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Coordinates: 40°22′00″N 49°50′07″E / 40.3667°N 49.8352°E / 40.3667; 49.8352
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==Economy==
==Economy==


The main industries were oil extraction and refining, distillation and flour preparation. A significant part of the population is employed in agriculture and the extractive industry (69%), the non-commercial sector - 11.3%, in the manufacturing industry and trade (including transport) - 9% and 9.3%, respectively<ref>{{Cite book |last=ЛАВРЕНТЬЕВИЧ. |first=ЯНИН, ВАЛЕНТИН |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1027410670 |title=Отечественная история : история России с древнейших времен до 1917 года : энциклопедия в пяти томах |date=1994-<2000> |publisher=Nauchnoe izd-vo Bolʹshai︠a︡ Rossiĭskai︠a︡ ėnt︠s︡iklopedii︠a︡ |oclc=1027410670}}</ref> .
The main industries were oil extraction and refining, distillation and flour preparation. A significant part of the population was employed in agriculture and the extractive industry (69%), the non-commercial sector - 11.3%, in the manufacturing industry and trade (including transport) - 9% and 9.3%, respectively<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=ЛАВРЕНТЬЕВИЧ. |first=ЯНИН, ВАЛЕНТИН |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1027410670 |title=Отечественная история : история России с древнейших времен до 1917 года : энциклопедия в пяти томах |date=1994-<2000> |publisher=Nauchnoe izd-vo Bolʹshai︠a︡ Rossiĭskai︠a︡ ėnt︠s︡iklopedii︠a︡ |oclc=1027410670}}</ref> .


Since the 1870s, the Baku region has become the largest center of oil production in Russia. Oilfields belonged mainly to the Russian General Oil Corporation , the Anglo-Dutch trust " Shell ", the partnership "Nobel" and the Financial Oil Corporation [22] . At the end of the 19th century, there were 209 oil fields in the province, over 930 boreholes (in 1906-1908 - over 1600). At the end of the 19th century, there were 247 silk-weaving and silk-winding factories and 125 pottery factories in the province.
Since the 1870s, the Baku region has become the largest center of oil production in Russia. Oilfields belonged mainly to the Russian General Oil Corporation , the Anglo-Dutch trust " Shell ", the partnership "Nobel" and the Financial Oil Corporation <ref name=":0" /> . At the end of the 19th century, there were 209 oil fields in the province, over 930 boreholes (in 1906-1908 - over 1600). At the end of the 19th century, there were 247 silk-weaving and silk-winding factories and 125 pottery factories in the province.


In 1915, industrial production of toluene , a raw material for the production of explosives ( TNT ), obtained from crude oil , began in Baku<ref name=":02" />.
In 1915, industrial production of toluene , a raw material for the production of explosives ( TNT ), obtained from crude oil , began in Baku<ref name=":02" />.

