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The term "cultural Marxism" has been used in academic contexts to signify various strands of Western Marxism, including cultural studies and critical theory.<ref name="Markwick">{{cite book|last=Markwick|first1=Roger|title=Saluting Aron Gurevich: Essays in History, Literature and Other Related Subjects|chapter=Gurevich's Contribution to Soviet and Russian Historiography: From Social-psychology to Historical Anthropology|editor-last1=Mazour-Matusevič|editor-first1=Yelena|editor-last2=Korros|editor-first2=Alexandra|page=42|year=2010|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-18650-7|quote=Marxist cultural analysis, as it emerged in post-war Western and Eastern Europe, was a reaction to the tendency within Soviet-style Marxism to treat culture as a mere secondary epiphenomenon of economic relations, of classes and modes of production. Western European Marxists led the way. The humanist Marxism of the New Left, which first emerged in the late 1950s, increasingly engaged with anthropological conceptions of cutlure that emphasized human agency: language, communication, experience, and consciousness. By the 1960s and 1970s Western cultural Marxism was engaged in a dialogue with structuralism, post-structuralism and semiotics.}}</ref><ref name="Jamin2018-CulturalMarxism1">{{cite journal |last1=Jamin |first1=Jérôme |title=Cultural Marxism: A survey |journal=Religion Compass |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/rec3.12258|date=February 6, 2018 |volume=12 |issue=1–2 |pages=e12258 |doi=10.1111/REC3.12258|quote=Cultural Marxism, and Critical Theory more generally with which it has a close signification, have both a direct link with the Frankfurt School and its Marxian theorists. Initially called the “Institute for Social Research” during the 1930s, and taking the label the “Frankfurt School” by the 1950s, the designation meant as much an academic environment as a geographical location. As Christian Bouchindhomme puts it in its entry devoted to “Critical Theory” in Raynaud and Rials' Dictionnaire de philosophie politique, the Frankfurt School has been more a label than a school, even if it referred to a real academic environment:}}</ref><ref name="Arce">{{cite web|last=Arce|first=José Manuel Valenzuela|title=Cultural diversity, social exclusion and youth in Latin America|publisher=Euroamericano|url=https://www.campuseuroamericano.org/pdf/en/ENG_Cultural_Diversity_Social_Exclusion_Youth_AL_JM_Valenzuela.pdf|quote=Some of the most suggestive criticisms of the path taken by many followers of the Birmingham School (not of its founders) emphasize that they have let themselves be caught out by a certain textual condition, where the text seems to acquire a self-contained condition, overlooking the connection with social contexts. Therefore, Fredric Jameson emphasizes the need to recover the critical theory of culture that comes from Marx, Freud, the School of Frankfurt, Luckács, Sartre and complex Marxism, and suggests redefining cultural studies as cultural Marxism and as a critique of capitalism. For this, the economic, political and social formations should be considered and the importance of social classes highlighted (Jameson, 1998).}}</ref><ref name="Schroyer">{{cite book|last=Schroyer|first=Trent|title=The critique of domination: the origins and development of critical theory|date=1973|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=978-0807015230|author-link=Trent Schroyer}}</ref><ref name="Brenkman">{{cite article|last=Brenkman|first=John|journal=Social Text|title=Theses on Cultural Marxism|issue=7|year=1983|publisher=Duke University Press|doi=10.2307/466452}}</ref> However, the term "Cultural Marxism" is also used by purveyors of the anti-Semitic [[Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory]].<ref name="Jamin2018">{{cite journal |last1=Jamin |first1=Jérôme |title=Cultural Marxism: A survey |journal=Religion Compass |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/rec3.12258|date=February 6, 2018 |volume=12 |issue=1–2 |pages=e12258 |doi=10.1111/REC3.12258}}</ref><ref name="Braune2019">{{cite journal|last=Braune|first=Joan|date=2019|title=Who's Afraid of the Frankfurt School? 'Cultural Marxism' as an Antisemitic Conspiracy Theory|url=http://transformativestudies.org/wp-content/uploads/Joan-Braune.pdf|journal=Journal of Social Justice|volume=9|access-date=September 11, 2020|archive-date=July 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716023535/http://transformativestudies.org/wp-content/uploads/Joan-Braune.