List of active separatist movements in Africa: Difference between revisions
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==Somalia== |
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[[File:Somalia map states regions districts.svg|thumb|150px|Political map of [[Somalia]]]] |
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{{see also|Somali Civil War|Puntland}} |
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{{flag|Somaliland}} |
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*Ethnic group: [[Somali people|Somali]] |
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** De facto state: {{flag|Somaliland}} |
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** Political organisations: [[Government of Somaliland]] |
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**Militant organisation: [[Somaliland Armed Forces]] |
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==South Africa== |
==South Africa== |
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{{see also|Afrikaans#Geographic distribution|Bantustans|Union of South Africa}} |
{{see also|Afrikaans#Geographic distribution|Bantustans|Union of South Africa}} |
Revision as of 16:20, 25 September 2021
This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Africa. Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism. What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:
- They are active movements with living, active members.
- They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
- They are the citizen/inhabitants of the conflict area and do not come from another country.
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
- De facto state: for regions with de facto autonomy from the government
- Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state
- Proposed autonomous area: for movements toward greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession
- De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region
- Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control
- Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession
- Militant organisation(s): for armed separatist organisations
- Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities
- Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s)
Algerien
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Tuareg_area.png/180px-Tuareg_area.png)
- Ethnic group: Berbers
- Proposed state: Berberia (state)
- Ethnic group: Kabyle people[1]
- Proposed state: Kabylia (Berber language: Tagduda Taqbaylit).
- Government-in-exile: Kabyle Provisional Government (ANAVAD AQVAYLI UΣTIL).[2]
- Movement leader: Ferhat Mehenni.[3]
- Political party: Movement for the self-determination of Kabylie (Mak-Anavad).[4]
- Ethnic group: Shawiya
- Proposed state: Shawiya
- Advocacy group: AmaZigh ChaOui, Arwas Homeland, Amazigh World Congress
- Political party: Party of the Revolution and Socialism Berber
- Ethnic group: Mozabite
- Proposed state: Mozabite
- Advocacy group: Chenoua Homeland Association, Chenoui Khaloui Kima Medari, Ichenwiyen, Tipaza Shenwa
- Political party: Party of the Revolution and Socialism Berber
- Ethnic group: Chenouas
- Proposed state: Chenouas
- Advocacy groups: Chenoua Homeland Association, Chenoui Khaloui Kima Medari, Ichenwiyen, Tipaza Shenwa
- Political party: Party of the Revolution and Socialism Berber, Socialist Forces Front
Maps
-
Mzab-Wargla Berberophone areas
Angola
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Angola_tribes_1970.jpg/110px-Angola_tribes_1970.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Chokwe_people_Angola_Congo_Zambia.jpg/110px-Chokwe_people_Angola_Congo_Zambia.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cabinda_in_Angola.svg/110px-Cabinda_in_Angola.svg.png)
Ethnic group: Lunda-Tchokwé people
- Proposed state:
Democratic Republic of Lunda-Tchokwé (República Democrática da Lunda-Tchokwé) (RDLT)
- Government-in-exile: Partido Democrático da Defesa do Estado Lunda-Tchokwé (PDDELT)
- Claimant group: Manifesto Jurídico Sociológico do Povo Lunda-Tchokwé (MJSPL), also an Advocacy group
- Political party: Partido Democrático da Defesa do Estado Lunda-Tchokwé (PDDELT)
- Traditional Kingdom: Lunda-Tchokwe Kingdom
- Status: Juridical Fight on ICC
- Leaders: Dr. Jota Filipe Malakito (The Founder Leader)
- Movements: Mulher Unida da Lunda-Tchokwé (MULT), Pioneiros Unidos da Lunda-Tchokwé (PULT), Juventude Unida da Lunda-Tchokwé(JULT)
- News Broadcast: www.diariodomanifestojuridicosociologicodopovolundes.com
- Vindicating area: The Forgotten Portuguese Protectorate of Lunda (The entire East Part of current Angola) or current North-Lunda, South-Lunda, Moxico and Kuando-Kubango
- Extension Vindicating area: 602.709 km2
- Population: 2.692.723 ( Since the 2014 )
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Bakongo
- Proposed state: Republic of Cabinda[5]
