Skinner, capturing ''Aristides'' on 21 September 1807.<ref>{{London Gazette|date=17 May 1814|issue=16899|page=1042}}</ref>
A prize money announcement had ''Hirondelle'', under the command of Lieutenant John Skinner, capturing ''Aristides'' on 21 September 1807.<ref>{{London Gazette|date=17 May 1814|issue=16899|page=1042}}</ref>


==Fate==
==Fate==
On 23 February 1808 ''Hirondelle'' was under the command of Lieutenant Joseph Kidd and transporting despatches from Malta to Tunis. Suddenly breakers were sighted ahead and though the crew threw over anchors, it was too late and she grounded. Waves swamped a boat carrying some of the crew that were leaving the ship. The brig then capsized. In all, next morning there were only four survivors, with Kidd not being among them. The survivors walked to a nearby village. The court martial found that ''Hirondelle'' had probably steered a wrong course that led her into [[Cape Bon]].<ref>Hepper (1994), p. 122.</ref>
On 23 February 1808 ''Hirondelle'' was under the command of Lieutenant Joseph Kidd and transporting despatches from Malta to Tunis. Suddenly breakers were sighted ahead and though the crew threw over anchors, it was too late and she grounded. Waves swamped a boat carrying some of the crew that were leaving the ship. The brig then capsized. In all, next morning there were only four survivors, with Kidd not being among them. The survivors walked to a nearby village. The court martial found that ''Hirondelle'' had probably steered a wrong course that led her into [[Cape Bon]].{{sfnp|Hepper|1994|p=122}}


==Notes, citations, and references==
==Notes, citations, and references==
'''Notes'''
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|group=Note}}
'''Citations'''
'''Citations'''
{{reflist|30em}}
{{reflist}}
'''References'''
'''References'''
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|title=La Marine de la Révolution: Nomenclature des Navires Français de 1792 A 1799|last=Demerliac|first=Alain|year=2004a|publisher=Éditions Ancre|isbn=2-906381-24-1|language=fr}}
* {{cite book|title=La Marine de la Révolution: Nomenclature des Navires Français de 1792 A 1799|last=Demerliac|first=Alain|year=1799|publisher=Éditions Ancre|isbn=2-906381-24-1|language=fr}}
* {{cite book|title=La Marine du Consulat et du Premier Empire: Nomenclature des Navires Français de 1800 A 1815|last=Demerliac|first=Alain|year=2004b|publisher=Éditions Ancre|isbn=2-903179-30-1|language=fr}}
* {{cite book|title=La Marine du Consulat et du Premier Empire: Nomenclature des Navires Français de 1800 A 1815|last=Demerliac|first=Alain|year=2003|publisher=Éditions Ancre|isbn=2-903179-30-1|language=fr}}
*{{cite book|last=Hepper|first=David J.|year=1994|title=British Warship Losses in the Age of Sail, 1650-1859|publisher=Jean Boudriot|location=Rotherfield|isbn= 0-948864-30-3}}
*{{cite book|last=Hepper|first=David J.|year=1994|title=British Warship Losses in the Age of Sail, 1650-1859|publisher=Jean Boudriot|location=Rotherfield|isbn= 0-948864-30-3}}
*Nicholas, Sir Nicholas Harris (1846) ''The Dispatches and Letters of Vice Admiral Lord Viscount Nelson: With Notes'', Volume 6. (H. Colburn).
*Nicholas, Sir Nicholas Harris (1846) ''The Dispatches and Letters of Vice Admiral Lord Viscount Nelson: With Notes'', Volume 6. (H. Colburn).
*O’Byrne, William R. (1849) ''A naval biographical dictionary: comprising the life and services of every living officer in Her Majesty's navy, from the rank of admiral of the fleet to that of lieutenant, inclusive''. (London: J. Murray), vol. 1.
*O’Byrne, William R. (1849) ''A naval biographical dictionary: comprising the life and services of every living officer in Her Majesty's navy, from the rank of admiral of the fleet to that of lieutenant, inclusive''. (London: J. Murray), vol. 1.
*{{cite book |first=Rif|last=Winfield|title=British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793&ndash;1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates|publisher=Seaforth|year=2008|isbn=1-86176-246-1}}
*{{cite book |first=Rif|last=Winfield|title=British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793–1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates|publisher=Seaforth|year=2008|isbn=1-86176-246-1}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


