Akhalkalaki uezd: Difference between revisions

Akhalkalaki Uyezd

Ахалкалакскій уѣздъ
Akhalkalaki Uyezd Ахалкалакскій уѣздъ
Uezd
	Coat of arms
	Location in the Tiflis Governorate
Land	Russian Empire
Viceroyalty	Caucasus
Governorate	Tiflis
Established	1874
Abolished	1930
Capital	Akhalkalak (Akhalkalaki)
Uchastoks	Baralet and Bogdanov
Area
• Total	2,739.32 km2 (1,057.66 sq mi)
Population (1916)
• Total	107,173
• Density	39/km2 (100/sq mi)
• Urban	6.58%
• Rural	93.42%

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The Akhalkalaki Uyezd (pre-reform Russian: Ахалкала́кскій уѣ́здъ, tr. Akhalkaláksky uyézd; Georgian: ახალქალაქის მაზრა; Armenian: Ախալքալաքի գավառ) was an uezd ("county") of the Tiflis Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, and then of Democratic Republic of Georgia, with its administrative center in Akhalkalaki.^[1]^[2] The uyezd bordered the Gori Uyezd to the north, the Borchaly Uyezd to the east, the Alexandropol Uezd of the Erivan Governorate and the Kars and Ardahan okrugs of the Kars Oblast to the south, and the Akhaltsikhe Uyezd to the west. The area of the uyezd roughly corresponded to the contemporary Samtskhe-Javakheti region of Georgia.

History

The territory of the Akhalkalaki Uyezd, then part of the Akhaltsikhe Uyezd, entered into the Kutais Governorate of the Russian Empire following the Russo-Turkish War of 1828. By 1874, the Akhkalaki Uyezd was detached from the hitherto larger Akhaltsikhe Uyezd, becoming a constituent county of the Tiflis Governorate.^[2]

Following the Russian Revolution, the Akhalkalaki Uyezd was incorporated into the short-lived Democratic Republic of Georgia, however, it was strongly disputed by the Democratic Republic of Armenia which also claimed the county on the grounds of history and ethnography.^[2]

As a result of the Ottoman occupation of the uezd, of the initial 80,000 Armenians in 1918, 30,000 died whilst the surviving 40,000 still in the district were affected by famine and concubinage.^[3]

Lord Curzon during the Paris Peace Conference discussions on the fate of the independent Transcaucasian republics assessed the ethnographic situation in the southwestern uezds of the Tiflis Governorate:^[4]

On the grounds of nationality, therefore, these districts ought to belong to Armenia, but they command the heart of Georgia strategically, and on the whole it would seem equitable to assign them to Georgia, and give their Armenian inhabitants the option of emigration into the wide territories assigned to the Armenians towards the south-west.

Administrative divisions

The uchastoks ("subcounties") of the Akhalkalaki Uyezd were:^[5]

Baralet (Баралетский участок)
Bogdanov (Богдановский участок)

Demographics

Caucasian Calendar (1917)

According to the 1917 publication of the Caucasian Calendar, the Akhalkalaki Uyezd had 107,173 residents in 1916, including 56,140 men and 51,033 women, 106,307 of whom were the permanent population, and 866 were temporary residents:^[6]

Nationality	Urban		Rural		TOTAL
Nationality	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Armenians	6,151	87.19	76,624	76.53	82,775	77.23
Georgians	265	3.76	10,039	10.03	10,304	9.61
Russians	429	6.08	7,113	7.10	7,542	7.04
Sunni Muslims	0	0.00	5,431	5.42	5,431	5.07
Kurds	0	0.00	904	0.90	904	0.84
Jews	204	2.89	0	0.00	204	0.19
Other Europeans	6	0.09	7	0.01	13	0.01
TOTAL	7,055	100.00	100,118	100.00	107,173	100.00

References

^ Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopaedia: Tiflis Governorate (in Russian)
^ ^a ^b ^c Tsutsiev, Arthur (2014), Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus, New Haven and London, p. 164, ISBN 978-0-300-15308-8, OCLC 884858065, retrieved 2021-12-25{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971–1996). The Republic of Armenia. Vol. 2. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 151–152. ISBN 0-520-01805-2. OCLC 238471.
^ Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971–1996). The Republic of Armenia. Vol. 1. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 267. ISBN 0-520-01805-2. OCLC 238471.
^ Кавказский календарь на 1913 год [Caucasian calendar for 1913] (in Russian) (68th ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1913. pp. 164–175. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022.
^ Кавказский календарь на 1917 год [Caucasian calendar for 1917] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917. pp. 206–213. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021.

