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The earliest report of kelulus is from ''Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai'' (Chronicle of the Kings of Pasai) of the 14th century, in which they are mentioned as one type of vessel used by the [[Majapahit|Majapahit empire]]. Although they are not well described, kelulus is one of Majapahit's main vessel types after [[Djong (ship)|jong]] and [[malangbang]].<ref name=":2">Hill (June 1960). "[[iarchive:hikayat-raja-raja-pasai/page/2/mode/2up|Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai]]". ''Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society''. '''33''': p. 98 and 157: "Then he directed them to make ready all the equipment and munitions of war needed for an attack on the land of Pasai – about four hundred of the largest junks, and also many barges (malangbang) and galleys." See also Nugroho (2011). p. 270 and 286, quoting ''Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai'', 3: 98: "''Sa-telah itu, maka di-suroh baginda musta'idkan segala kelengkapan dan segala alat senjata peperangan akan mendatangi negeri Pasai itu, sa-kira-kira empat ratus jong yang besar-besar dan lain daripada itu banyak lagi daripada malangbang dan kelulus''." (After that, he is tasked by His Majesty to ready all the equipment and all weapons of war to come to that country of Pasai, about four hundred large jongs and other than that much more of malangbang and kelulus.)</ref>
The earliest report of kelulus is from ''Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai'' (Chronicle of the Kings of Pasai) of the 14th century, in which they are mentioned as one type of vessel used by the [[Majapahit|Majapahit empire]]. Although they are not well described, kelulus is one of Majapahit's main vessel types after [[Djong (ship)|jong]] and [[malangbang]].<ref name=":2">Hill (June 1960). "[[iarchive:hikayat-raja-raja-pasai/page/2/mode/2up|Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai]]". ''Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society''. '''33''': p. 98 and 157: "Then he directed them to make ready all the equipment and munitions of war needed for an attack on the land of Pasai – about four hundred of the largest junks, and also many barges (malangbang) and galleys." See also Nugroho (2011). p. 270 and 286, quoting ''Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai'', 3: 98: "''Sa-telah itu, maka di-suroh baginda musta'idkan segala kelengkapan dan segala alat senjata peperangan akan mendatangi negeri Pasai itu, sa-kira-kira empat ratus jong yang besar-besar dan lain daripada itu banyak lagi daripada malangbang dan kelulus''." (After that, he is tasked by His Majesty to ready all the equipment and all weapons of war to come to that country of Pasai, about four hundred large jongs and other than that much more of malangbang and kelulus.)</ref>


From [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] sources, they are transcribed as ''calaluz'' (''calaluzes'' for plural form), whereby they are described as "A kind of swift rowing vessel used in the [[Maritime Southeast Asia]]".<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Travels of Mendes Pinto|last=Pinto|first=Fernão Mendes|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0226923239|location=Chicago}}</ref><ref>Catz, Rebecca D. (1989). ''[https://archive.org/details/travelsofmendesp0000pint/page/n5/mode/2up?q= The travels of Mendes Pinto]''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</ref>{{Rp|557}}
From [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] sources, they are transcribed as ''calaluz'' (''calaluzes'' for plural form), whereby they are described as "A kind of swift rowing vessel used in the [[Maritime Southeast Asia]]".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pinto |first=Fernão Mendes |url=https://archive.org/details/the-travels-of-mendes-pinto/page/681/mode/2up?q |title=The Travels of Mendes Pinto |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-226-92323-9 |location=Chicago}}</ref>{{Rp|681}}<ref>Catz, Rebecca D. (1989). ''[https://archive.org/details/travelsofmendesp0000pint/page/n5/mode/2up?q= The travels of Mendes Pinto]''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</ref>{{Rp|557}}