Revision as of 15:25, 29 June 2021

History
French Navy EnsignFrankreich
NameHirondelle
Namesake(French: Swallow)
BuilderCette
Launched1804
Royal Navy EnsignUnited Kingdom
NameHMS Hirondelle
Acquired1804 by capture
FateWrecked 23 February 1808
General characteristics
Tons burthen210 (bm)[1]
Sail planCutter, or schooner, though she appears to have been converted to a brig while serving the Royal Navy
Complement80 when captured
Armament14 × 12-pounder guns when captured

HMS Hirondelle was the French privateer Hirondelle that Bittern captured in 1804. The Royal Navy took her into service under her existing name. She captured a number of vessels in the Mediterranean and participated in one notable action against a Turkish vessel. She was wrecked in 1808 with the loss of almost her entire crew.

Capture

Hirondelle was a privateer from Marseille, originally with 180 men and 14 guns.[2]

In the evening of 27th Hirondelle captured, after an action, the Government of Malta brig King George off Cape Passero.[3]

The next morning Bittern, which had been sent in search of Hirondelle, was eight leagues from Cape Passero when she sighted Hirondelle capturing two brigs. At Bittern's approach, the three vessels separated. Hirondelle apparently set off after a sloop she had sighted.[3]

Captain Robert Corbet of Bittern detached two boats, one for each of the brig, and set off in pursuit of Hirondelle. After a chase of 36 hours, in perfect calm, Bittern was able to capture Hirondelle. To catch her, Corbett had converted the smaller spars he carried to sweeps (large oars). His crew rowed all 36 hours without a break, not even for meals, and covered some 60 miles without the assistance of any wind.[3]

During the last six hours of the chase, the two had exchanged fire from their bow and stern chasers. Hirondelle's fire, aimed primarily at Bitter's mast and except for one hole between wind and water, which was easily stopped, did little damage. One shot from Bittern caused a hole in Hirondelle that had her fast filling with water, forcing her to strike.[a] Bittern's crew was able to stop this hole too.[3]

Corbet described Hirondelle as a "very fine cutter", fitted out at Cette and just launched. Her hull had copper sheathing, and she was armed with fourteen 12-pounder guns. She had a complement of 80 crew, many of whom were away on prizes.[3]

From Hirondelle Corbet found out about the capture of King George. He dispatched his launch, whose crew then rowed 15 leagues to try to recapture King George before she reached Syracuse. However, they were unable to catch up in time.[3]

When Bittern's boats recaptured the two brigs, they turned out to be Mentor, of London, and Catherine, of Liverpool. They had been sailing with valuable cargoes from Messina to Malta to join a convoy.[3] Lloyd's List reported that Bittern had recaptured Mentor and Catherine, and their captor.[4]

Career

On 19 June 1804, Admiral Lord Nelson ordered the purchase of Hirondelle at Malta and her assignment to Malta to serve Admiral Sir Alexander Ball, Civil Commissioner of Malta.[5]

Nelson appointed "Lieutenant Skinner" on 12 August to command Hirondelle.[b]

Spider captured the French privateer Andromeda, of four guns and 43 men on 10 December 1805,[7] cutting her out of the port of Reggio.[8] She shared the prize money for the capture with Hirondelle.[9]

By 1807, Hirondelle was under the command of Lieutenant George Augustus Elliot Skinner.

On 19 February 1807, Glatton captured the Turkish vessels San Giovanni Pidomias and Codro Mariolo.[10] That same day Glatton and Hirondelle captured the San Michelle.[11][c]

Four days later, Hirondelle captured the vessel Madonna, with Glatton sharing by agreement.[13][d] On 26 February Hirondelle captured San Nicollo, and Glatton again shared by agreement.[15]

On 1 March, boats from Glatton cut out a former French corvette in Turkish service from the port of Sigri on the island of Mitylene. The vessel was pierced for 18 guns but only 10 were mounted. The British boarding party lost five officers and men killed and nine men wounded. Hirondelle provided support.[16]

The next day Glatton and Hirondelle captured three more Turkish vessels, names unknown but with masters Statio, Constantine, and Papeli. Prize money for these vessels, and San Michelle, was paid in October 1816.[e]

On 4 March Glatton and Hirondelle captured another Turkish vessel.[13][f][g]

A prize money announcement had Hirondelle, under the command of Lieutenant John Skinner, capturing Aristides on 21 September 1807.[17]