- Government-in-exile: Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda (FLEC) (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Political party: Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda (FLEC), Liberation Front of the State of Cabinda
- Militant organization: Forças Armadas de Cabinda (FAC)
- Status: Ongoing low-intensity war
Kamerun
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Map_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Ambazonia_%28claimed%29.png/120px-Map_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Ambazonia_%28claimed%29.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Un-bakassi.png/120px-Un-bakassi.png)
- Ethnic group: Anglophones of Southern Cameroons, consisting of over 80 ethnic groups
- Population: ~4 million people
- Proposed state: Federal Republic of Ambazonia[6]
- Pressure group: Interim Government of Ambazonia, Ambazonia Governing Council and others[7]
- Militant groups: Ambazonia Self-Defence Council, Ambazonia Defence Forces, SOCADEF, other smaller militias
- Status: Ongoing war
- People: Oron
- Population: 150,000–300,000 people (subject of dispute)
- Proposed state: Democratic Republic of Bakassi[8]
- Militant groups: Bakassi Movement for Self-Determination
- Status: Active insurgency until 2009, isolated incidents until 2015
Zentralafrikanische Republik
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/War_in_Central_African_Republic.svg/140px-War_in_Central_African_Republic.svg.png)
- Ethnic group: Muslims in the Central African Republic
- Proposed state: Republic of Dar El Kuti[9]
- Pressure group and militant organization: Séléka[10]
- Status: Ongoing civil war, effectively a proto-state
Komoren
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Anjouan_in_Comoros.png/100px-Anjouan_in_Comoros.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Moh%C3%A9li_in_Comoros.png/100px-Moh%C3%A9li_in_Comoros.png)
Anjouan
- Ethnic group: Comorian
- Proposed state:
Anjouan
- Political parties: Anjouan People's Movement, Mouvement Populaire Anjouanais, Mawana[11]
- Proposed state:
Mohéli
- Ethnic group: Comorian
- Proposed state: Democratic Republic of Mwali[12]
Republic of the Congo
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Congo_States.png/100px-Congo_States.png)
- South Congo (Brazzaville)
- Pressure group: Provisional Assembly and governance of the State of South Congo
- Proposed state: State of South Congo[13][14]
- Loango
- Pressure group: the royal clan "Tchimongo-Lumbu-Tchinkondi"
- Traditional Kingdom:
Kingdom of Loango[15]
Democratic Republic of the Congo
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%2826_provinces%29_-_Bas-Congo.svg/110px-Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%2826_provinces%29_-_Bas-Congo.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Kongo_1961_map_en.png/110px-Kongo_1961_map_en.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kivu_in_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/110px-Kivu_in_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png)
Bas-Congo
- Pressure group: Bundu dia Kongo
- Proposed state: Kingdom of Kongo[16]
Katanga
- Political parties: Union of Independent Federalists and Republicans
- Militant organizations: Mai Mai Kata Katanga
- Status: Sporadic violence
Äquatorial-Guinea
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bioko.png/120px-Bioko.png)
- Ethnic group: Bubi
- Proposed state: Bioko Island
- Pressure group: Movement for the Self-Determination of Bioko Island
Äthiopien
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Map_of_zones_of_Ethiopia.svg/400px-Map_of_zones_of_Ethiopia.svg.png)
Afar
- Proposed state: Afar
- Political party: Afar Liberation Front
Ogaden (
Somali Region)
- Proposed state: Republic of Ogadenia (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization) or
Somalia
- Political party: Ogaden National Liberation Front
- Proposed state: Republic of Ogadenia (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization) or
Oromia
- Proposed state:
Republic of Oromia (also known as Oromia) (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Militant organizations: Oromo Liberation Front, Islamic Front for the Liberation of Oromia
- Pressure group: Qeerroo)
- Proposed state:
- Sidama Zone
- Proposed state:
Republic of Sidama
- Political party: Sidama Liberation Front
- Proposed state:
- Tigray Region
- Proposed state:
Republic of Tigray oder
Eritrea[19]
- Political party: Tigray Independence Party[20]
- Proposed state:
Frankreich
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/D%C3%A9partement_974_in_France_%28zoom%29.svg/200px-D%C3%A9partement_974_in_France_%28zoom%29.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/D%C3%A9partement_976_in_France_%28zoom%29.svg/200px-D%C3%A9partement_976_in_France_%28zoom%29.svg.png)
- Secessionist movements:
- Political party:
Lorganizasion Popilèr po Libèr nout Péi (Lplp) – Popular Front for National Liberation: composed of Nasion Rénioné, Mar, Drapo rouz, Patriot rénioné and Mir.
