Vietnamese people in Japan: Difference between revisions
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By status of residence, the number of " technical intern training ", which is about one-third of the total, is the highest at 160,563, which is the highest among foreigners living in Japan.<ref>https://warp.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/12213418/www.moj.go.jp/isa/content/001370057.pdf</ref> This was followed by "Technology / Humanities / International Services" (64,200 people) and "Specific Activities" (59,847 people). Regarding the fourth largest number of " study abroad " (46,403 students), as of May 1, 2021, the number of international students at higher education institutions and Japanese language education institutions was 49,469, which is the second highest after China ( 114,255 students). <ref>{{Cite web |title=2021（令和３）年度外国人留学生在籍状況調査結果｜外国人留学生在籍状況調査｜留学生に関する調査｜日本留学情報サイト Study in Japan |url=https://warp.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/12231789/www.studyinjapan.go.jp/ja/statistics/zaiseki/data/2021.html |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=warp.ndl.go.jp}}</ref> |
By status of residence, the number of " technical intern training ", which is about one-third of the total, is the highest at 160,563, which is the highest among foreigners living in Japan.<ref>https://warp.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/12213418/www.moj.go.jp/isa/content/001370057.pdf</ref> This was followed by "Technology / Humanities / International Services" (64,200 people) and "Specific Activities" (59,847 people). Regarding the fourth largest number of " study abroad " (46,403 students), as of May 1, 2021, the number of international students at higher education institutions and Japanese language education institutions was 49,469, which is the second highest after China ( 114,255 students). <ref>{{Cite web |title=2021（令和３）年度外国人留学生在籍状況調査結果｜外国人留学生在籍状況調査｜留学生に関する調査｜日本留学情報サイト Study in Japan |url=https://warp.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/12231789/www.studyinjapan.go.jp/ja/statistics/zaiseki/data/2021.html |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=warp.ndl.go.jp}}</ref> |
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The number of Vietnamese living in Japan is increasing every year, and in recent years it has shown the highest number of foreigners living in Japan. By including the second generation of Indochina refugees who had acquired Japanese nationality during the Vietnam War, the number will even be higher. |
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==Migration history== |
==Migration history== |
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Vietnamese students began to choose Japan as a destination in the early 20th century, spurred by the exiled prince [[Cường Để]] and the [[Đông Du|Đông Du Movement]] (literally, "Travel East movement" or "Eastern Travel movement") he and [[Phan Bội Châu]] pioneered. By 1908, 200 Vietnamese students had gone to study at Japanese universities.<ref name="Tran">{{citation|title=A Vietnamese Royal Exile in Japan: Prince Cường Để (1882-1951)|first=My-Van|last=Tran|year=2005|publisher=Routledge|pages=3–5, 41–47|isbn=0-415-29716-8}}</ref><ref name="Chandler">{{citation|title=In Search of Southeast Asia: A Modern History|first=David P.|last=Chandler|first2=David Joel|last2=Steinberg|pages=315–316|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=1987|isbn=0-8248-1110-0}}</ref> However, the community of Vietnamese people in Japan is dominated by [[Vietnam War]] refugees and their families, who compose about 70% of the total population.<ref name="Shingaki"/> Japan began to accept refugees from Vietnam in the late 1970s.<ref name="Hosoya">{{citation|url=http://opac.kanto-gakuin.ac.jp/cgi-bin/retrieve/sr_bookview.cgi/U_CHARSET.utf-8/NI10000682/Body/link/11hosoya.pdf|title=A Case Study of Indochinese Refugees in Japan: Their experiences at school and occupations|last=Hosoya|first=Sari|pages=210–228|journal=Keizai Keiei Kenkyūsho Nenbō|volume=28|access-date=2008-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409124735/http://opac.kanto-gakuin.ac.jp/cgi-bin/retrieve/sr_bookview.cgi/U_CHARSET.utf-8/NI10000682/Body/link/11hosoya.pdf|archive-date=2008-04-09|url-status=dead}}</ref> The policy of accepting foreign migrants marked a significant break from Japan's post-[[World War II]] orientation towards promoting and maintaining racial homogeneity. Most of these migrants settled in [[Kanagawa Prefecture|Kanagawa]] and [[Hyōgo Prefecture|Hyōgo]] prefectures, the locations of the initial resettlement centres. As they moved out of the resettlement centres, they often gravitated to [[Koreans in Japan|Zainichi Korean]]-dominated neighbourhoods; however, they feel little sense of community with Zainichi Koreans, seeing them not as fellow ethnic minorities but as part of the mainstream.<ref name="Shingaki"/> |