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41°24′20″N 43°29′10″E / 41.40556°N 43.48611°E / 41.40556; 43.48611

[bee-1] Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopaedia: Tiflis Governorate (in Russian)

[:02-2] Tsutsiev, Arthur (2014), Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus, New Haven and London, p. 164, ISBN 978-0-300-15308-8, OCLC 884858065, retrieved 2021-12-25{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[3] Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971–1996). The Republic of Armenia. Vol. 2. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 151–152. ISBN 0-520-01805-2. OCLC 238471.

[4] Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971–1996). The Republic of Armenia. Vol. 1. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 267. ISBN 0-520-01805-2. OCLC 238471.

[5] Кавказский календарь на 1913 год [Caucasian calendar for 1913] (in Russian) (68th ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1913. pp. 164–175. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022.

[6] Кавказский календарь на 1917 год [Caucasian calendar for 1917] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917. pp. 206–213. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

@@ Line 32: / Line 32: @@
 | total_type               = Total
 }}
-The '''Akhalkalaki Uyezd''' ([[Russian alphabet#Letters eliminated in 1918|pre-reform Russian]]: {{lang|ru|Ахалкалакскій уѣздъ}}; {{lang-ka|ახალქალაქის მაზრა}}; {{lang-hy|Ախալքալաքի գավառ}}) was an [[Uyezd|''uezd'']] (county) of the [[Tiflis Governorate]] of the [[Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)|Caucasus Viceroyalty]] of the [[Russian Empire]], and then of [[Democratic Republic of Georgia]], with its administrative center in [[Akhalkalaki]].<ref name="bee">Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopaedia: [http://gatchina3000.ru/brockhaus-and-efron-encyclopedic-dictionary/101/101251.htm Tiflis Governorate] {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Citation|last=Tsutsiev|first=Arthur|title=Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus|date=2014|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/884858065|pages=164|place=New Haven and London|isbn=978-0-300-15308-8|oclc=884858065|access-date=2021-12-25}}</ref> The uyezd bordered the [[Gori Uyezd]] to the north, the [[Borchaly Uyezd]] to the east, the [[Alexandropol Uezd]] of the [[Erivan Governorate]] and the [[Kars Okrug|Kars]] and [[Ardahan Okrug|Ardahan]] okrugs of the [[Kars Oblast]] to the south, and the [[Akhaltsikhe Uyezd]] to the west. The area of the uyezd roughly corresponded to the contemporary [[Samtskhe–Javakheti|Samtskhe-Javakheti]] region of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].
+The '''Akhalkalaki Uyezd''' ([[Russian alphabet#Letters eliminated in 1918|pre-reform Russian]]: {{lang|ru|Ахалкала́кскій уѣ́здъ}}, [[Romanization of Russian|<small>tr.</small>]] ''Akhalkaláksky uyézd''; {{lang-ka|ახალქალაქის მაზრა}}; {{lang-hy|Ախալքալաքի գավառ}}) was an [[Uyezd|''uezd'']] ("county") of the [[Tiflis Governorate]] of the [[Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)|Caucasus Viceroyalty]] of the [[Russian Empire]], and then of [[Democratic Republic of Georgia]], with its administrative center in [[Akhalkalaki]].<ref name="bee">Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopaedia: [http://gatchina3000.ru/brockhaus-and-efron-encyclopedic-dictionary/101/101251.htm Tiflis Governorate] {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Citation|last=Tsutsiev|first=Arthur|title=Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus|date=2014|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/884858065|pages=164|place=New Haven and London|isbn=978-0-300-15308-8|oclc=884858065|access-date=2021-12-25}}</ref> The uyezd bordered the [[Gori Uyezd]] to the north, the [[Borchaly Uyezd]] to the east, the [[Alexandropol Uezd]] of the [[Erivan Governorate]] and the [[Kars Okrug|Kars]] and [[Ardahan Okrug|Ardahan]] okrugs of the [[Kars Oblast]] to the south, and the [[Akhaltsikhe Uyezd]] to the west. The area of the uyezd roughly corresponded to the contemporary [[Samtskhe–Javakheti|Samtskhe-Javakheti]] region of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].
 == History ==
-The territory of the Akhalkalaki Uyezd, then part of the Akhaltsikhe Uyezd, entered into the [[Kutais Governorate]] of the Russian Empire following the [[Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)|Russo-Turkish War of 1828]]. By 1874, the Akhkalaki Uyezd was detached from the hitherto larger Akhaltsikhe Uyezd, becoming a constituent county of the Tiflis Governorate.
