Talysh people: Difference between revisions
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The '''Talysh people''' ({{lang-tly|Tolışon|script=Latn}}, {{lang-az|Talışlar}}, {{lang-fa| تالشان}}) are an [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]]<ref>"Jamie Stokes,"Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Volume 1",Infobase Publishing, 2009. |
The '''Talysh people''' ({{lang-tly|Tolışon|script=Latn}} تالشان, {{lang-az|Talışlar}}, {{lang-fa| تالشان}}) are an [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]]<ref>"Jamie Stokes,"Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Volume 1",Infobase Publishing, 2009. |
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pp 682: "The Talysh are an Iranian people, most of whom now live in the Republic of Azerbaijan, on the southwestern shore of the Caspian Sea, " |
pp 682: "The Talysh are an Iranian people, most of whom now live in the Republic of Azerbaijan, on the southwestern shore of the Caspian Sea, " |
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</ref><ref>M. Wesley Shoemaker, "Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States 2008", Stryker-Post Publications, 2008. |
</ref><ref>M. Wesley Shoemaker, "Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States 2008", Stryker-Post Publications, 2008. |
Revision as of 14:54, 28 May 2022
![]() | This article's factual accuracy is disputed. (September 2014) |
Tolışon • Talışlar • تالشان | |
---|---|
![]() Talysh women in Azerbaijan | |
Total population | |
c. ' 912,000 | |
Regions with significant populations | |
![]() | 300.000 – 400.000 |
![]() | 200.000 – 300.000 |
![]() | 2,529 (2010 census)[1] |
Languages | |
Talysh | |
Religion | |
Islam (Predominantly Shi'a) with minority following Sunni[2][3][4] | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Other Iranian peoples |
The Talysh people (Talysh: Tolışon تالشان, Azerbaijani: Talışlar, Persian: تالشان) are an Iranian[5][6][7][8][9][10] ethnic group indigenous to a region shared between Azerbaijan and Iran which spans the South Caucasus and the southwestern shore of the Caspian Sea. They speak the Talysh language, one of the Northwestern Iranian languages. It is spoken in the northern regions of the Iranian provinces of Gilan and Ardabil and the southern parts of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Northern Talysh (the part in the Republic of Azerbaijan) was historically known as Talish-i Gushtasbi. In Iran there is a Talesh County in Gilan Province.[11]
Origins
The Talysh generally identify themselves with the ancient Cadusians, who inhabited the area to the southwest of Caspian Sea, bounded on the north by Kura River, including modern provinces of Ardabil and Gilan. The name Talishi may be etymologically related to Cadusi, which has influenced the name of the Caspian and Caucasus.[citation needed]
Sprache
Talysh has two major mutually intelligible dialects – Northern (in Azerbaijan and Iran), and Southern (in Iran). Azerbaijani is used as the literary language in Azerbaijan and Persian in Iran.
Genetics
With regards to their NRY-Y-DNA haplogroups, the Talysh show salient Near-Eastern affinities, with haplogroup J2, associated with the advent and diffusion of agriculture in the neolithic Near East, found in over 25% of the sample.[12] Another patriline, haplogroup R1, is also seen to range from 1/4 to up to 1/2, while R1a1, a marker associated with Eastern Indo-European, which includes Indo-Iranian peoples of Central/South Eurasia, only reaches to under 5%, along with haplogroup G.[12]
Standort
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Map_of_Talysh-inhabited_provinces_of_Iran%2C_according_to_a_poll_in_2011.png/220px-Map_of_Talysh-inhabited_provinces_of_Iran%2C_according_to_a_poll_in_2011.png)
Most Talysh in the Republic of Azerbaijan live in a region that stretches from the western bank of the Vilaj River in the north to the Iranian border in the south and from the Caspian Sea in the east to the Iranian border in the West. This region covers the five political districts of Astara, Lankəran, Lerik, Masallı, and Yardımlı. Within these five districts there are over 350 Talysh villages and towns. In recent years, Talysh have also settled in other parts of Azerbaijan. Pockets of Talysh can be found south of the Kura River in the Bilasuvar, Neftcala, and Calilabad districts. Large numbers of Talysh have also moved to the urban surroundings of the capital, Baku. In particular, the cities of Bina and Sumqayıt have seen an influx of Talysh. [13]
Demographics
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Talysh_language_dialects.svg/220px-Talysh_language_dialects.svg.png)
According to the Russian Imperial Census of 1897 there were 34,994 Talysh in Baku Governorate.[14]
According to a 1926 census, there were 77,039 Talysh in Azerbaijan SSR. From 1959 to 1989, the Talysh were not included as a separate ethnic group in any census, but rather they were included as part of the Turkic-speaking Azerbaijanis, although the Talysh speak an Iranian language.