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Parts of the conspiracy theory make reference to actual thinkers and ideas that are in the Western Marxist tradition,<ref name="Jamin2018-conclusion">{{cite journal |last1=Jamin |first1=Jérôme |title=Cultural Marxism: A survey |journal=Religion Compass |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/rec3.12258|date=February 6, 2018 |volume=12 |issue=1–2 |pages=e12258 |doi=10.1111/REC3.12258|quote=When looking at the literature on Cultural Marxism as a piece of cultural studies, as a conspiracy described by Lind and its followers, and as arguments used by Buchanan, Breivik, and other actors within their own agendas, we see a common ground made of unquestionable facts in terms of who did what and where, and for how long at the Frankfurt School. Nowhere do we see divergence of opinion about who Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno, and Herbert Marcuse really were, when they have met and in which universities. But this changes if we look at descriptions of what they wanted to do: conducting research or changing deeply the culture of the West? Were they working for political science or were they engaging with a hidden political agenda? Were they working for the academic community or obeying foreign secret services?}}</ref><ref name="Tuters2018-control">{{cite journal |author-last1=Tuters |author-first1=M. |title=Cultural Marxism |journal=Krisis: Journal for Contemporary Philosophy |year=2018 |volume=2018 |issue=2 |pages=32–34 |hdl=11245.1/7b72bcec-9ad2-4dc4-8395-35b4eeae0e9e |url=https://hdl.handle.net/11245.1/7b72bcec-9ad2-4dc4-8395-35b4eeae0e9e |quote=The concept of Cultural Marxism seeks to introduce readers unfamiliar with – and presumably completely uninterested in – Western Marxist thought to its key thinkers, as well as some of their ideas, as part of an insidious story of secret operations of mind-control[...]}}</ref> but they severely misrepresent the subject.<ref name="Tuters2018"/><ref name="Woods2019"/><ref name="Braune2019"/> Cultural Marxism includes diverse thinkers with conflicting ideas, but conspiracy theorists instead treat them as interchangeable parts of a coherent movement.<ref name="Braune2019"/><ref name="Jamin2018"/> Conspiracy theorists exaggerate the actual influence of Marxist cultural analysis, including outlandish claims about Marxist efforts to dominate governments and mind-control populations.<ref name="Jamin2018-conclusion"/><ref name="Tuters2018-control"/> Joan Braune has argued it is not correct to use the term "Cultural Marxism", since there is no such movement.<ref name="Braune2019/>
The term "cultural Marxism" has been used in academic contexts to signify various strands of Western Marxism, including cultural studies and critical theory.<ref name="Jamin2018-CulturalMarxism1">{{cite journal |last1=Jamin |first1=Jérôme |title=Cultural Marxism: A survey |journal=Religion Compass |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/rec3.12258|date=February 6, 2018 |volume=12 |issue=1–2 |pages=e12258 |doi=10.1111/REC3.12258|quote=Cultural Marxism, and Critical Theory more generally with which it has a close signification, have both a direct link with the Frankfurt School and its Marxian theorists. Initially called the “Institute for Social Research” during the 1930s, and taking the label the “Frankfurt School” by the 1950s, the designation meant as much an academic environment as a geographical location. As Christian Bouchindhomme puts it in its entry devoted to “Critical Theory” in Raynaud and Rials' Dictionnaire de philosophie politique, the Frankfurt School has been more a label than a school, even if it referred to a real academic environment:}}</ref><ref name="Markwick">{{cite book|last=Markwick|first1=Roger|title=Saluting Aron Gurevich: Essays in History, Literature and Other Related Subjects|chapter=Gurevich's Contribution to Soviet and Russian Historiography: From Social-psychology to Historical Anthropology|editor-last1=Mazour-Matusevič|editor-first1=Yelena|editor-last2=Korros|editor-first2=Alexandra|page=42|year=2010|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-18650-7|quote=Marxist cultural analysis, as it emerged in post-war Western and Eastern Europe, was a reaction to the tendency within Soviet-style Marxism to treat culture as a mere secondary epiphenomenon of economic relations, of classes and modes of production. Western European Marxists led the way. The humanist Marxism of the New Left, which first emerged in the late 1950s, increasingly engaged with anthropological conceptions of cutlure that emphasized human agency: language, communication, experience, and consciousness. By the 1960s and 1970s Western cultural Marxism was engaged in a dialogue with structuralism, post-structuralism and semiotics.