Revision as of 22:38, 3 March 2022

Baku Governorate
Бакинская губернія
Governorate
Flag of Baku Governorate
Flag
Coat of arms of Baku Governorate
Coat of arms
Administrative map of the Baku Governorate
Administrative map of the Baku Governorate
LandRussian Empire
ViceroyaltyCaucasus
Established1846
Abolished1920
CapitalBaku
Area
 • Total39,149 km2 (15,116 sq mi)
Highest elevation
(Mount Bazardüzü)
4,466 m (14,652 ft)
Population
 (1916)
 • Total875,746
 • Density22/km2 (58/sq mi)
 • Urban
8.28%
 • Rural
91.72%
Part of a series on the
History of Azerbaijan
Prehistory
Stone Age  • Bronze Age  • Iron Age
Shulaveri–Shomu culturec.6000–c.4000 BC
Chalcolithic culture of Nakhchivanc.4945–c.3800 BC
Leyla-Tepe culturec.4350–c.4000 BC
Kura–Araxes culturec.3400–c.2000 BC
Nakhchivan culturec.3000–c.2000 BC
Talish–Mughan culturec.1400–c.700 BC
Khojaly–Gadabay culturec.1300–c.700 BC
Antiquity
Kingdom of Iškuzac.700 BC–c.590s BC
Achaemenid Empire550 BC–330 BC
      • Satrapy of Mediac.550 BC – 323 BC
Seleucid Empire312 BC – 63 BC
Parthian Empire247 BC – AD 224
Caucasian Albaniac.200 BC – c.AD 800
Roman Empire 27 BC – AD 395
Early Middle Ages
Sasanian Empire 224–651
      • Satrapy of Albaniac.252–636
Khazar Khaganatec.650–969
Rashidun Caliphate632–661
      • Islamic conquest633–654
      • Arranc.650–705
Umayyad Caliphate661–750
      • Arranc.650–705
      • Emirate of Arminiya 705–884
Abbasid Caliphate750–1258
      • Emirate of Arminiya705–884
Shirvanshahs861–1538
Sajids889–929
Shaddadids951–1199
Sallarid dynasty919–1062
High Middle Ages
Seljuk Empire 1037–1194
Khwarazmian Empire 1077–1231
Eldiguzids 1135–1225
Mongol Empire1206–1368
Ilkhanate 1256–1335
Chobanids 1335–1357
Timurid Empire 1370–1507
Qara Qoyunlu 1374–1468
Aq Qoyunlu 1378–1503
Early modern history
Safavid Iran 1501–1736
      • Safavid Shirvan 1501–1736
      • Safavid Karabakh 1501–1747
      • Chokhur-e Sa'd 1502–1736
Ottoman Empire 1299–1922
      • Shirvan Eyalet [az] 1578–1607
      • Ganja-Qarabagh Eyalet (I) [az] 1588–1606
      • Revan Eyalet (I) [az] 1583–1604
          • Nakhchivan Sanjak (I) [az] 1583–1604
      • Ganja-Qarabagh Eyalet (II) [az] 1725–1735
      • Revan Eyalet (II) [az] 1724–1736
          • Nakhchivan Sanjak (II) [az] 1724–1736
      • Tiflis Eyalet (II) [az] 1723–1735
          • Kazak Sanjak (II) [az] 1723–1735
Afsharid Iran 1736–1796
      • Division of Afsharid Empire 1747
Khanates of the Caucasus 1604–1844
      • Elisu Sultanate 1604–1844
      • Kazakh sultanate 1605–1801
      • Djaro-Belokani c.1600s–c.1800s
      • Shaki Khanate 1743–1819
      • Ganja Khanate 1747–1805
      • Talysh Khanate 1747–1828
      • Nakhichevan Khanate 1747–1828
      • Qutqashen Sultanate 1747–1841
      • Baku Khanate 1747–1806
      • Shamshadil sultanate 1747–1801
      • Quba Khanate 1747–1806
      • Karabakh Khanate 1748–1822
          • Treaty of Kurakchay 1805
      • Shirvan Khanate 1748–1820
Zand dynasty1751–1794
Qajar Iran1789–1925
      • Fourth Russo-Persian War 1804–1813
          • Treaty of Gulistan 1813
      • Fifth Russo-Persian War 1826–1828
          • Treaty of Turkmenchay 1828
Russian Empire 1721–1917
      • Second Russo-Persian War 1722–1723
      • Caucasus Viceroyalty 1801–1917
          • Baku Governorate 1846–1920
          • Erivan Governorate 1849–1917
          • Zakatal okrug 1859–1918
          • Elizavetpol Governorate 1867–1920
      • Special Transcaucasian Committee 1917
Modern history
Transcaucasian Commissariat 1917–1918
      • March Days 1918
Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic 1918
Baku Commune 1918
Centrocaspian Dictatorship 1918
Republic of Aras 1918–1919
Mughan Soviet Republic 1919
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 1918 - 1920
      • Armenian–Azerbaijani War 1918–1920
          • Battle of Baku 1918
      • Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan 1920
Azerbaijan Socialist Soviet Republic 1920–1922
      • Treaty of Kars 1921
Soviet Union 1922–1991
      • Transcaucasian SFSR 1922–1936
          • Azerbaijan SSR 1922–1936
      • Azerbaijan SSR 1936–1991
          • World War II 1941–1945
          • Black January 1990
      • Republic of Azerbaijan 1991
Contemporary history
Republic of Azerbaijan 1991–present
      • I Nagorno-Karabakh War 1988–1994
          • Bishkek Protocol 1994
      • II Nagorno-Karabakh War 2020
          • Ceasefire Agreement 2020
Topics
Historical regions
flag Azerbaijan portal