- Political party: Communist Party of Réunion
- Proposed state: Republic of Zabon
- Political party:
Mayotte continues to have autonomist movements despite the island having voted to become France's 101st department in 2011.[21]
Ghana
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Togoland.svg/60px-Togoland.svg.png)
- Proposed State:
Western Togoland
- Militant organizations: Western Togoland Restoration Front
- Proposed State:
Member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) File:Ghana - Ashanti.svg|thumb|right|60px|Map of the Ashantiland
- Ethnic group: Ashanti-Akan
- Proposed state:
Ashantiland
- Proposed state:
Kenia
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Coast_in_Kenya.svg/80px-Coast_in_Kenya.svg.png)
- Mombasa
- Proposed state:
Mombasa Republic
- Political party: Mombasa Republican Council[22][23]
- Status: No longer active.
- Proposed state:
- Wajir County, Mandera County, Garissa County (Former North Eastern Province)
- Proposed state:
Western Republic of Somalia or
Somalia
- Proposed state:
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/North_Eastern_in_Kenya.svg/80px-North_Eastern_in_Kenya.svg.png)
Libyen
- Ething Groups: Tuareg people, Toubou people
- Political party:
Libu Party
- Militant organisations:
Tuareg militias of Ghat,
Toubou Front for the Salvation of Libya
- Political party:
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Map_of_traditional_provinces_of_Libye-en.svg/100px-Map_of_traditional_provinces_of_Libye-en.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Toubou_map.svg/100px-Toubou_map.svg.png)
Cyrenaica Transitional Council
- Ethnic group: Arab
- Proposed autonomous area: Semi-autonomous "State of Cyrenaica"
- Ethnic group: Toubou
- Proposed state:
Toubouland
- Militant organization: Toubou Front for the Salvation of Libya
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Copts
- Proposed state: File:Coptic flag.svg Coptica
- Status: Coptic nationalism
Mali
Note for Image : Dark grey dots indicate regions with a Tuareg majority. The west is mainly inhabited by Moors, and the south by sub-Saharan peoples.
- Ethnic Groups: Tuareg
- Proposed state: Azawad
- Political party: Coordination of Azawad Movements (Includes MNLA)
- Militant organisations: National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad
Marokko
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Riffian-speaking_areas.png/170px-Riffian-speaking_areas.png)
- Ethnic group: Riffian
- Proposed state: Rif
- Political party: RIM
- Militant organisation(s): RIM
- Rif Independence Movement – occurred in Morocco during the 1920s,[24][25] and was revitalized in 2013.[26] Rif Independence Movement is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States.[26]
Namibia
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Caprivistrip.png)
- Ethnic Group: Lozi
- Proposed state: Free State of Caprivi Strip/Itenge[27]
- Militant organization: Caprivi Liberation Army[28]
Niger
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Agadez_in_Niger.svg/150px-Agadez_in_Niger.svg.png)
- Ethnic group: Tuareg
- Proposed state: Agadez
- Militant organization: Revolutionary Armed Forces of the Sahara
- Proposed state: Akal N Tenere, Tenere Republic
Nigeria
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/NigerDeltaStates.png/180px-NigerDeltaStates.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Biafra_independent_state_map-en.svg/200px-Biafra_independent_state_map-en.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Oyoxviii.jpeg/200px-Oyoxviii.jpeg)
- Ethnic group: Igbo, Anioma, Igede, Igala, Idoma, Ijaw, Kalabari, Ibibio, and Ogoni.
- Proposed state: Republic of Biafra (defunct)
- Separatist movements: The Indigenous People of Biafra, Biafra Zionist Movement, Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra
- Militant organization: Eastern Security Network
- Government in exile: Biafran Government in exile[29]
Oduduwa Republic (O`odua Republic)
Odùduwà
- Ethnic group: Yorùbá ethnic groups in Ekiti, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Oyo, Osun, Kwara, Òkun in Kogi states in Nigeria, Itsekiris in Delta state and Akoko in Edo state.
- Proposed state: Oduduwa Republic
- Member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
- Civic Organizations: Ilana Omo Oodua, Nigerian Indigenous Nationalities Alliance for Self-Determination(NINAS)
- Movement Leaders: Professor Stephen Adebanji Akintoye, Sunday Igboho
- O'odua Grand Alliance for Independence & Oodua People's Congress Ogafi.org [30]
- Status: Constitutional Force Majeure
- Ethnic group: Urhobo, Isoko, Itsekiri, Ijaw, Ukwuani, Edo, Esan, Ogoni, Kalabari and many more.