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[[Guest worker]]s began to follow the refugees to Japan in the so-called "third wave" of Vietnamese migration beginning in the 1990s. As contract workers returned home to Vietnam from the countries of the former [[Eastern Bloc]], which by then had begun their transition away from Communism, they began to look for other foreign destinations in which they could earn good incomes, and Japan proved attractive due to its nearby location and high standard of living. By the end of 1994, the annual number of Vietnamese workers going to Japan totaled 14,305 individuals, mostly under industrial traineeship visas. In contrast to other labour-exporting countries in [[Southeast Asia]], the vast majority of migrants were men, due to the Vietnamese government's restrictions on migration for work in traditionally female-dominated fields such as [[domestic helper|domestic work]] or entertainment.<ref>{{citation|chapter=Labour Emigration and Emigration Pressures in Transitional Vietnam|last=Anh|first=Dang Nguyen|title=Migration in the Asia Pacific: Population, Settlement and Citizenship Issues|editor-first=Robyn R.|editor-last=Iredale|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|year=2003|pages=169–180|isbn=1-84064-860-0}}</ref> |
[[Guest worker]]s began to follow the refugees to Japan in the so-called "third wave" of Vietnamese migration beginning in the 1990s. As contract workers returned home to Vietnam from the countries of the former [[Eastern Bloc]], which by then had begun their transition away from Communism, they began to look for other foreign destinations in which they could earn good incomes, and Japan proved attractive due to its nearby location and high standard of living. By the end of 1994, the annual number of Vietnamese workers going to Japan totaled 14,305 individuals, mostly under industrial traineeship visas. In contrast to other labour-exporting countries in [[Southeast Asia]], the vast majority of migrants were men, due to the Vietnamese government's restrictions on migration for work in traditionally female-dominated fields such as [[domestic helper|domestic work]] or entertainment.<ref>{{citation|chapter=Labour Emigration and Emigration Pressures in Transitional Vietnam|last=Anh|first=Dang Nguyen|title=Migration in the Asia Pacific: Population, Settlement and Citizenship Issues|editor-first=Robyn R.|editor-last=Iredale|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|year=2003|pages=169–180|isbn=1-84064-860-0}}</ref> |
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==Vietnam War Refugees== |
==Vietnam War Refugees== |
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The refugees have suffered various difficulties adjusting to Japanese society, especially in the areas of education and employment; their attendance rate in senior high school is estimated to be only 40%, as compared to 96.6% for Japanese nationals, a fact attributed both to the refugees' lack of [[Japanese language]] proficiency as well as the schools' own inability to adjust to the challenges of educating students with different cultural backgrounds.<ref name="Hosoya"/> Tensions have also arisen between migrants admitted to Japan as adults, and [[Immigrant generations|1.5 or 2nd-generation]] children born or educated in Japan, due to language barriers and differences in culture; the former feel the latter are too reserved and distant, while the latter deride the former for their poor Japanese language skills<!--'and '... - what?-->. Most Vietnamese do not take on [[Japanese name]]s, or prefer to use their [[Vietnamese name]]s even if they have a Japanese name, though they feel a Japanese name may be necessary for job-seeking and they sometimes complain of being teased for having "[[katakana]] names". |
