Airdrop: Difference between revisions
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{{for multi|the Apple file sharing protocol|AirDrop|other uses}} |
{{for multi|the Apple file sharing protocol|AirDrop|other uses}} |
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[[File:AirdropcloseJan18haiti edited.jpg|thumb|right|280px|A C-17 [[Military transport aircraft|military transport airplane]] |
[[File:AirdropcloseJan18haiti edited.jpg|thumb|right|280px|A [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III|C-17]] [[Military transport aircraft|military transport airplane]] airdrops a load of [[humanitarian aid]] after the [[2010 Haiti earthquake]]]] |
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An '''airdrop''' is a type of [[airlift]], |
An '''airdrop''' is a type of [[airlift]] in which items including [[Weapon|weapons]], equipment, [[humanitarian aid]] or [[Airborne leaflet propaganda|leaftlets]] are delivered by [[military]] or [[civilian]] [[aircraft]] without their [[landing]]. Developed during [[World War II]] to resupply otherwise inaccessible [[soldier|troops]], themselves often [[airborne forces]], airdrops can also refer to the airborne assault itself. |
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== History == |
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⚫ | Early airdrops were conducted by dropping or pushing padded bundles from aircraft.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=0N8DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA762 "Help From The Skies", November 1929, Popular Mechanics]</ref> Later small crates with [[parachute]]s were pushed out of |
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[[Image:Opbushel.jpg|right|thumb|Freedrop packs being dropped out of an RAF [[C-130 Hercules]]]] |
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⚫ | Early airdrops were conducted by dropping or pushing padded bundles from aircraft.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=0N8DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA762 "Help From The Skies", November 1929, Popular Mechanics]</ref> Later, small crates fitted with [[parachute]]s were pushed out of aircraft side cargo doors. Later, [[cargo aircraft]] were designed with rear access ramps, lowerable in flight, that allowed large platforms to be rolled out the back. |
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As aircraft grew larger, the [[U.S. Air Force]] and [[United States Army|Army]] developed ''low-level extraction'', allowing [[tank]] |
As aircraft grew larger, the [[U.S. Air Force]] and [[United States Army|Army]] developed ''low-level extraction'', allowing vehicles like [[Light tank|light tanks]], [[Armoured personnel carrier|armored personnel carriers]] and other large supplies to be delivered. [[Propaganda]] leaflets are another commonly airdropped item. |
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Airdrops evolved to include massive bombs as payload. The 15,000-pound (6,800 kg) [[BLU-82]], nicknamed the "Daisy Cutter" for its ability to turn a dense forest into a helicopter landing zone in a single blast, was used in the [[Vietnam War]] and more recently in [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|Afghanistan]]. The 22,600-pound (10,250 kg) [[GBU-43/B]], nicknamed the "Mother Of All Bombs", was deployed to the [[Persian Gulf]] for the [[Iraq War]]. Cargo aircraft like the [[C-130]] or [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III|C-17]] serve as [[Bomber|bombers]] to deliver these [[Pallet|palletized]] airdropped weapons. |
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In [[peacekeeping]] |
In [[peacekeeping]] and [[humanitarian aid|humanitarian]] operations, food and medical supplies are often airdropped from [[United Nations]] and other aircraft. |
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== Types == |
== Types == |
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[[Image:Opbushel.jpg|right|thumb|Freedrop packs being dropped out of an RAF [[C-130 Hercules]]]] |
[[Image:Opbushel.jpg|right|thumb|Freedrop packs being dropped out of an RAF [[C-130 Hercules]]]] |
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The type of airdrop refers to the way that the airdrop load descends to the ground. There are several types of airdrop, and each |
The type of airdrop refers to the way that the airdrop load descends to the ground. There are several types of airdrop, and each may be carried out using different methods.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/10-500-1/Ch2.htm "FM 10-500-1 Principles of Airdrop Supply and Resupply Operations", GlobalSecurity.org]</ref> |
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* '''Low-Velocity Airdrop''' is the delivery of a load involving parachutes that are designed to slow |
* '''Low-Velocity Airdrop''' is the delivery of a load involving parachutes that are designed to slow the load down as much as possible, ensuring that it impacts the ground with minimal force. This type of airdrop is used for delicate equipment and larger items such as vehicles. |
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* '''High-Velocity Airdrop''' is the delivery of a load involving a parachute meant to stabilize its fall. The [[parachute]] will slow the load |