- Proposed state: Niger Delta
- Militant groups: Niger Delta Avengers, Niger Delta Greenland Justice Mandate, Niger Delta Vigilante and other groups
- Status: Ongoing war
Ruanda
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Twa_peoples_%28Hewlett_%26_Fancher%29.png/150px-Twa_peoples_%28Hewlett_%26_Fancher%29.png)
Batwaland (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Ethnic group: Twa
- Proposed state:
Batwaland
- Political party: Association for the Promotion of Batwa
- Proposed state:
Senegal
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Senegal_Casamance.png/150px-Senegal_Casamance.png)
- Ethnic group: Diola
- Proposed state: Republic of Casamance
- Militant organization: Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance[31]
Südafrika
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Volkstaat%E2%80%93VF.svg/150px-Volkstaat%E2%80%93VF.svg.png)
- Ethnic group: Afrikaners
- Proposed state: Volkstaat[32]
- Political Party: Freedom Front Plus (in parliament and member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization).[33] Outside parliament: National Conservative Party of South Africa, Boerestaat Party, Herstigte Nasionale Party.
- Pressure group: Orania Movement
- Status: Accord on Afrikaner self-determination
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/South_Africa_municipalities_Cape_Republic.png/150px-South_Africa_municipalities_Cape_Republic.png)
Cape Republic / Cape of Good Hope
Main Article: Cape Independence
- Linguistic group: Afrikaans speakers, English Speakers, isiXhosa speakers
- Ethnic groups: Coloureds, Afrikaners, South African English, Xhosa
- Proposed State: Western Cape (Cape Republic / Cape of Good Hope)[34]
- Political Parties: Cape Independence Party[35] Freedom Front Plus[36]
- Civic Organisations: CapeXit[37] Cape Independence Advocacy Group (CIAG)[38]
- Ethnic group: Zulu
- Proposed state:Zulu Kingdom[39]
- Pressure group: Zulu royal family
Spanien
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Islas_Canarias_%28real_location%29_in_Spain.svg/300px-Islas_Canarias_%28real_location%29_in_Spain.svg.png)
- Secessionist movement
- People: Canarians
- Proposed state:
Republic of the Canary Islands
- Political parties (autonomist): Coalición Canaria, Partido Nacionalista Canario, Centro Canario Nacionalista, Nueva Canarias
- Political parties (secessionist): FREPIC-AWAÑAK, Alternativa Nacionalista Canaria, Alternativa Popular Canaria, Unidad del Pueblo
- Trade union: Intersindical Canaria
- Youth movement: Azarug
- Proposed state:
Sudan
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Map_of_Darfur_2011.png/150px-Map_of_Darfur_2011.png)
- Ethnic group: Fur, Zaghawe, Masalit, Tama
- Proposed state: Darfur
- Militant organization: Darfur Liberation Front
- Status: War in Darfur
- Ethnic group: Copts
- Proposed state: File:Coptic flag.svg Coptica
- Status: Coptic nationalism
Tansania
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Spice_Islands_%28Zanzibar_highlighted%29_sv.svg/100px-Spice_Islands_%28Zanzibar_highlighted%29_sv.svg.png)
- Ethnic group: Swahili
- Proposed state:
Zanzibar
- Political party: Civic United Front (member of Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization), Uamsho[40]
- Proposed state:
Uganda
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Buganda_%28map%29.png/80px-Buganda_%28map%29.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_of_Rwenzururu_in_Uganda_%28map%29.png/80px-Location_of_Rwenzururu_in_Uganda_%28map%29.png)
- Ethnic group: Ganda
- Proposed state: Kingdom of Buganda
- De facto autonomous area: Kingdom of Buganda
- Youth movement: Buganda Youth Movement
- Pressure group: Buganda Liberation Council
- Status: Ongoing protest
- Ethnic group: Konjo people
- Proposed state: Yiira Republic
Sambia
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Barotseland.svg/100px-Barotseland.svg.png)
- Ethnic group: Lozi
- Proposed state:
Barotseland
- Militant organization: Barotse Royal Establishment[41]
- Proposed state:
Simbabwe
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Matabeleland.svg/100px-Matabeleland.svg.png)
- Ethnic group:
Matabele
- Proposed state: Mthwakazi
- Militant organization:
Mthwakazi Liberation Front (M.L.F.)[42]
- Political party: Matabeleland Freedom Party[43]
- Revolutionary Movement: Mthwakazi Republic Party(M.R.P)[44][45]
See also
- List of conflicts in Africa
- Lists of active separatist movements
- List of historical separatist movements
References
- ^ Grace Young. "Kabyle people". Encyclopaedia Britannica.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|url=
(help) - ^ The 2nd Kabylian Movement for Self-Determination Congress (10 December 2011). "Kabylian Movement for Self-Determination Status" (Chapter VIII): Art. 19. 21. 22. 23.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Ferhat Mehenni. "Blog". Mak-Anavad Leader Blog.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|url=
(help) - ^ MAK- Mouvement pour l'Autodétermination de la Kabylie. "Official Website".