+The territory of the Akhalkalaki Uyezd, then part of the Akhaltsikhe Uyezd, entered into the [[Kutais Governorate]] of the Russian Empire following the [[Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)|Russo-Turkish War of 1828]]. By 1874, the Akhkalaki Uyezd was detached from the hitherto larger Akhaltsikhe Uyezd, becoming a constituent county of the Tiflis Governorate.<ref name=":02" />
-Following the [[Russian Revolution]], the Akhalkalaki Uyezd was incorporated into the short-lived [[Democratic Republic of Georgia]], however, it was strongly disputed by the [[First Republic of Armenia|Democratic Republic of Armenia]] which also claimed the county on the grounds of history and ethnography.
+Following the [[Russian Revolution]], the Akhalkalaki Uyezd was incorporated into the short-lived [[Democratic Republic of Georgia]], however, it was strongly disputed by the [[First Republic of Armenia|Democratic Republic of Armenia]] which also claimed the county on the grounds of history and ethnography.<ref name=":02" />
+As a result of the Ottoman occupation of the ''uezd'', of the initial 80,000 Armenians in 1918, 30,000 died whilst the surviving 40,000 still in the district were affected by famine and concubinage.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hovannisian |first=Richard G. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/238471 |title=The Republic of Armenia |date=1971–1996 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-01805-2 |volume=2 |location=Berkeley |pages=151-152 |oclc=238471}}</ref>
-[[Richard G. Hovannisian|Hovannisian]], a notable historian on the topic of the interwar republic of Armenia describes the fate of the more than eighty-thousand [[Armenians in Georgia|Armenians]] of the Akhalkalaki Uyezd:<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hovannisian|first=Richard G.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/238471|title=The Republic of Armenia|date=1971–1996|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-01805-2|volume=2|location=Berkeley|pages=151-152|oclc=238471}}</ref><blockquote>Thirty thousand had perished as the result of the Turkish occupation, and those who survived were starving. Some mothers attempted to save their daughters by offering them as wives to Georgian militiamen and soldiers ... hundreds of women and children were pressed into servitude in the adjacent Muslim districts. All roads leading away from Akhalkalak were strewn with the bodies of fleeing Armenians. In September ... of the more than 80,000 Armenians in the county at the beginning of 1918, only 40,000 were left and that these were rapidly succumbing to famine, foreign marriages, concubinage, or to even worse fates. Although the Tiflis government regarded Akhalkalak as an integral part of the Republic of Georgia ... it did nothing to relieve the agony.</blockquote>[[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]] during the [[Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)|Paris Peace Conference]] discussions on the fate of the independent Transcaucasian republics assessed the ethnographic situation in the southwestern ''uezds'' of the Tiflis Governorate:<ref>Britain, Cab 27/37, E.C. 2525.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hovannisian|first=Richard G.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/238471|title=The Republic of Armenia|date=1971–1996|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-01805-2|volume=1|location=Berkeley|pages=267|oclc=238471}}</ref><blockquote>Along the line marking the proposed northeastern boundary of Armenia, the counties of Akhalkalaki and Akhaltsikhe fell on the Georgian side, even though, it was stated, they were populated primarily by the Armenian descendants of refugees from Turkey: “On the grounds of nationality, therefore, these districts ought to belong to Armenia, but they command the heart of Georgia strategically, and on the whole it would seem equitable to assign them to Georgia, and give their Armenian inhabitants the option of emigration into the wide territories assigned to the Armenians towards the south-west.”</blockquote>