According to the official 1999 census of the Republic of Azerbaijan the number of Talysh people in the Republic of Azerbaijan was 76,000.[15]
Talysh nationalists have always asserted that the number of Talysh in Azerbaijan is substantially higher than the official statistics.[16][2] According to unofficial statistics, between 200,000 and 300,000 Talysh citizens live in Azerbaijan. [16][2] Some claim that the population of the Talysh inhabiting the southern regions of Azerbaijan is 600,000.[17] The number of Talysh speakers in 2003 was estimated to be at least 400,000 in the Republic of Azerbaijan.[18]
According to some sources, the Azerbaijani government has also implemented a policy of forceful integration of all minorities, including Talysh, Tat, and Lezgins.[19] However, in a view of Hema Kotecha "the attitude towards any separatist tendencies seems predominantly negative" among the Talysh.[17] According to Swedish scholar on Eurasia Svante E. Cornell Azerbaijani government denies Lezgins claim that the number of Lezgins is many times higher than official numbers, but in private many Azeris acknowledge the fact that Lezgins – for that matter Talysh or the Kurdish population of Azerbaijan is far higher than the official figure. [20]
Obtaining accurate statistics is difficult, due to the unavailability of reliable sources, intermarriage, and the decline of the Talysh language.[21][22]
Culture and religion
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Circa_1860_Talish_rug.png/170px-Circa_1860_Talish_rug.png)
The Talysh are mainly a rural people who tend to live in regions and villages heavily or completely inhabited by other Talysh. The Talysh are mainly agriculturists that cultivate citrus fruits, tea, rice, and certain sub-tropical plants. Carpet-weaving is another occupation that the Talysh are known for.[23] The Talysh largely follow Shia (Twelver) Islam. They are regarded as a conservative and religious people.[24]
During modern history
USSR era
In the early Soviet period, there were Talysh high schools, a newspaper called "Red Talysh", and several Talysh language books published, but by end of the 1930s these schools were closed and the Talysh identity was not acknowledged in official statistics, with the Talysh being classified as "Azerbaijani".[17]
From 1991 to present
Historical repression of identity and the inability to practice their culture and language has led the Talysh to an internalized self-repression.[17] This makes it difficult to gauge support for any type of Talysh movement.[17] According to Hema Kotecha, many Talysh fear being associated with the separatist Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic, with Russia, or with Armenia if they acknowledge or attempt to talk about their beliefs in the public sphere. The fear of the police is another factor to this silence, although support for secular democracy and shared Azerbaijani-Talysh feelings towards Nagorno-Karabakh contribute as well.[17] The Talysh population is declining; the language is on its way to extinction within 25–35 years, as it is very often not passed on to children.[citation needed] Young Talesh people more frequently use Persian or Azerbaijani in their communities.
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty voiced their concerns about the arrest of Novruzali Mamedov, Chairman of the Talysh Cultural Centre and editor-in-chief of the Tolyshi Sado newspaper.[25] According to a U.S. government interview with Khilal Mamedov, a Talysh rights activist, Mr. Mamedov: “Accused the Azerbaijani leadership of Turkic nationalism and of seeking to suppress non-Turkic minorities…. He said the Azerbaijani leadership seeks to minimize contacts between the Talysh communities in Azerbaijan and Iran and to run Azerbaijan into a monoethnic state.”[26]
As of 2008[update], Ismail Shabanov was the president of the Talysh diaspora of Russia.
The National Talysh Movement (NTM)
The National Talysh Movement (NTM) was formally created in 2007 by Talysh leaders exiled in the Netherlands. The members of the organization include those who were in support of the Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic such as Alikram Hummatov, the self-proclaimed president of Talysh-Mughan. The movement favors an autonomous region within Azerbaijan. It also demands the promotion of democratic, cultural, and linguistic rights of all minorities within Azerbaijan.[27]
See also
References
- ^ "Впн-2010". Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
- ^ a b c Minahan, James. religion of majority of Talysh: One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups, Greenwood, 2000, ISBN 0-313-30984-1, ISBN 978-0-313-30984-7, p.674.