The Baku Governorate (pre-reform Russian: Бакинская губернія; Azerbaijani: Bakı quberniyası), known before 1859 as the Shemakha Governorate (pre-reform Russian: Шемахинская губернія; Azerbaijani: Şamaxı quberniyası), was one of the guberniyas of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, with its center in the booming metropolis and Caspian Sea port of Baku. Area (1897): 34,4000 sq. versts, population (1897): 789,659.[1] The Baku Governorate bordered Persia to the south, the Elisabethpol Governorate (previously the Tiflis and Erivan Governorates before 1868) to the west, the Dagestan Oblast to the north, and the Baku Gradonachalstvo (municipal province) to the east on the Absheron Peninsula.

History

The governorate was originally established in 1846 as the Shamakha Governorate, replacing what had been several military precincts. Following the catastrophic 1859 Shamakhi earthquake, the capital of the governorate was transferred from Shamakha (Shemakhi) to the fast-growing city of Baku, and on July 12, 1859, the governorate's name was changed accordingly. The coat of arms of the Baku Governorate was instituted on July 5, 1878.[1] Initially, the Baku Governorate included the areas of the former khanates of Karabakh and Shaki until these areas were detached in 1868 to form part of the adjacent Elisabethpol Governorate.

The Baku Governorate upon the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was incorporated into the new state, and subsequently separated into a smaller Baku General-Governorate and a Lenkoran General-Governorate, the latter previously being the location of the Provisional Military Dictatorship of Mughan which lasted until the spring of 1919. The governorate was finally abolished in its entirety following the establishment of Soviet rule in Azerbaijan in 1920, however, its uezds continued to exist until their abolishment and administrative reorganisation into raions in 1929.

Administrative divisions

After the establishment of the Elisabethpol Governorate in 1868, the Baku Governorate had six uezds:[2]

Demographics

Russian Imperial Census of 1897

According to the Russian Empire Census of 1897, the Black Sea Governorate had a population of 57,478, including 34,776 men and 22,702 women. The plurality of the population indicated Russian to be their mother tongue, with significant Ukrainian, Armenian, and Greek speaking minorities.[3]