The refugees have suffered various difficulties adjusting to Japanese society, especially in the areas of education and employment; their attendance rate in senior high school is estimated to be only 40%, as compared to 96.6% for Japanese nationals, a fact attributed both to the refugees' lack of [[Japanese language]] proficiency as well as the schools' own inability to adjust to the challenges of educating students with different cultural backgrounds.<ref name="Hosoya"/> Tensions have also arisen between migrants admitted to Japan as adults, and [[Immigrant generations|1.5 or 2nd-generation]] children born or educated in Japan, due to language barriers and differences in culture; the former feel the latter are too reserved and distant, while the latter deride the former for their poor Japanese language skills<!--'and '... - what?-->. Most Vietnamese do not take on [[Japanese name]]s, or prefer to use their [[Vietnamese name]]s even if they have a Japanese name, though they feel a Japanese name may be necessary for job-seeking and they sometimes complain of being teased for having "[[katakana]] names". However, [[Vietnamese name|Vietnamese names]] can be represented in [[Chữ Hán]] ([[Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary|Chinese-Vietnamese]] script). [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic churches]] quickly came to play an important role in their community.<ref name="Shingaki"/> |
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== Vietnamese workers == |
== Vietnamese workers == |
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Many Vietnamese stay in Japan as foreign trainees, accounting for half of the Vietnamese living in Japan. About half of Vietnamese workers are technical intern trainees. <ref name=":0" /> |
Many Vietnamese stay in Japan as foreign trainees, accounting for half of the Vietnamese living in Japan. About half of Vietnamese workers are technical intern trainees. <ref name=":0" /> |
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Various problems have arisen, such as the forcible gathering of workers in rural Vietnam mediated by malicious brokers and the disappearance of workers due to the poor working environment at the training site in Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=低賃金に逃げ出す技能実習生、「強制労働」と米報告書－爆買い無縁 |url=https://www.bloomberg.co.jp/news/articles/2016-02-22/O1T69I6S972801 |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=Bloomberg.com |language=ja}}</ref> This training system has been criticized |
Various problems have arisen, such as the forcible gathering of workers in rural Vietnam mediated by malicious brokers and the disappearance of workers due to the poor working environment at the training site in Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=低賃金に逃げ出す技能実習生、「強制労働」と米報告書－爆買い無縁 |url=https://www.bloomberg.co.jp/news/articles/2016-02-22/O1T69I6S972801 |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=Bloomberg.com |language=ja}}</ref> This training system has been criticized for human rights violations and comparisons with modern slavery. |
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== Statistics == |
== Statistics == |
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Revision as of 18:15, 9 August 2022
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 432,934 (in December 2021)[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Tokyo, Osaka (Ikuno-ku), Yokohama, Kobe (Nagata-ku, Hyogo-ku) | |
| Languages | |
| Japanese, Vietnamese | |
| Religion | |
| Buddhism,[2][3] Catholicism[4] | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Vietnamese people |
 | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Japanese. Click [show] for important translation instructions.
|
Vietnamese people in Japan (在日ベトナム人, Zainichi Betonamujin, Người Việt tại Nhật Bản) form Japan's second-largest community of foreign residents ahead of Koreans in Japan and behind Chinese in Japan, according to 2021 statistics of the Ministry of Justice. There were different waves of Vietnamese people in Japan, the first spurred by Travel East Movement to mostly study in Japan. The second wave were Vietnam War refugees. The third wave by mostly students and contract workers.
By in December 2021, there were 432,934 residents.[1] The majority of the Vietnamese legal residents live in the Kantō region and Keihanshin area.[5] People who have been naturalized or sought asylum in Japan and their descendants who have acquired Japanese nationality are called Vietnamese-Japanese (ベトナム系日本人) or Vietnamese Keinihonjin (ベトナムけいにほんじん).
Übersicht
According to the statistics of foreign residents of the Ministry of Justice of Japan, as of the end of December 2021, there were 432,934 Vietnamese in Japan.[6] In the same year, the number of foreigners in Japan was the second highest after 716,606 of Chinese nationality, surpassing 409,855 of Korean nationality.[7]
By status of residence, the number of " technical intern training ", which is about one-third of the total, is the highest at 160,563, which is the highest among foreigners living in Japan.[8] This was followed by "Technology / Humanities / International Services" (64,200 people) and "Specific Activities" (59,847 people). Regarding the fourth largest number of " study abroad " (46,403 students), as of May 1, 2021, the number of international students at higher education institutions and Japanese language education institutions was 49,469, which is the second highest after China ( 114,255 students). [9]
