Banded pig: Difference between revisions

Banded pig
	A banded pig on Pulau Ubin, Singapore
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Artiodactyla
Family:	Suidae
Genus:	Sus
Species:	S. scrofa
Subspecies:	S. s. vittatus
Trinomial name
	Sus scrofa vittatus; Boie, 1828
Synonyms
	Sus scrofa andersoni; Sus scrofa jubatulus; Sus scrofa milleri; Sus scrofa pallidiloris; Sus scrofa peninsularis; Sus scrofa rhionis; Sus scrofa typicus;

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The banded pig (Sus scrofa vittatus) also known as the Indonesian wild boar is a subspecies of wild boar native to the Thai-Malay Peninsula and many Indonesian islands, including Sumatra, Java, and the Lesser Sundas as far east as Komodo. It is known as the wild boar in Singapore. It is the most basal subspecies, having the smallest relative brain size, more primitive dentition, and unspecialised cranial structure.^[1] It is a short-faced subspecies with a white band on the muzzle,^[2] as well as sparse body hair, no underwool, a fairly long mane, and a broad reddish band extending from the muzzle to the sides of the neck.^[3] It is much smaller than the mainland S. s. cristatus subspecies, with the largest specimens on Komodo weighing only 48 kg.^[4]

In some areas, it differs from most other boar populations by being highly frugivorous, with specimens in Ujung Kulon National Park in Java eating around 50 different fruit species, especially figs, thus making them important seed dispersers.^[5] On the islands of Komodo and Rinca, its diet is more varied, encompassing roots, tubers, grasses, insects, fruits, snakes, and carrion. It also frequently eats crabs during low tide. Piglets are born from December to March in litters of two to six, and are raised in grass nests constructed by their mother. They are much less vividly striped than the young of S. s. scrofa.^[4]

On the islands of Komodo, Rinca, and Flores, the banded pig is a primary food source for Komodo dragons.^[4]

References

^ Hemmer, H. (1990), Domestication: The Decline of Environmental Appreciation, Cambridge University Press, pp. 55-59, ISBN 0521341787
^ Groves, C. (2008). Current views on the taxonomy and zoogeography of the genus Sus. pp. 15–29 in Albarella, U., Dobney, K, Ervynck, A. & Rowley-Conwy, P. Eds. (2008). Pigs and Humans: 10,000 Years of Interaction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-920704-6
^ Groves, C. P. et al. 1993. The Eurasian Suids Sus and Babyrousa. In Oliver, W. L. R., ed., Pigs, Peccaries, and Hippos - 1993 Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, 107-108. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group, ISBN 2-8317-0141-4
^ ^a ^b ^c Affenberg, W. (1981), The Behavioral Ecology of the Komodo Monitor, University Press of Florida, pp. 248, ISBN 081300621X
^ Oliver, W. L. R. et al. 1993. The Eurasian Wild Pig (Sus scrofa). In Oliver, W. L. R., ed., Pigs, Peccaries, and Hippos - 1993 Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, 112-121. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group, ISBN 2-8317-0141-4

[hemmer1990-1] Hemmer, H. (1990), Domestication: The Decline of Environmental Appreciation, Cambridge University Press, pp. 55-59, ISBN 0521341787

[groves2008-2] Groves, C. (2008). Current views on the taxonomy and zoogeography of the genus Sus. pp. 15–29 in Albarella, U., Dobney, K, Ervynck, A. & Rowley-Conwy, P. Eds. (2008). Pigs and Humans: 10,000 Years of Interaction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-920704-6

[groves1993-3] Groves, C. P. et al. 1993. The Eurasian Suids Sus and Babyrousa. In Oliver, W. L. R., ed., Pigs, Peccaries, and Hippos - 1993 Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, 107-108. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group, ISBN 2-8317-0141-4

[auffenberg1981-4] Affenberg, W. (1981), The Behavioral Ecology of the Komodo Monitor, University Press of Florida, pp. 248, ISBN 081300621X

[oliver1993-5] Oliver, W. L. R. et al. 1993. The Eurasian Wild Pig (Sus scrofa). In Oliver, W. L. R., ed., Pigs, Peccaries, and Hippos - 1993 Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, 112-121. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group, ISBN 2-8317-0141-4