}}</ref><ref name="Arce">{{cite web|last=Arce|first=José Manuel Valenzuela|title=Cultural diversity, social exclusion and youth in Latin America|publisher=Euroamericano|url=https://www.campuseuroamericano.org/pdf/en/ENG_Cultural_Diversity_Social_Exclusion_Youth_AL_JM_Valenzuela.pdf|quote=Some of the most suggestive criticisms of the path taken by many followers of the Birmingham School (not of its founders) emphasize that they have let themselves be caught out by a certain textual condition, where the text seems to acquire a self-contained condition, overlooking the connection with social contexts. Therefore, Fredric Jameson emphasizes the need to recover the critical theory of culture that comes from Marx, Freud, the School of Frankfurt, Luckács, Sartre and complex Marxism, and suggests redefining cultural studies as cultural Marxism and as a critique of capitalism. For this, the economic, political and social formations should be considered and the importance of social classes highlighted (Jameson, 1998).}}</ref><ref name="Schroyer">{{cite book|last=Schroyer|first=Trent|title=The critique of domination: the origins and development of critical theory|date=1973|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=978-0807015230|author-link=Trent Schroyer}}</ref><ref name="Brenkman">{{cite article|last=Brenkman|first=John|journal=Social Text|title=Theses on Cultural Marxism|issue=7|year=1983|publisher=Duke University Press|doi=10.2307/466452}}</ref> However, the term "Cultural Marxism" is also used by purveyors of the anti-Semitic [[Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory]].<ref name="Jamin2018">{{cite journal |last1=Jamin |first1=Jérôme |title=Cultural Marxism: A survey |journal=Religion Compass |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/rec3.12258|date=February 6, 2018 |volume=12 |issue=1–2 |pages=e12258 |doi=10.1111/REC3.12258}}</ref><ref name="Braune2019">{{cite journal|last=Braune|first=Joan|date=2019|title=Who's Afraid of the Frankfurt School? 'Cultural Marxism' as an Antisemitic Conspiracy Theory|url=http://transformativestudies.org/wp-content/uploads/Joan-Braune.pdf|journal=Journal of Social Justice|volume=9|access-date=September 11, 2020|archive-date=July 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716023535/http://transformativestudies.org/wp-content/uploads/Joan-Braune.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Parts of the conspiracy theory make reference to actual thinkers and ideas that are in the Western Marxist tradition,<ref name="Jamin2018-conclusion">{{cite journal |last1=Jamin |first1=Jérôme |title=Cultural Marxism: A survey |journal=Religion Compass |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/rec3.12258|date=February 6, 2018 |volume=12 |issue=1–2 |pages=e12258 |doi=10.1111/REC3.12258|quote=When looking at the literature on Cultural Marxism as a piece of cultural studies, as a conspiracy described by Lind and its followers, and as arguments used by Buchanan, Breivik, and other actors within their own agendas, we see a common ground made of unquestionable facts in terms of who did what and where, and for how long at the Frankfurt School. Nowhere do we see divergence of opinion about who Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno, and Herbert Marcuse really were, when they have met and in which universities. But this changes if we look at descriptions of what they wanted to do: conducting research or changing deeply the culture of the West? Were they working for political science or were they engaging with a hidden political agenda? Were they working for the academic community or obeying foreign secret services?}}</ref><ref name="Tuters2018-control">{{cite journal |author-last1=Tuters |author-first1=M. |title=Cultural Marxism |journal=Krisis: Journal for Contemporary Philosophy |year=2018 |volume=2018 |issue=2 |pages=32–34 |hdl=11245.1/7b72bcec-9ad2-4dc4-8395-35b4eeae0e9e |url=https://hdl.handle.net/11245.1/7b72bcec-9ad2-4dc4-8395-35b4eeae0e9e |quote=The concept of Cultural Marxism seeks to introduce readers unfamiliar with – and presumably completely uninterested in – Western Marxist thought to its key thinkers, as well as some of their ideas, as part of an insidious story of secret operations of mind-control[...]}}</ref> but they severely misrepresent the subject.<ref name="Tuters2018"/><ref name="Woods2019"/><ref name="Braune2019"/> Cultural Marxism includes diverse thinkers with conflicting ideas, but conspiracy theorists instead treat them as interchangeable parts of a coherent movement.<ref name="Braune2019"/><ref name="Jamin2018"/> Conspiracy theorists exaggerate the actual influence of Marxist cultural analysis, including outlandish claims about Marxist efforts to dominate governments and mind-control populations.<ref name="Jamin2018-conclusion"/><ref name="Tuters2018-control"/> Joan Braune has argued it is not correct to use the term "Cultural Marxism", since there is no such movement.<ref name="Braune2019/>