Migration history
Vietnamese students began to choose Japan as a destination in the early 20th century, spurred by the exiled prince Cường Để and the Đông Du Movement (literally, "Travel East movement" or "Eastern Travel movement") he and Phan Bội Châu pioneered. By 1908, 200 Vietnamese students had gone to study at Japanese universities.[10][11] However, the community of Vietnamese people in Japan is dominated by Vietnam War refugees and their families, who compose about 70% of the total population.[4] Japan began to accept refugees from Vietnam in the late 1970s.[12] The policy of accepting foreign migrants marked a significant break from Japan's post-World War II orientation towards promoting and maintaining racial homogeneity. Most of these migrants settled in Kanagawa and Hyōgo prefectures, the locations of the initial resettlement centres. As they moved out of the resettlement centres, they often gravitated to Zainichi Korean-dominated neighbourhoods; however, they feel little sense of community with Zainichi Koreans, seeing them not as fellow ethnic minorities but as part of the mainstream.[4]
Guest workers began to follow the refugees to Japan in the so-called "third wave" of Vietnamese migration beginning in the 1990s. As contract workers returned home to Vietnam from the countries of the former Eastern Bloc, which by then had begun their transition away from Communism, they began to look for other foreign destinations in which they could earn good incomes, and Japan proved attractive due to its nearby location and high standard of living. By the end of 1994, the annual number of Vietnamese workers going to Japan totaled 14,305 individuals, mostly under industrial traineeship visas. In contrast to other labour-exporting countries in Southeast Asia, the vast majority of migrants were men, due to the Vietnamese government's restrictions on migration for work in traditionally female-dominated fields such as domestic work or entertainment.[13]
Vietnam War Refugees
The refugees have suffered various difficulties adjusting to Japanese society, especially in the areas of education and employment; their attendance rate in senior high school is estimated to be only 40%, as compared to 96.6% for Japanese nationals, a fact attributed both to the refugees' lack of Japanese language proficiency as well as the schools' own inability to adjust to the challenges of educating students with different cultural backgrounds.[12] Tensions have also arisen between migrants admitted to Japan as adults, and 1.5 or 2nd-generation children born or educated in Japan, due to language barriers and differences in culture; the former feel the latter are too reserved and distant, while the latter deride the former for their poor Japanese language skills. Most Vietnamese do not take on Japanese names, or prefer to use their Vietnamese names even if they have a Japanese name, though they feel a Japanese name may be necessary for job-seeking and they sometimes complain of being teased for having "katakana names". However, Vietnamese names can be represented in Chữ Hán (Chinese-Vietnamese script). Catholic churches quickly came to play an important role in their community.[4]
Vietnamese workers
In 2021, Vietnamese workers were the largest group of foreign workers in Japan, with about 450,000. This is about 26% of the total. [14]
Many Vietnamese stay in Japan as foreign trainees, accounting for half of the Vietnamese living in Japan. About half of Vietnamese workers are technical intern trainees. [14]
Various problems have arisen, such as the forcible gathering of workers in rural Vietnam mediated by malicious brokers and the disappearance of workers due to the poor working environment at the training site in Japan.[15] This training system has been criticized for human rights violations and comparisons with modern slavery.
Statistics
| You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Japanese. (March 2022) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
|
According to the statistics of foreign residents of the Ministry of Justice of Japan, there are 450,046 Vietnamese in Japan as of the end of June 2021.
| Ranking | Status of Residence | No. of People |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Technical intern training No. 2 b | 143,199 |
| 2 | Technology / Humanities / International Business | 64,093 |
| 3 | Study Abroad | 51,337 |
| 4 | Specific activity | 49,395 |
| 5 | Technical intern training No. 1 b | 34,735 |
| 6 | Family stay | 27,351 |