[[Tomé Pires|Tome Pires]] in 1513 reported that the pates ([[duke]]s) of [[Java]] has many ''calaluz'' for raiding, and described:<blockquote>... but they are not fit to go out of the shelter of the land. Kelulus were specialty of Java. They are carved in a thousand and one ways, with figures of serpents, and gilt; they are ornamental. Each of them has many of these, and they are very much painted, and they certainly look well and are made in a very elegant way, and they are for kings to amuse themselves in, away from the common people. They are rowed with paddles.</blockquote><blockquote>... They go out in [[triumphal car]]s, and if they go by sea [they go] in painted ''calaluzes'', so clean and ornamental, with so many canopies that the rowers are not seen by the lord;<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Cortesão|first=Armando|url=https://archive.org/details/McGillLibrary-136385-182|title=The Suma oriental of Tomé Pires : an account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515 ; and, the book of Francisco Rodrigues, rutter of a voyage in the Red Sea, nautical rules, almanack and maps, written and drawn in the East before 1515 volume I|publisher=The Hakluyt Society|year=1944|isbn=9784000085052|location=London}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>{{Rp|200}}</blockquote>In 1537, [[Javanese people|Javanese]] kelulus encountered in [[Patani]] are described as having two rows of oars: One is made of [[paddle]]s, the other one is "as [[galley]]s"; they carried 100 soldiers, with much [[artillery]] and [[firearm]]s. Gonçalo de Souza, in his ''Coriosidades'' writes that they have 27 oars (54 rowers?) and 20 soldiers and are armed with small [[swivel gun]]s ([[Lela (cannon)|''falconselhos'']]) at bow and stern.<ref>''Coriosidades de Gonçalo de Souza'', manuscript in the Biblioteca da Universidade de Coimbra, Ms. 3074, fol. 38vo.</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite book|last=Wade|first=Geoff|year=2012|title=Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past|location=Singapore|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-9814311960}}</ref>{{Rp|158}}
[[Tomé Pires|Tome Pires]] in 1513 reported that the pates ([[duke]]s) of [[Java]] has many ''calaluz'' for raiding, and described:<blockquote>... but they are not fit to go out of the shelter of the land. Kelulus were specialty of Java. They are carved in a thousand and one ways, with figures of serpents, and gilt; they are ornamental. Each of them has many of these, and they are very much painted, and they certainly look well and are made in a very elegant way, and they are for kings to amuse themselves in, away from the common people. They are rowed with paddles.</blockquote><blockquote>... They go out in [[triumphal car]]s, and if they go by sea [they go] in painted ''calaluzes'', so clean and ornamental, with so many canopies that the rowers are not seen by the lord;<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Cortesão|first=Armando|url=https://archive.org/details/McGillLibrary-136385-182|title=The Suma oriental of Tomé Pires : an account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515 ; and, the book of Francisco Rodrigues, rutter of a voyage in the Red Sea, nautical rules, almanack and maps, written and drawn in the East before 1515 volume I|publisher=The Hakluyt Society|year=1944|isbn=9784000085052|location=London}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>{{Rp|200}}</blockquote>In 1537, [[Javanese people|Javanese]] kelulus encountered in [[Patani]] are described as having two rows of oars: One is made of [[paddle]]s, the other one is "as [[galley]]s"; they carried 100 soldiers, with much [[artillery]] and [[firearm]]s. Gonçalo de Souza, in his ''Coriosidades'' writes that they have 27 oars (54 rowers?) and 20 soldiers and are armed with small [[swivel gun]]s ([[Lela (cannon)|''falconselhos'']]) at bow and stern.<ref>''Coriosidades de Gonçalo de Souza'', manuscript in the Biblioteca da Universidade de Coimbra, Ms. 3074, fol. 38vo.</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite book|last=Wade|first=Geoff|year=2012|title=Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past|location=Singapore|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-9814311960}}</ref>{{Rp|158}}

Revision as of 10:23, 11 May 2022

For the boat from eastern Indonesia, see Kalulis.
Ornamented kelulus from Batavia, 1733.

Kelulus or kalulus is a type of rowing boat used in Indonesia. It is typically small in size and propelled using oar or paddle. However, for long-distance voyages, this boat can be equipped with sails.[1]: 261  It is not the same as prahu kalulis of the eastern part of the Indonesian archipelago.

Etymology

The name kelulus seems to be derived from Javanese word "lulus", which means "to go right through anything". According to Hobson-Jobson, the literal translation would be "the threader".[2]

Description

The earliest report of kelulus is from Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai (Chronicle of the Kings of Pasai) of the 14th century, in which they are mentioned as one type of vessel used by the Majapahit empire. Although they are not well described, kelulus is one of Majapahit's main vessel types after jong and malangbang.[3]

From Portuguese sources, they are transcribed as calaluz (calaluzes for plural form), whereby they are described as "A kind of swift rowing vessel used in the Maritime Southeast Asia".[4]: 681 [5]: 557 

Tome Pires in 1513 reported that the pates (dukes) of Java has many calaluz for raiding, and described:

... but they are not fit to go out of the shelter of the land. Kelulus were specialty of Java. They are carved in a thousand and one ways, with figures of serpents, and gilt; they are ornamental. Each of them has many of these, and they are very much painted, and they certainly look well and are made in a very elegant way, and they are for kings to amuse themselves in, away from the common people. They are rowed with paddles.

... They go out in triumphal cars, and if they go by sea [they go] in painted calaluzes, so clean and ornamental, with so many canopies that the rowers are not seen by the lord;[6]: 200 

In 1537, Javanese kelulus encountered in Patani are described as having two rows of oars: One is made of paddles, the other one is "as galleys"; they carried 100 soldiers, with much artillery and firearms. Gonçalo de Souza, in his Coriosidades writes that they have 27 oars (54 rowers?) and 20 soldiers and are armed with small swivel guns (falconselhos) at bow and stern.[7][8]: 158 

Spanish dictionary lists them as "Small boat used in the East Indies".