Revision as of 07:54, 30 December 2021

The term "cultural Marxism" has been used in academic contexts to signify various strands of Western Marxism, including cultural studies and critical theory.[1][2][3][4][5] However, the term "Cultural Marxism" is also used by purveyors of the anti-Semitic Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory.[6][7] Parts of the conspiracy theory make reference to actual thinkers and ideas that are in the Western Marxist tradition,[8][9] but they severely misrepresent the subject.[10][11][7] Cultural Marxism includes diverse thinkers with conflicting ideas, but conspiracy theorists instead treat them as interchangeable parts of a coherent movement.[7][6] Conspiracy theorists exaggerate the actual influence of Marxist cultural analysis, including outlandish claims about Marxist efforts to dominate governments and mind-control populations.[8][9] Joan Braune has argued it is not correct to use the term "Cultural Marxism", since there is no such movement.[7]


[11]

[12]




[13][14]

[10]

[7]

[15]


[16]

  1. ^ Jamin, Jérôme (February 6, 2018). "Cultural Marxism: A survey". Religion Compass. 12 (1–2): e12258. doi:10.1111/REC3.12258. Cultural Marxism, and Critical Theory more generally with which it has a close signification, have both a direct link with the Frankfurt School and its Marxian theorists. Initially called the "Institute for Social Research" during the 1930s, and taking the label the "Frankfurt School" by the 1950s, the designation meant as much an academic environment as a geographical location. As Christian Bouchindhomme puts it in its entry devoted to "Critical Theory" in Raynaud and Rials' Dictionnaire de philosophie politique, the Frankfurt School has been more a label than a school, even if it referred to a real academic environment:
  2. ^ Markwick, Roger (2010). "Gurevich's Contribution to Soviet and Russian Historiography: From Social-psychology to Historical Anthropology". In Mazour-Matusevič, Yelena; Korros, Alexandra (eds.). Saluting Aron Gurevich: Essays in History, Literature and Other Related Subjects. Brill. p. 42. ISBN 978-90-04-18650-7. Marxist cultural analysis, as it emerged in post-war Western and Eastern Europe, was a reaction to the tendency within Soviet-style Marxism to treat culture as a mere secondary epiphenomenon of economic relations, of classes and modes of production. Western European Marxists led the way. The humanist Marxism of the New Left, which first emerged in the late 1950s, increasingly engaged with anthropological conceptions of cutlure that emphasized human agency: language, communication, experience, and consciousness. By the 1960s and 1970s Western cultural Marxism was engaged in a dialogue with structuralism, post-structuralism and semiotics.
  3. ^ Arce, José Manuel Valenzuela. "Cultural diversity, social exclusion and youth in Latin America" (PDF). Euroamericano. Some of the most suggestive criticisms of the path taken by many followers of the Birmingham School (not of its founders) emphasize that they have let themselves be caught out by a certain textual condition, where the text seems to acquire a self-contained condition, overlooking the connection with social contexts. Therefore, Fredric Jameson emphasizes the need to recover the critical theory of culture that comes from Marx, Freud, the School of Frankfurt, Luckács, Sartre and complex Marxism, and suggests redefining cultural studies as cultural Marxism and as a critique of capitalism. For this, the economic, political and social formations should be considered and the importance of social classes highlighted (Jameson, 1998).