| 7 | Technical intern training No. 3 b | 23,023 |
| 8 | Permanent resident | 19,243 |
| 9 | Specific Skill No. 1 | 18,191 |
| 10 | Long term resident | 5,738 |
| 11 | Japanese spouse, etc. | 5,181 |
| Ranking | Prefectures | No. of People |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |  Aichi Prefecture
|
143,199 |
| 2 |  Osaka Prefecture
|
64,093 |
| 3 |  Tokyo
|
51,337 |
| 4 |  Saitama Prefecture
|
49,395 |
| 5 |  Kanagawa Prefecture
|
34,735 |
| 6 |  Chiba Prefecture
|
27,351 |
| 7 |  Hyōgo Prefecture
|
23,023 |
| 8 |  Fukuoka Prefecture
|
19,243 |
| 9 |  Hiroshima Prefecture
|
18,191 |
| 10 |  Shizuoka Prefecture
|
5,738 |
Notable individuals
- Cường Để, Vietnamese revolutionary and royal relative of Nguyễn
- Nguyen Tran Phuoc An, baseball player
- Phong Chi, female idol (Vietnamese parents, raised in Japan)
- Nguyễn Trần Phước An, baseball player (Vietnamese, lives in Japan)
- Jun Nguyen-Hatsushiba, artist (Vietnamese father)
- Trần Văn Thọ, economist (Vietnamese, lives in Japan)
- Yūki Tai, voice actor (Vietnamese/Japanese parent)
- Ayu Yamanouchi, announcer (Vietnamese father)
- Nguyễn Hồng Hà, diplomat (Vietnamese, lives in Japan)
- Vũ Bình, diplomat (Vietnamese, lives in Japan)
- Vũ Tuấn Hải, diplomat (Vietnamese, lives in Japan)
- Masato Seto, Japanese Thai photographer (Born to a Thai mother of Vietnamese descent and a Japanese father)
- Do Thong Minh, community activist
- Ishida Yuumi, idol (Japanese/Vietnamese parent)
See also
References
- ^ a b "令和３年末現在における在留外国人数について | 出入国在留管理庁". Moj.go.jp. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
- ^ "Nisshinkustu - Ngôi chùa gắn bó với người Việt tại Nhật Bản", Voice of Vietnam, 15 May 2013, retrieved 22 July 2013
- ^ "Vietnamese Buddhist centers in Japan", World Buddhist Directory, Buddhist Dharma Education Association, 2006, retrieved 20 February 2009
- ^ a b c d Shingaki, Masami; Asano, Shinichi (2003), "The lifestyles and ethnic identity of Vietnamese youth residing in Japan", in Goodman, Roger (ed.), Global Japan: The Experience of Japan's New Immigrant and Overseas Communities, Routledge, pp. 165–176, ISBN 0-415-29741-9
- ^ "平成１９年末現在における外国人登録者統計について (About the statistics of registered foreigners at 2007 year-end)", Press release (PDF), Japan: Ministry of Justice, June 2008, archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2008, retrieved 9 January 2010
- ^ "令和３年末現在における在留外国人数について | 出入国在留管理庁". warp.ndl.go.jp. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
- ^ "中国人が考える「ベトナムが世界有数の親日国」である理由-サーチナ". 中国人が考える「ベトナムが世界有数の親日国」である理由 (in Japanese). Retrieved 27 July 2022.
- ^ https://warp.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/12213418/www.moj.go.jp/isa/content/001370057.pdf
- ^ "2021（令和３）年度外国人留学生在籍状況調査結果｜外国人留学生在籍状況調査｜留学生に関する調査｜日本留学情報サイト Study in Japan". warp.ndl.go.jp. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
- ^ Tran, My-Van (2005), A Vietnamese Royal Exile in Japan: Prince Cường Để (1882-1951), Routledge, pp. 3–5, 41–47, ISBN 0-415-29716-8
- ^ Chandler, David P.; Steinberg, David Joel (1987), In Search of Southeast Asia: A Modern History, University of Hawaii Press, pp. 315–316, ISBN 0-8248-1110-0
- ^ a b Hosoya, Sari, "A Case Study of Indochinese Refugees in Japan: Their experiences at school and occupations" (PDF), Keizai Keiei Kenkyūsho Nenbō, 28: 210–228, archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2008, retrieved 3 January 2008
- ^ Anh, Dang Nguyen (2003), "Labour Emigration and Emigration Pressures in Transitional Vietnam", in Iredale, Robyn R. (ed.), Migration in the Asia Pacific: Population, Settlement and Citizenship Issues, Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 169–180, ISBN 1-84064-860-0
- ^ a b https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/11655000/000887554.pdf
- ^ "低賃金に逃げ出す技能実習生、「強制労働」と米報告書－爆買い無縁". Bloomberg.com (in Japanese). Retrieved 27 July 2022.
Further reading
- Kawakami, Ikuō (March 2001), 越境する家族―在日ベトナム系住民の生活世界 [Families Crossing Borders: The World of Ethnic Vietnamese in Japan], Akashi Shoten, ISBN 4-7503-1385-8
- Kurata, Yoshiki; Fujiko Nishino; Katsuhiko Tsuzaki (2001), ベトナム人定住者の就労と生活に関する実態調査 [Survey on attitudes of Vietnamese residents towards work and life] (PDF), Discussion Papers, Project on Intergenerational Equity (76), Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University, retrieved 3 January 2008
- Nishino, Fumiko; Kurata, Yoshiki (2001), "日本におけるベトナム人定住者の社会的統合 (Social integration of Vietnamese residents in Japan)" (PDF), Discussion Papers, Project on Intergenerational Equity (in Japanese) (74), Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University, retrieved 3 January 2008
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