+[[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]] during the [[Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)|Paris Peace Conference]] discussions on the fate of the independent Transcaucasian republics assessed the ethnographic situation in the southwestern ''uezds'' of the Tiflis Governorate:<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hovannisian|first=Richard G.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/238471|title=The Republic of Armenia|date=1971–1996|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-01805-2|volume=1|location=Berkeley|pages=267|oclc=238471}}</ref><blockquote>On the grounds of nationality, therefore, these districts ought to belong to Armenia, but they command the heart of Georgia strategically, and on the whole it would seem equitable to assign them to Georgia, and give their Armenian inhabitants the option of emigration into the wide territories assigned to the Armenians towards the south-west.</blockquote>
 == Administrative divisions ==
-The ''[[Uchastok|uchastoks]]'' (sub-counties) of the Akhalkalaki Uyezd were:<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.prlib.ru/item/417318|title=Кавказский календарь .... на 1913 год|publisher=Office of the Viceroy of the Caucasus|year=1913|location=Tiflis|pages=271-317|language=ru}}</ref>
+The ''[[Uchastok|uchastoks]]'' ("subcounties") of the Akhalkalaki Uyezd were:<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.prlib.ru/item/417318 |title=Кавказский календарь на 1913 год |publisher=Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom |year=1913 |edition=68th |location= |publication-place=Tiflis |pages=164–175 |language=Russian |trans-title=Caucasian calendar for 1913 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419155400/https://www.prlib.ru/item/417318 |archive-date=19 April 2022}}</ref>
 * Baralet ({{lang|ru|Баралетский участок}})
@@ Line 50: / Line 52: @@
 === Caucasian Calendar (1917) ===
-The 1917 Caucasian Calendar which produced statistics of 1916 indicates 107,173 residents in the Akhalkalaki Uyezd, including 56,140 men and 51,033 women, 106,307 of whom were the permanent population, and 866 were temporary residents:<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|url=https://www.prlib.ru/item/417322|title=Кавказский календарь .... на 1917 год|publisher=Office of the Viceroy of the Caucasus|year=1917|location=Tiflis|pages=363-366|language=Russian}}</ref>
+According to the 1917 publication of the ''Caucasian Calendar'', the Akhalkalaki Uyezd had 107,173 residents in 1916, including 56,140 men and 51,033 women, 106,307 of whom were the permanent population, and 866 were temporary residents:<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.prlib.ru/item/417322 |title=Кавказский календарь на 1917 год |publisher=Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom |year=1917 |edition=72nd |location= |publication-place=Tiflis |pages=206–213 |language=Russian |trans-title=Caucasian calendar for 1917 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104233151/https://www.prlib.ru/item/417322 |archive-date=4 November 2021}}</ref>
 {| class="wikitable sortable"
-!Nationality
+! rowspan="2" |Nationality
+! colspan="2" |[[Urban area|Urban]]
-!Center
+! colspan="2" |[[Rural area|Rural]]
-!Rural
 ! colspan="2" |TOTAL
+|-
+!Number
+!%
+!Number
+!%
+!Number
+!%
 |-
 |[[Armenians]]
-|6,151
+| align="right" |6,151
+| align="right" |87.19
-|76,624
+| align="right" |76,624
-|82,775
+| align="right" |76.53
-|<small>77.2%</small>
+| align="right" |82,775
+| align="right" |77.23
 |-
 |[[Georgians]]
+| align="right" |265
-|265
+| align="right" |3.76
-|10,039
+| align="right" |10,039
-|10,304
+| align="right" |10.03
-|<small>9.6%</small>
+| align="right" |10,304
+| align="right" |9.61
 |-
 |[[Russians]]
+| align="right" |429
-|429
+| align="right" |6.08
-|7,113
+| align="right" |7,113
-|7,542
+| align="right" |7.10
-|<small>7.0%</small>
+| align="right" |7,542
+| align="right" |7.04
 |-
+|[[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]]
-|[[Azerbaijanis]]
+| align="right" |0
-|0
+| align="right" |0.00
-|5,431
-|5,431
+| align="right" |5,431
+| align="right" |5.42
-|<small>5.1%</small>
+| align="right" |5,431
+| align="right" |5.07
 |-
 |[[Kurds]]
+| align="right" |0
-|0
+| align="right" |0.00
-|904
+| align="right" |904
-|904
+| align="right" |0.90
-|<small>0.8%</small>
+| align="right" |904
+| align="right" |0.84
 |-
 |[[Jews]]
+| align="right" |204
-|204
+| align="right" |2.89
-|0
+| align="right" |0
-|204
+| align="right" |0.00
-|<small>0.2%</small>
+| align="right" |204
+| align="right" |0.19
+|-
+|[[Europeans|Other Europeans]]
+| align="right" |6
+| align="right" |0.09
+| align="right" |7
+| align="right" |0.01
+| align="right" |13
+| align="right" |0.01
 |-
 !TOTAL
 !7,055
+!100.00
 !100,118
+!100.00
-!'''107,173'''
+!107,173
-!<small>100.0%</small>
+!100.00
 |}