- ^ Clifton/Deckinga/Lucht/Tiessen (2005), "Sociolinguistic Situation of the Talysh in Azerbaijan Archived 20 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine". SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2005. p. 5
- ^ "The Unreached Peoples Prayer Profiles". Kcm.co.kr. Archived from the original on 3 June 2008. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
- ^ "Jamie Stokes,"Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Volume 1",Infobase Publishing, 2009. pp 682: "The Talysh are an Iranian people, most of whom now live in the Republic of Azerbaijan, on the southwestern shore of the Caspian Sea, "
- ^ M. Wesley Shoemaker, "Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States 2008", Stryker-Post Publications, 2008. pp 141: "Here the Talysh, an Iranian people, live in their mountainous villages and support themselves by weaving rugs and carpets by hand in the traditional way." [1] Archived 13 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ James Stothert Gregory, "Russian land, Soviet people: a geographical approach to the U.S.S.R.", Pegasus, 1968. pp 161: "Smaller Iranian groups are the Talysh and Kurds of Transcaucasia" [2]
- ^ Michael P. Croissant, "The Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict: causes and implications", Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998. pp 67: "Talysh, an Iranian people whose language belongs to the northwest Iranian language group" [3] Archived 15 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Charles Dowsett, "Sayatʻ-Nova: an 18th-century troubadour : a biographical and literary study", Peeters Publishers, 1997. pp 174: "Talish is the name of an Iranian people in Gilan" [4] Archived 9 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Garnik Asatrian & Habib Borjian (2005.). Talish and the Talashis (State of Research). Iran & the Caucasus, 9 (1), pp. 43–72 pp 46: "Despite the fact that the Talishis, both in Iran and in the north, have explicit Iranian identity, the situation with the Talishis in the Azerbaijan Republic, living as an enclave within the predominantly Turkic environment, has inspired the southern intellectual milieu as well." pp 47: "The structures of both ethnonyms, Καδούσ- (Cadus-) and Tāliš, are similar: ... Despite the obvious speculative character of the above etymology, still the Καδούσ-/Tāliš identification must not be discarded from the agenda of the ethnic history of the region, at least as a working hypothesis."
- ^ Народы мира : энциклопедия. Olma Media Group. 2007. p. 201. ISBN 978-5-373-01057-3. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
- ^ a b Nasidze I, Quinque D, et al. (2009). "mtDNA and Y-chromosome variation in the Talysh of Iran and Azerbaijan". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 138 (1): 82–9
- ^ Sociolinguistic Situation of the Talysh in Azerbaijan (PDF). SIL International. 2005. p. 3.
- ^ "Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Распределение населения по родному языку и уездам Российской Империи кроме губерний Европейской России". Демоскоп Weekly. Archived from the original on 25 July 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
- ^ Umudlu, I. "Azerbaijan has preserved its `unique country' image because of the population's ethnic composition", Ayna (Azerbaijani newspaper), 16 March 2001. Translated and posted online by Justin Burke at Azerbaijan Daily Digest, Eurasianet.org, 23 March 2001.
- ^ a b CRIA. "CRIA " Inspired from Abroad: The External Sources of Separatism in Azerbaijan". cria-online.org. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f Kotecha, Hema. “Islamic and Ethnic Identities in Azerbaijan: Emerging Trends and Tensions” Archived 5 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, OSCE Report, Baku, July 2006.
- ^ Tiessen, Calvin F. "Positive Orientation Towards the Vernacular Among the Talysh of Sumgayit" Archived 4 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Graduate Thesis, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, 2003.
- ^ Paulston, Christina Bratt. Peckham, Donald. "Linguistic Minorities in Central and Eastern Europe", Multilingual Matters. ISBN 1-85359-416-4, p.106.
- ^ Cornell, Svante E. Small Nations and Great Powers. Routledge (UK), 2001. ISBN 0-7007-1162-7, p.269.
- ^ "Allegation of Minority Rights Violations in Azerbaijan". Wash. profile. Archived from the original on 7 November 2007. Retrieved 29 December 2007.
- ^ "Talysh: Editor Arrested". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. 8 February 2007. Archived from the original on 8 September 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2007.
- ^ Akiner, Shirin (1986). Islamic peoples of the Soviet Union : with an appendix on the non-Muslim Turkic peoples of the Soviet Union : an historical and statistical handbook (2nd ed.). London: KPI. p. 263. ISBN 0-7103-0188-X.
- ^ Bennigsen, Alexandre; Wimbush, S. Enders (1986). Muslims of the Soviet Empire. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 220. ISBN 0-253-33958-8.
- ^ "Azerbaijani Authorities Accused of Discriminating Against Ethnic Minorities". HRI. Hellenic Resources Network. 7 July 2011. Archived from the original on 17 March 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2007.
- ^ "Azerbaijani authorities accused of discriminating against ethnic minorities", Newsline, RFE/RL, 20 February 2007
- ^ "Talysh". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO). 18 July 2014. Archived from the original on 2 March 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
Further reading
- Ter-Abrahamian, Hrant (2005). "On the Formation of the National Identity of the Talishis in Azerbaijan Republic". Iran and the Caucasus. 9 (1): 121–144. doi:10.1163/1573384054068132.