Fate

On 23 February 1808 Hirondelle was under the command of Lieutenant Joseph Kidd and transporting despatches from Malta to Tunis. Suddenly breakers were sighted ahead and though the crew threw over anchors, it was too late and she grounded. Waves swamped a boat carrying some of the crew that were leaving the ship. The brig then capsized. In all, next morning there were only four survivors, with Kidd not being among them. The survivors walked to a nearby village. The court martial found that Hirondelle had probably steered a wrong course that led her into Cape Bon.[18]

Notes, citations, and references

Notes

  1. ^ Some accounts credit the capture to Madras.[2] However, Captain Schomberg, of Madras, was senior officer at Malta, and it was he who had sent Corbet out to find Hirondelle, and it was Schomberg who transmitted Corbet's letter to him on to Admiral Lord Nelson, commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean.
  2. ^ The editor of Nelson's despatches and letters identifies this Skinner as "Lieutenant John Skinner".[6] In the relevant letter, Nelson described Hirondelle as being over-gunned, and of Skinner removing her "two heavy [guns]".
  3. ^ More than 12 years later, the prize money for a seaman for San Giovanni Pidomias and Codro Mariolo was £1 2s 4d.[12]
  4. ^ Unfortunately, the prize agent for the vessel went bankrupt in 1816. As a result, the fourth and final payment of prize money was not paid out until July 1850. At that time, a first-class share was worth £4 14s 5½d; a fifth-class share was worth 3¾d. The payments represented 5¼d per £1 that the prize agents had owed.[14]
  5. ^ A first-class share for San Michelle and two merchantmen was worth £25 4s 9½d; a fifth-class share was worth 1s 9d. The prize money for the third merchantman was much better. A first-class share was worth £323 2s 0½d; a fifth-class share was worth £1 2s 8d.[11]
  6. ^ For the vessel with the unknown name a fifth-class share was worth £7 7s 7d.[12]
  7. ^ As in the case of Madonna, the fourth and final payment was paid in July 1850. A first-class share was worth 11s 8½d; a fifth-class share was worth ½d.[14]

Citations

  1. ^ Winfield (2008), p. 348.
  2. ^ a b Demerliac (2003), p. 301, no. 2492.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g "No. 15728". The London Gazette. 14 August 1804. p. 997.
  4. ^ "The Marine List". Lloyd's List. No. 4465. 26 June 1804. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
  5. ^ Nicolas (1846), Vol. 6, p. 82.
  6. ^ Nicolas (1846), Vol. 6, p. 313.
  7. ^ "No. 15887". The London Gazette. 4 February 1806. p. 163.
  8. ^ O'Byrne (1849), Vol.1, p201.
  9. ^ "No. 17247". The London Gazette. 3 May 1817. p. 1066.
  10. ^ "No. 17086". The London Gazette. 2 December 1815. p. 2402.
  11. ^ a b "No. 17181". The London Gazette. 12 October 1816. pp. 1962–1963.
  12. ^ a b "No. 17172". The London Gazette. 14 September 1816. p. 1775.
  13. ^ a b "No. 17246". The London Gazette. 29 April 1817. p. 1037.
  14. ^ a b "No. 21105". The London Gazette. 18 June 1850. p. 1703.
  15. ^ "No. 17294". The London Gazette. 14 October 1817. p. 2121.
  16. ^ "No. 16027". The London Gazette. 9 May 1807. p. 618.
  17. ^ "No. 16899". The London Gazette. 17 May 1814. p. 1042.
  18. ^ Hepper (1994), p. 122.

References

  • Demerliac, Alain (1799). La Marine de la Révolution: Nomenclature des Navires Français de 1792 A 1799 (in French). Éditions Ancre. ISBN 2-906381-24-1.
  • Demerliac, Alain (2003). La Marine du Consulat et du Premier Empire: Nomenclature des Navires Français de 1800 A 1815 (in French). Éditions Ancre. ISBN 2-903179-30-1.
  • Hepper, David J. (1994). British Warship Losses in the Age of Sail, 1650-1859. Rotherfield: Jean Boudriot. ISBN 0-948864-30-3.
  • Nicholas, Sir Nicholas Harris (1846) The Dispatches and Letters of Vice Admiral Lord Viscount Nelson: With Notes, Volume 6. (H. Colburn).
  • O’Byrne, William R. (1849) A naval biographical dictionary: comprising the life and services of every living officer in Her Majesty's navy, from the rank of admiral of the fleet to that of lieutenant, inclusive. (London: J. Murray), vol. 1.
  • Winfield, Rif (2008). British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793–1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Seaforth. ISBN 1-86176-246-1.
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