v t e Subdivisions of the Russian Empire
Governorates (List)	Azov¹ Altai² Arkhangelsk Archangelgorod* Astrakhan Belgorod Bessarabia Bratslav Weißrussland Caucasus Chernigov Grodno Finnland Iziaslav Ingermanland Irkutsk Kazan Kaluga Kiev (1708) Kiev Kharkov Kherson Kholm Kovno Kolyvan Kostroma Kursk Litauen Little Russia (1764) Little Russia (1796) Minsk Mogilev Moscow Nikolayev Nizhny Novgorod Novgorod-Seversky Novgorod Novorossiya Olonets Orenburg Oryol Penza Perm Petrograd² Podolia Polotsk* Poltava Pskov Ryazan Samara Saint Petersburg Saratov Siberia Simbirsk Sloboda Ukraine Slonim Smolensk Stavropol Taurida Tambov Tver Tobolsk Tomsk Tula Ufa Vilna Vitebsk Vladimir Voznesensk Vologda Volhynia Voronezh Vyatka Vyborg Yaroslavl Yekaterinoslav Yeniseysk
Oblasts	Amur Belostok Bessarabia Don Host Transbaikal Kamchatka Caspian Kwantung Orenburg Kirgiz Omsk Primorskaya Sakhalin Taurida Tarnopol Turgay Ural Yakut
Oblasts of Stepnoy Krai	Akmolinsk Siberia Kirgiz Semipalatinsk
Oblasts of Turkestan Krai	Transcaspian Samarkand Semirechye Oblast Syr-Darya Oblast Turkestan Fergana
Caucasus Viceroyalty	Baku (Governorate) Black Sea Derbent Elizavetpol Erivan Georgia-Imeretia Georgien Kutaisi Shemakha Tiflis Armenian Batum Dagestan Imeretia Kars Kuban Terek Sukhumi Zakatal Baku (Gradonachalstvo)
Baltic Governorates³	Courland Livonia Reval Riga Estland
Governorates of Finland	Abo-Byorneborg Vaza Vyborg Kuopio Nyuland Sankt-Mikhel Tavastgus Uleaborg
Governorates of Poland	Avgustov Warsaw Kalish Keltsy Krakov Lomzha Lyublin Mazovia Petrokov Plotsk Podlyashye Radom Sandomir Sedlets Suvalki
Governorates of Galicia and Bukovina	Lvov Peremyshl Tarnopol Chernovtsy
Dependencies	Bukey Horde Emirate of Bukhara Khanate of Kokand Russian America Uryankhay Krai² Khanate of Khiva Zeravshan Okrug*
¹ Italics indicates renamed or abolished governorates, oblasts, etc on 1 January 1914. ² An asterisk (*) indicates governorates formed or created with renaming after 1 January 1914. ³ Ostsee or Baltic general-governorship was abolished in 1876.