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 [[File:Wild boar (Sus scrofa vittatus) juvenile.jpg|thumb|Juvenile in [[Pulau Ubin|Pulau Ubin island]], [[Singapore]].]]
-The '''banded pig''' (''Sus scrofa vittatus'') also known as the '''Indonesian wild boar''' is a [[subspecies]] of [[wild boar]] native to the [[Malay Peninsula|Thai-Malay Peninsula]] and many [[Indonesia]]n islands, including [[Sumatra]], [[Java]], and the [[Lesser Sundas]] as far east as [[Komodo (island)|Komodo]]. It is known as the '''wild boar''' in Singapore. It is the most [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] subspecies, having the smallest relative brain size, more primitive dentition, and unspecialised cranial structure.Wild boar (Sus scrofa vittatus) is the most important pest of estate crops (particularly on coconut and oil palm plantation), food crops, and horticulture. Several control methods have been developed to reduce the damage. One of them is mechanical control. There were some mechanical controls implemented in the Gebe Island, North Maluku: fencing, snare trap, repellent, hunting, feeding, and metaphysic. Wood is commonly used as a fence to protect coconut plantation, although it was not strong enough. Hedgerows (gamal) is better, although it needs time to grow. Metal wire is used as a snare trap. Human shirt and ingredients are used as repellents. Some people hunt wild boar together. Metaphysic means use a dummy ceme as a symbol for thieves of agricultural products. (Sus scrofa vittatus) or known as wild boars causes high numbers of hunting which results in an abundance of wild boar meat at very cheap prices. Boar meat is meat that is often faked as beef. Species authentication testing can be carried out by several methods, and one of them is ELISA because this method has advantages such as simple, economical, and high-sensitivity processing techniques. Commercial ELISA kits for detecting meat species, which are commonly used in several testing laboratories in Indonesia, are imported products, the price of kits is relatively expensive, and the indent time required to bring in the kits are some of the obstacles. The absence of a special test kit for detecting Sumatran wild boar meat has prompted the authors to research and simultaneously develop a test kit for the detection of Sumatran wild boar meat based on the ELISA sandwich. This needs to be done because studies to identify meat must continue to be developed as an effort to protect consumers from consuming safe, healthy, whole, and halal food. The purpose of this study was to authenticate Sumatran wild boar meat, to produce and characterize specific polyclonal antibodies against wild boar meat, to develop an ELISA sandwich for detection of Sumatran wild boar meat, and to compare the ELISA sandwich detection of Sumatran wild boar meat which had been developed with the kit. commercial ELISA. Authentication of Sumatran wild boar meat in this study used the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method using cytochrome b primers and six restriction endonuclease enzymes AluI, BsaJI, HindIII, RsaI, HaeIII, and TaqI. Three New Zealand White rabbits were used for antibody production, the antigen used was extract of Sumatran wild boar meat. Each rabbit was immunized with the antigen emulsified in complete Freund adjuvant (CFA) subcutaneously. The booster was performed three times with an interval of 14 days, using antigen. Antibody purification was carried out using ammonium sulfate precipitation and kit protein A. The presence of specific antibodies was determined using agar gel precipitation test (AGPT) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while purified specific IgG was characterized using sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE) method. The sandwich ELISA developed in this study uses a Sumatran wild boar-specific polyclonal antibody that has been successfully produced in rabbits and also in guinea pigs. A comparison between the ELISA sandwich and the commercial ELISA-TEK ELISA kit was carried out using seven different types of meat samples. Six restriction endonuclease enzymes were used and of the six restriction endonuclease enzymes, HaeIII was the most suitable enzyme for authenticating Sumatran wild boar species. The PCR-RFLP method using HaeIII is a simple, fast, and accurate method to identify falsified Sumatran wild boar meat as beef that is commonly practiced in Indonesia. Specific antibodies against Sumatran wild boar can be produced in rabbits and the resulting antibodies are able to detect extracts of Sumatran wild boar meat in ELISA assays. The Sumatran wild boar detection ELISA sandwich developed in this study is able to distinguish between beef, buffalo meat, mutton, chicken, duck meat, pork, and Sumatran wild boar meat.