Portuguese historian António Galvão in 1544 made a treatise about Maluku, which lists the types of boats from the region, including the kalulus. He described the hull as being egg shaped at the middle but sloping upwards at both ends. At the prow they are shaped like high snake neck with the head of a serpent and the horns of a deer.[9]: 156–157, 162–163 

Usage

Kelulus were used as transport vessel or war boat. Majapahit overseas invasion used kelulus, usually in uncountable numbers.[10][3] The pati of Java had many war kelulus for raiding coastal villages. During the Demak Sultanate attack on Portuguese Malacca of 1512–1513, kelulus were used as armed troop transports for landing alongside penjajap and lancaran, as the Javanese junks were too large to approach shore.[11]: 74 

Queen Kalinyamat of Jepara attacked Portuguese Malacca in 1574 with 300 vessels, 220 of which are calaluzes and the rest were jongs weighing up to 400 tons burthen. The attack ended in failure for the Javanese.[12][13]: 212 

In 1600, king Chiay Masiuro (or Chiaymasiouro) of Demak embarked in a calelus from Blambangan which has been equipped with oar and sail, to the south. After 12 days, he arrived at Luca Antara or Java Major, which is believed to be Australia. There he received by the syahbandar, and stayed for several days. Chiaymasiuro found out that the inhabitants were Javanese, but with mixed culture of Java, Sunda, and Bali. After he returned to Blambangan, the news of the voyage made great astonishment and public notoriety in Java.[1]: 61–63 

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Mills, J. V. (1930). "Eredia's Description of Malaca, Meridional India, and Cathay". Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 8.
  2. ^ Yule, Sir Henry (1886). Hobson-Jobson: The Anglo-Indian Dictionary. Wordsworth Editions Ltd. p. 143.
  3. ^ a b Hill (June 1960). "Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 33: p. 98 and 157: "Then he directed them to make ready all the equipment and munitions of war needed for an attack on the land of Pasai – about four hundred of the largest junks, and also many barges (malangbang) and galleys." See also Nugroho (2011). p. 270 and 286, quoting Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai, 3: 98: "Sa-telah itu, maka di-suroh baginda musta'idkan segala kelengkapan dan segala alat senjata peperangan akan mendatangi negeri Pasai itu, sa-kira-kira empat ratus jong yang besar-besar dan lain daripada itu banyak lagi daripada malangbang dan kelulus." (After that, he is tasked by His Majesty to ready all the equipment and all weapons of war to come to that country of Pasai, about four hundred large jongs and other than that much more of malangbang and kelulus.)
  4. ^ Pinto, Fernão Mendes (2014). The Travels of Mendes Pinto. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-92323-9.
  5. ^ Catz, Rebecca D. (1989). The travels of Mendes Pinto. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  6. ^ Cortesão, Armando (1944). The Suma oriental of Tomé Pires : an account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515 ; and, the book of Francisco Rodrigues, rutter of a voyage in the Red Sea, nautical rules, almanack and maps, written and drawn in the East before 1515 volume I. London: The Hakluyt Society. ISBN 9784000085052. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  7. ^ Coriosidades de Gonçalo de Souza, manuscript in the Biblioteca da Universidade de Coimbra, Ms. 3074, fol. 38vo.
  8. ^ Wade, Geoff (2012). Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-9814311960.
  9. ^ Jacobs, Hubert Th. Th. M. (1971). A Treatise on the Moluccas (c. 1544), probably the preliminary version of António Galvão's lost Historia das Moluccas. Rome: Jesuit Historical Society.
  10. ^ Adam (2019). p. 128: "Setelah itu maka disuruh baginda musta'ibkan segala kelengkapan dan segala alat senjata peperangan akan mendatangi negeri Pasai itu; sekira-kira empat ratus jong yang besar-besar; dan lain daripada itu banyak lagi daripada melangbang [melambang] dan kelulus."
  11. ^ Winstedt, Richard Olaf (1962). A History of Malaya. Singapore: Marican & Sons.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  12. ^ Marsden, William (1783). The History of Sumatra: Containing an Account of the Government, Laws, Customs, and Manners of the Native Inhabitants. London: W. Marsden. p. 350-351.
  13. ^ Manguin, Pierre-Yves (1993). 'The Vanishing Jong: Insular Southeast Asian Fleets in Trade and War (Fifteenth to Seventeenth Centuries)', in Anthony Reid (ed.), Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era (Ithaca: Cornell University Press), 197–213.

Further reading

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