* '''High-Velocity Airdrop''' is the delivery of a load involving a parachute meant to stabilize its fall. The [[parachute]] will slow the load, though not to the extent of a low-velocity airdrop. High-velocity airdrops are used for durable items like military [[Meal, Ready-to-Eat|ready-to-eat meals]]. The [[Low Altitude Parachute Extraction System|Low-Altitude Parachute Extraction System]] (LAPES) is a variation of the high-velocity drop in which aircraft come close to carrying out a [[touch-and-go landing]] without actually touching the ground, ejecting their load at an extremely low altitude (as shown in the photo below of a C-130 airdropping a tank). |
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* '''Free |
* '''Free-Fall Airdrop''' is an airdrop with no [[parachute]] at all. A common example of this type of airdrop is the delivery of [[airborne leaflet propaganda]] used in [[psychological warfare]]. |
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== Methods == |
== Methods == |
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The method of airdrop refers to the way the load leaves the aircraft. There are three main methods |
The method of airdrop refers to the way the load leaves the aircraft. There are three main airdrop methods currently used in military operations. |
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* '''Auto Extraction''' airdrops use an extraction parachute to ''pull'' the load out of the |
* '''Auto Extraction''' airdrops use an extraction parachute to ''pull'' the load out of the end of the aircraft: the parachute is deployed behind the aircraft, pulling the load out before cargo parachutes slow its descent. Extraction drops are usually low-velocity airdrops, with rare exceptions (e.g. [[Low-altitude parachute-extraction system|LAPES]]). |
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* '''Manual Extraction''' airdrops, where the load is physically pushed out by a specially trained crew of up to four people. |
* '''Manual Extraction''' airdrops, where the load is physically pushed out of an aircraft by a specially trained crew of up to four people. |
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* '''Gravity''' airdrops use |
* '''Gravity''' airdrops use the [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]] of the aircraft at time of drop to cause loads to roll out of the plane like a sled down a hill. The most common use of a gravity airdrop is the Container Delivery System (CDS) bundle. |
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* '''Door bundle''' drops are the simplest of airdrop methods |
* '''Door bundle''' drops are the simplest of airdrop methods: the [[loadmaster]] simply pushes out the load at the appropriate time. |
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Historically, bomber aircraft were |
Historically, [[bomber aircraft]] were often used to drop supplies, using special supply canisters compatible with the aircraft's bomb attachment system. During [[World War II]], German bomber aircraft dropped containers called ''Versorgungsbomben'' (provisions bombs) to supply friendly troops on the ground. The British equivalent was the [[CLE Canister]] that could carry up to {{convert|600|lb}} of supplies or weapons. Notably, British and American bombers air-dropped weapons to the [[Armia Krajowa|Polish Home Army]] during the [[Warsaw Uprising]] in 1944. During the [[Dutch famine of 1944–1945|Dutch famine of 1944-1945]], British and American bombers [[Operations Manna and Chowhound|dropped food]] on the [[Netherlands]] to feed civilians in danger of starvation; an agreement was made with Germany not to fire on the airdrop aircraft. |
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<gallery mode="packed"> |
<gallery mode="packed"> |
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File:Airdrop pallets.jpg|Gravity airdrop of CDS bundles from a [[C-17 Globemaster III|C-17]] |
File:Airdrop pallets.jpg|Gravity airdrop of CDS bundles from a [[C-17 Globemaster III|C-17]] |
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File:C-130 airdrop.jpg|Extraction airdropping a light tank |
File:C-130 airdrop.jpg|Extraction airdropping a [[light tank]] |
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File:Aid airdrop over Mirebalais 2010-01-21 3.JPG|Airdropped humanitarian supplies being recovered in Haiti, |
File:Aid airdrop over Mirebalais 2010-01-21 3.JPG|Airdropped humanitarian supplies being recovered in Haiti, 2010 |
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File:C-17 Airdrop 4 Humvees + 50 Paratroopers.ogv|Video of an airdrop of Humvees and paratroopers from inside a [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III]] |
File:C-17 Airdrop 4 Humvees + 50 Paratroopers.ogv|Video of an airdrop of [[Humvee|Humvees]] and [[Paratrooper|paratroopers]] from inside a [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III|C-17 Globemaster III]] |
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File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-667-7133-03, Russland, Verpflegungsabwurfkiste.jpg|Food supply crate mounted under a German [[He 111]] bomber, |
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-667-7133-03, Russland, Verpflegungsabwurfkiste.jpg|Food supply crate mounted under a German [[He 111]] bomber, 1944 |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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Revision as of 12:19, 11 February 2022
An airdrop is a type of airlift in which items including weapons, equipment, humanitarian aid or leaftlets are delivered by military or civilian aircraft without their landing. Developed during World War II to resupply otherwise inaccessible troops, themselves often airborne forces, airdrops can also refer to the airborne assault itself.