  4. ^ Schroyer, Trent (1973). The critique of domination: the origins and development of critical theory. Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0807015230.
  5. ^ Template:Cite article
  6. ^ a b Jamin, Jérôme (February 6, 2018). "Cultural Marxism: A survey". Religion Compass. 12 (1–2): e12258. doi:10.1111/REC3.12258.
  7. ^ a b c d e Braune, Joan (2019). "Who's Afraid of the Frankfurt School? 'Cultural Marxism' as an Antisemitic Conspiracy Theory" (PDF). Journal of Social Justice. 9. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
  8. ^ a b Jamin, Jérôme (February 6, 2018). "Cultural Marxism: A survey". Religion Compass. 12 (1–2): e12258. doi:10.1111/REC3.12258. When looking at the literature on Cultural Marxism as a piece of cultural studies, as a conspiracy described by Lind and its followers, and as arguments used by Buchanan, Breivik, and other actors within their own agendas, we see a common ground made of unquestionable facts in terms of who did what and where, and for how long at the Frankfurt School. Nowhere do we see divergence of opinion about who Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno, and Herbert Marcuse really were, when they have met and in which universities. But this changes if we look at descriptions of what they wanted to do: conducting research or changing deeply the culture of the West? Were they working for political science or were they engaging with a hidden political agenda? Were they working for the academic community or obeying foreign secret services?
  9. ^ a b Tuters, M. (2018). "Cultural Marxism". Krisis: Journal for Contemporary Philosophy. 2018 (2): 32–34. hdl:11245.1/7b72bcec-9ad2-4dc4-8395-35b4eeae0e9e. The concept of Cultural Marxism seeks to introduce readers unfamiliar with – and presumably completely uninterested in – Western Marxist thought to its key thinkers, as well as some of their ideas, as part of an insidious story of secret operations of mind-control[...]
  10. ^ a b Tuters, M. (2018). "Cultural Marxism". Krisis: Journal for Contemporary Philosophy. 2018 (2): 32–34. hdl:11245.1/7b72bcec-9ad2-4dc4-8395-35b4eeae0e9e.
  11. ^ a b Woods, Andrew (2019). "Cultural Marxism and the Cathedral: Two Alt-Right Perspectives on Critical Theory". Critical Theory and the Humanities in the Age of the Alt-Right. Springer International Publishing. pp. 39–59. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-18753-8_3. ISBN 978-3-030-18753-8.
  12. ^ Jamin, Jérôme (February 6, 2018). "Cultural Marxism: A survey". Religion Compass. 12 (1–2): e12258. doi:10.1111/REC3.12258. Among the Marxist intellectuals, the most regularly cited as reflecting the membership of the School can be found in Raehn's (2004) chapter "The historical roots of 'Political Correctness'." In particular, this chapter, again taken from "Political Correctness: A Short History of an Ideology," includes short biographies of Georg Lukacs, Antonio Gramsci, Wilhelm Reich, Erich Fromm, Herbert Marcuse, Theodor Adorno, and Max Horkheimer.
  13. ^ Kellner, Douglas (2013). "Cultural Marxism & Cultural Studies" (PDF).
  14. ^ Dworkin, Dennis L. (1997). Cultural Marxism in postwar Britain: History, the New Left, and the origins of cultural studies. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-1914-6.
  15. ^ Blackford, Russell (August 2, 2015). "Cultural Marxism and our current culture wars: Part 2". The Conversation.
  16. ^ Busbridge, Rachel; Moffitt, Benjamin; Thorburn, Joshua (June 2020). "Cultural Marxism: Far-Right Conspiracy Theory in Australia's Culture Wars". Social Identities. 26 (6). London, England: Taylor & Francis: 722–738. doi:10.1080/13504630.2020.1787822.
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