Linguistic composition of the districts of the Baku Governorate in 1897[4]
Native language Baku Geokchay Javad Kuba Lenkoran Shemakha TOTAL
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Tatar[a] 63,415 34.67 92,962 78.98 84,054 93.35 70,150 38.28 84,725 64.68 89,840 73.73 485,146 58.68
Tat 34,503 18.86 3,995 3.39 0 0.00 46,430 25.34 74 0.06 4,517 3.71 89,519 10.83
Russian 43,893 24.00 2,458 2.09 4,009 4.45 2,516 1.37 9,481 7.24 11,275 9.25 73,632 8.91
Armenian 22,583 12.35 12,994 11.04 699 0.78 1,191 0.65 483 0.37 14,283 11.72 52,233 6.32
Kyurin 1,235 0.68 2,045 1.74 79 0.09 44,756 24.42 4 0.00 73 0.06 48,192 5.83
Talysh 3 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 34,991 26.71 0 0.00 34,994 4.23
Kazi-Kumukh 128 0.07 6 0.01 0 0.00 11,614 6.34 1 0.00 62 0.05 11,811 1.43
Jewish 2,034 1.11 847 0.72 8 0.01 3,972 2.17 207 0.16 1,104 0.91 8,172 0.99
Persian 4,774 2.61 265 0.23 147 0.16 549 0.30 89 0.07 149 0.12 5,973 0.72
German 3,204 1.75 14 0.01 29 0.03 38 0.02 132 0.10 13 0.01 3,430 0.41
Ukrainian 981 0.54 17 0.01 619 0.69 1,426 0.78 243 0.19 86 0.07 3,372 0.41
Avar-Andean 737 0.40 1,772 1.51 152 0.17 97 0.05 1 0.01 126 0.10 2,898 0.35
Georgian 1,127 0.62 235 0.20 122 0.14 66 0.04 17 0.01 49 0.04 1,616 0.20
Polish 982 0.54 27 0.02 60 0.07 64 0.03 205 0.16 101 0.08 1,439 0.17
Turkish 837 0.46 11 0.01 0 0.00 216 0.12 82 0.06 9 0.01 1,155 0.14
Belarusian 636 0.35 0 0.00 7 0.01 29 0.02 4 0.00 1 0.00 677 0.08
Mordovian 353 0.19 1 0.00 5 0.01 1 0.00 169 0.13 2 0.00 531 0.06
Swedish 345 0.19 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 0.00 0 0.00 347 0.04
Greek 249 0.14 12 0.01 7 0.01 0 0.00 9 0.01 1 0.00 278 0.03
Lithuanian 115 0.06 0 0.00 4 0.00 5 0.00 5 0.00 143 0.12 272 0.03
Other 763 0.42 44 0.04 42 0.05 122 0.07 50 0.04 8 0.01 1,029 0.12
TOTAL 182,897 100.00 117,705 100.00 90,043 100.00 183,242 100.00 130,987 100.00 121,842 100.00 826,716 100.00

Ethnic groups at the start of the 20th century

The ethnic group composition of the governorate changed considerably in the latter part of the 19th century. By the beginning of the 20th century, there were 214,700 inhabitants, amongst them, Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians - 76,3 thousand -> (35.5%), Azerbaijanis ("Caucasian Tatars" back then) - 46 thousand -> (21.4%), Armenians - 42 thousand -> (19.4%), Persians\Iranians - 25 thousand -> (11.7%), Jews - 9,7 thousand -> (4.5%), Georgians - 4 thousand -> (1, 9%), Germans - 3.3 thousand -> (1.5%), the Kazan Tatars - 2.3 thousand -> (1.1%).[5] Muslims generally lived in the historical centre of Baku (Old Baku), surrounded by the khan's castle in the west of the city. Armenians mostly lived in the industrial zone in the north of the city. During the construction of the new city centre, various ethnic groups started to move to different districts.[6]

Caucasian Calendar of 1917

The 1917 Caucasian Calendar which produced statistics of 1916 indicates 875,746 residents in the Baku Governorate, including 465,711 men and 410,035 women, 838,717 of whom were the permanent population, and 37,029 were temporary residents:[7]

Ethno-religious groups in the Baku Governorate according to the 1917 Caucasian Calendar[7]
Uyezd (district) Russians Other Europeans Georgians Armenians North Caucasians Other Asian Nationalities Jews TOTAL
Orthodox Sectarian Christian Shia Muslim Sunni Muslim
Baku 355 0 0 30 32 0 0 15,746 93 12 16,268
2.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 96.8% 0.6% 0.1% 100.0%
Geokchai 975 2,321 3 0 17,207 153 0 48,681 63,943 815 134,098
0.7% 1.7% 0.0% 0.0% 12.8% 0.1% 0.0% 36.3% 47.7% 0.6% 100.0%
Javad 23,863 2,265 24 0 984 0 0 127,440 7,688 41 162,305
14.7% 1.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.6% 0.0% 0.0% 78.5% 4.7% 0.0% 100.0%
Kuba 5,086 297 0 0 1,512 49,105 22 20,457 106,690 15,035 198,204
2.6% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.8% 24.8% 0.0% 10.3% 53.8% 7.6% 100.0%
Lenkoran 7,813 10,267 56 0 836 0 0 176,962 7,168 217 203,319
3.8% 5.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 0.0% 0.0% 87.0% 3.5% 0.1% 100.0%
Shemakha 2,669 16,724 6 0 22,350 517 139 40,532 77,174 1,441 161,552
1.7% 10.4% 0.0% 0.0% 13.8% 0.3% 0.1% 25.1% 47.8% 0.9% 100.0%
TOTAL 40,761 31,874 89 30 42,921 49,775 161 429,818 262,756 17,561 875,746
4.7% 3.6% 0.0% 0.0% 4.9% 5.7% 0.0% 49.1% 30.0% 2.0% 100.0%