- ^ "Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
- ^ Official Website of the Government of the Federal Republic of Ambazonia (2016). "Government of Ambazonia". Government of Ambazonia Official Website. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
- ^ "Southern Cameroons National Council plans street protests to have activists freed". The Post News. 2005-11-27. Archived from the original on 2016-08-16. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
- ^ Rebels Declare 'Independence' Of Bakassi, by Azore Opio & Francis Tim Mbom
- ^ "Central African Republic rebels declare autonomous state in north". The Washington Post. 15 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
- ^ Chris Roth. "Springtime of Nations". Retrieved 23 October 2014.
- ^ "MPA - Mouvement Populaire Anjouanais". MweziNet. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
- ^ "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Comoros : Overview". UNHCR. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
- ^ "ETAT DU SUD CONGO". Retrieved 23 October 2014.
- ^ "(Congo-Brazzaville) Etat du Sud-Congo : drapeau, devise, armoiries et limites géographiques". Retrieved 23 October 2014.
- ^ Patrick, André. "Site Officiel du Royaume Loango - Soyez les Bienvenus !". www.royaumeloango.org. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
- ^ "SPECIAL INQUIRY INTO THE BAS CONGO EVENTS OF FEBRUARY AND MARCH 2008" (PDF). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. May 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 30, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-10.
- ^ "United Republic of Kivu". Federation of Free States of Africa. Retrieved 2015-11-05.
- ^ Iain Dalton (2008-11-19). "Democratic republic of Congo: Civil war erupts once again". The Socialist (UK). Retrieved 2009-04-12.
- ^ Temare, Getachew Gebrekiros (28 September 2019). "The Republic of Tigray? Aydeln, yekenyeley!". Retrieved 14 October 2020.
- ^ Asefa, Abraham (22 August 2020). "'Exit' imminent as Abiy neglects the Tigrayan 'voice'". Retrieved 14 October 2020.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-09-14. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ http://theafricareport.com/index.php/20120517501811752/east-horn-africa/kenya-s-mombasa-republican-council%E2%80%A9-the-coast-calls-for-freedom-501811752.html.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ Luc Torres. "The separatist map of Africa: interactive". the Guardian. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
- ^ White Gypsies: Race and Stardom in Spanish Musical Films - Eva Woods Peiró. p. 46.
- ^ What the Arabs think - William Roe Polk. p. 52.
- ^ a b "The Rif Independence Movement Joins OEAS". Scribd. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
- ^ "Caprivi Liberation Front". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
- ^ Forrest, Joshua B. (2003). Subnationalism in Africa: Ethnicity, Alliances, and Politics. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 188. ISBN 1-58826-227-8.
- ^ "Voice of Biafra International". www.biafraland.com. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
- ^ "Oduduwa Grand Alliance For Independence, OGAFI". Retrieved 2020-07-11.
- ^ "Mouvement des Forces Démocratiques du le Casamance (MFDC)". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
- ^ "Ek is wit en trots daarop". Mail & Guardian. 2008-10-12. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
- ^ Members: Afrikaner, Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
- ^ "Cape Independence - CIAG - Let's Free The Cape!". www.capeindependence.org. Retrieved 2021-07-18.
- ^ "Cape Party still wants to 'free' Western Cape from rest of SA". Retrieved 31 July 2017.
- ^ "Vryheidsfront Plus". vfplus.org.za. Retrieved 2021-07-18.
- ^ "CapeXit.org – Own your future – Eien jou toekoms". Retrieved 2021-07-18.
- ^ "Cape Independence - CIAG - Let's Free The Cape!". www.capeindependence.org. Retrieved 2021-07-18.
- ^ https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1969893/zwelithini-threatens-zulus-will-leave-sa-and-take-kzn-with-them/.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ "Contagion of discontent: Muslim extremism spreads down east Africa coastline". The Economist. 3 November 2012.
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