<ref name="hemmer1990">Hemmer, H. (1990), ''Domestication: The Decline of Environmental Appreciation'', Cambridge University Press, pp. 55-59, {{ISBN|0521341787}}</ref> It is a short-faced subspecies with a white band on the muzzle,<ref name=groves2008>[[Colin Groves|Groves, C.]] (2008). ''Current views on the taxonomy and zoogeography of the genus Sus.'' pp. 15–29 ''in'' Albarella, U., Dobney, K, Ervynck, A. & Rowley-Conwy, P. Eds. (2008). ''Pigs and Humans: 10,000 Years of Interaction''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-920704-6}}</ref> as well as sparse body hair, no underwool, a fairly long mane, and a broad reddish band extending from the muzzle to the sides of the neck.<ref name="groves1993">Groves, C. P. et al. 1993. The Eurasian Suids ''Sus'' and ''Babyrousa''. In Oliver, W. L. R., ed., ''Pigs, Peccaries, and Hippos - 1993 Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan'', 107-108. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group, {{ISBN|2-8317-0141-4}}</ref> It is much smaller than the mainland ''[[Indian boar|S. s. cristatus]]'' subspecies, with the largest specimens on Komodo weighing only 48&nbsp;kg.<ref name="auffenberg1981">Affenberg, W. (1981), ''The Behavioral Ecology of the Komodo Monitor'', University Press of Florida, pp. 248,  {{ISBN|081300621X}}</ref>
+The '''banded pig''' (''Sus scrofa vittatus'') also known as the '''Indonesian wild boar''' is a [[subspecies]] of [[wild boar]] native to the [[Malay Peninsula|Thai-Malay Peninsula]] and many [[Indonesia]]n islands, including [[Sumatra]], [[Java]], and the [[Lesser Sundas]] as far east as [[Komodo (island)|Komodo]]. It is known as the '''wild boar''' in Singapore. It is the most [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] subspecies, having the smallest relative brain size, more primitive dentition, and unspecialised cranial structure.<ref name="hemmer1990">Hemmer, H. (1990), ''Domestication: The Decline of Environmental Appreciation'', Cambridge University Press, pp. 55-59, {{ISBN|0521341787}}</ref> It is a short-faced subspecies with a white band on the muzzle,<ref name=groves2008>[[Colin Groves|Groves, C.]] (2008). ''Current views on the taxonomy and zoogeography of the genus Sus.'' pp. 15–29 ''in'' Albarella, U., Dobney, K, Ervynck, A. & Rowley-Conwy, P. Eds. (2008). ''Pigs and Humans: 10,000 Years of Interaction''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-920704-6}}</ref> as well as sparse body hair, no underwool, a fairly long mane, and a broad reddish band extending from the muzzle to the sides of the neck.<ref name="groves1993">Groves, C. P. et al. 1993. The Eurasian Suids ''Sus'' and ''Babyrousa''. In Oliver, W. L. R., ed., ''Pigs, Peccaries, and Hippos - 1993 Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan'', 107-108. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group, {{ISBN|2-8317-0141-4}}</ref> It is much smaller than the mainland ''[[Indian boar|S. s. cristatus]]'' subspecies, with the largest specimens on Komodo weighing only 48&nbsp;kg.<ref name="auffenberg1981">Affenberg, W. (1981), ''The Behavioral Ecology of the Komodo Monitor'', University Press of Florida, pp. 248,  {{ISBN|081300621X}}</ref>
 In some areas, it differs from most other boar populations by being highly [[frugivory|frugivorous]], with specimens in [[Ujung Kulon National Park]] in Java eating around 50 different fruit species, especially [[Ficus|fig]]s, thus making them important seed dispersers.<ref name="oliver1993">Oliver, W. L. R. et al. 1993. The Eurasian Wild Pig (''Sus scrofa''). In Oliver, W. L. R., ed., ''Pigs, Peccaries, and Hippos - 1993 Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan'', 112-121. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group, {{ISBN|2-8317-0141-4}}</ref> On the islands of [[Komodo (island)|Komodo]] and [[Rinca]], its diet is more varied, encompassing roots, tubers, grasses, insects, fruits, snakes, and carrion. It also frequently eats crabs during low tide. Piglets are born from December to March in litters of two to six, and are raised in grass nests constructed by their mother. They are much less vividly striped than the young of ''[[Central European boar|S. s. scrofa]]''.<ref name="auffenberg1981"/>