If combining the data of the Baku Governorate with the Baku Gradonachalstvo (municipal district), there would be 1,281,575 residents, including 701,603 men and 579,972 women, 1,012,206 of whom were the permanent population, and 269,369 were temporary residents.[7]

Governors

  • Konstantin Tarkhanov-Mouravov, 1859–1863
  • Mikhail Kolyubakin, 1863–1872
  • Dmitry Staroselsky, 1872–1875
  • Valery Pozen, 1875–1882
  • Justin von Huebsch Grostal, 1882–1888
  • Vladimir Rogge, 1888–1899
  • Dmitry Odintsov, 1899–1904
  • Mikhail Nakashidze, 1904–1905
  • Andrei Fadeyev, 1905
  • Vladimir Alyshevsky, 1905–1915
  • Leo Potulov, 1916–1917[8]

Economy

The main industries were oil extraction and refining, distillation and flour preparation. A significant part of the population was employed in agriculture and the extractive industry (69%), the non-commercial sector - 11.3%, in the manufacturing industry and trade (including transport) - 9% and 9.3%, respectively[9] .

Since the 1870s, the Baku region has become the largest center of oil production in Russia. Oilfields belonged mainly to the Russian General Oil Corporation , the Anglo-Dutch trust " Shell ", the partnership "Nobel" and the Financial Oil Corporation [9] . At the end of the 19th century, there were 209 oil fields in the province, over 930 boreholes (in 1906-1908 - over 1600). At the end of the 19th century, there were 247 silk-weaving and silk-winding factories and 125 pottery factories in the province.

In 1915, industrial production of toluene , a raw material for the production of explosives ( TNT ), obtained from crude oil , began in Baku[2].

Notes

  1. ^ Later known as Azerbaijani.

References

  1. ^ ЭСБЕ/Баку (in Russian). Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
  2. ^ a b Кавказский календарь .... на 1913 год (in Russian). Tiflis: Office of the Viceroy of the Caucasus. 1913. pp. 271–317.
  3. ^ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2022-02-26.
  4. ^ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2022-02-26.
  5. ^ Современный Азербайджан. // Новый Восток. 1926. № 4. С. 174
  6. ^ Йорг Баберовски. (2004). Под ред. И. Герасимова (ed.). "Цивилизаторская миссия и национализм в Закавказье: 1828-1914 гг". Новая имперская история постсоветского пространства. Казань: New Imperial History: 322. ISBN 9785852470249.
  7. ^ a b c Кавказский календарь .... на 1917 год (in Russian). Tiflis: Office of the Viceroy of the Caucasus. 1917. pp. 349–352.
  8. ^ Baku Lands Archived 2011-04-26 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ a b ЛАВРЕНТЬЕВИЧ., ЯНИН, ВАЛЕНТИН (1994-<2000>). Отечественная история : история России с древнейших времен до 1917 года : энциклопедия в пяти томах. Nauchnoe izd-vo Bolʹshai︠a︡ Rossiĭskai︠a︡ ėnt︠s︡iklopedii︠a︡. OCLC 1027410670. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

40°22′00″N 49°50′07″E / 40.3667°N 49.8352°E / 40.3667; 49.8352

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