History
Early airdrops were conducted by dropping or pushing padded bundles from aircraft.[1] Later, small crates fitted with parachutes were pushed out of aircraft side cargo doors. Later, cargo aircraft were designed with rear access ramps, lowerable in flight, that allowed large platforms to be rolled out the back.
As aircraft grew larger, the U.S. Air Force and Army developed low-level extraction, allowing vehicles like light tanks, armored personnel carriers and other large supplies to be delivered. Propaganda leaflets are another commonly airdropped item.
Airdrops evolved to include massive bombs as payload. The 15,000-pound (6,800 kg) BLU-82, nicknamed the "Daisy Cutter" for its ability to turn a dense forest into a helicopter landing zone in a single blast, was used in the Vietnam War and more recently in Afghanistan. The 22,600-pound (10,250 kg) GBU-43/B, nicknamed the "Mother Of All Bombs", was deployed to the Persian Gulf for the Iraq War. Cargo aircraft like the C-130 or C-17 serve as bombers to deliver these palletized airdropped weapons.
In peacekeeping and humanitarian operations, food and medical supplies are often airdropped from United Nations and other aircraft.
Types
The type of airdrop refers to the way that the airdrop load descends to the ground. There are several types of airdrop, and each may be carried out using different methods.[2]
- Low-Velocity Airdrop is the delivery of a load involving parachutes that are designed to slow the load down as much as possible, ensuring that it impacts the ground with minimal force. This type of airdrop is used for delicate equipment and larger items such as vehicles.
- High-Velocity Airdrop is the delivery of a load involving a parachute meant to stabilize its fall. The parachute will slow the load, though not to the extent of a low-velocity airdrop. High-velocity airdrops are used for durable items like military ready-to-eat meals. The Low-Altitude Parachute Extraction System (LAPES) is a variation of the high-velocity drop in which aircraft come close to carrying out a touch-and-go landing without actually touching the ground, ejecting their load at an extremely low altitude (as shown in the photo below of a C-130 airdropping a tank).
- Free-Fall Airdrop is an airdrop with no parachute at all. A common example of this type of airdrop is the delivery of airborne leaflet propaganda used in psychological warfare.
Methods
The method of airdrop refers to the way the load leaves the aircraft. There are three main airdrop methods currently used in military operations.
- Auto Extraction airdrops use an extraction parachute to pull the load out of the end of the aircraft: the parachute is deployed behind the aircraft, pulling the load out before cargo parachutes slow its descent. Extraction drops are usually low-velocity airdrops, with rare exceptions (e.g. LAPES).
- Manual Extraction airdrops, where the load is physically pushed out of an aircraft by a specially trained crew of up to four people.
- Gravity airdrops use the attitude of the aircraft at time of drop to cause loads to roll out of the plane like a sled down a hill. The most common use of a gravity airdrop is the Container Delivery System (CDS) bundle.
- Door bundle drops are the simplest of airdrop methods: the loadmaster simply pushes out the load at the appropriate time.
Historically, bomber aircraft were often used to drop supplies, using special supply canisters compatible with the aircraft's bomb attachment system. During World War II, German bomber aircraft dropped containers called Versorgungsbomben (provisions bombs) to supply friendly troops on the ground. The British equivalent was the CLE Canister that could carry up to 600 pounds (270 kg) of supplies or weapons. Notably, British and American bombers air-dropped weapons to the Polish Home Army during the Warsaw Uprising in 1944. During the Dutch famine of 1944-1945, British and American bombers dropped food on the Netherlands to feed civilians in danger of starvation; an agreement was made with Germany not to fire on the airdrop aircraft.
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Gravity airdrop of CDS bundles from a C-17
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Extraction airdropping a light tank
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Airdropped humanitarian supplies being recovered in Haiti, 2010
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Food supply crate mounted under a German He 111 bomber, 1944
See also
References
- Technical Order (TO)13C7-1-11 Airdrop of Supplies and Equipment: Rigging Containers. Department Of The Air Force. September 2005.
- Technical Order (TO)13C7-1-5 Airdrop of Supplies and Equipment: Rigging Airdrop Platforms. Department Of The Air Force. August 2001.
External links
- 47 Air Despatch Sqn RLC The British Army's only remaining unit specialising in airdrop.
- Airdrop of Supplies and Equipment: Rigging Loads for Special Operations Headquarters, Department of the Army, United States Marine Corps, Department of the Navy, Department of the Air Force.