White House (Moscow): Difference between revisions
Expanded upon early history. Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at ru:Дом Правительства Российской Федерации; see its history for attribution. |
→History: Continued translation of the existing Russian Wikipedia article at ru:Дом Правительства Российской Федерации; see its history for attribution. |
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The '''White House''' ({{lang-rus|Белый дом|r=Bely dom|p=ˈbʲɛlɨj ˈdom}}; officially '''The House of the Government of the Russian Federation''', {{lang-rus|Дом Правительства Российской Федерации|r=Dom pravitelstva Rossiyskoi Federatsii}}), also known in Russia in the 1990s as the '''Russian White House''', is a [[government]] building in [[Moscow]]. It stands on the Krasnopresnenskaya embankment. The building serves as the primary office of the [[government of Russia]] and is the official workplace of the Russian [[Prime Minister of Russia|Prime Minister]]. |
The '''White House''' ({{lang-rus|Белый дом|r=Bely dom|p=ˈbʲɛlɨj ˈdom}}; officially '''The House of the Government of the Russian Federation''', {{lang-rus|Дом Правительства Российской Федерации|r=Dom pravitelstva Rossiyskoi Federatsii}}), also known in Russia in the 1990s as the '''Russian White House''', is a [[government]] building in [[Moscow]]. It stands on the Krasnopresnenskaya embankment. The building serves as the primary office of the [[government of Russia]] and is the official workplace of the Russian [[Prime Minister of Russia|Prime Minister]]. |
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It was built from 1965 to 1981 according to the design of architect [[Dmitry Chechulin]] to house the [[People's Control Committee]] and the [[Supreme Soviet of Russia]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Vostryshev |first=Mikhail |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/729552404 |title=Vsi︠a︡ Moskva ot A do I︠A︡ : ėnt︠s︡iklopedii︠a︡ |last2=Вострышев |first2=Михаил. |date=2011 |others=S. Shokarev, С. Шокарев |isbn=978-5-4320-0001-9 |location=Moskva |oclc=729552404}}</ref> During the August 1991 [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt|coup d'état attempt]], |
It was built from 1965 to 1981 according to the design of architect [[Dmitry Chechulin]] to house the [[People's Control Committee]] and the [[Supreme Soviet of Russia]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Vostryshev |first=Mikhail |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/729552404 |title=Vsi︠a︡ Moskva ot A do I︠A︡ : ėnt︠s︡iklopedii︠a︡ |last2=Вострышев |first2=Михаил. |date=2011 |others=S. Shokarev, С. Шокарев |isbn=978-5-4320-0001-9 |location=Moskva |oclc=729552404}}</ref> During the August 1991 [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt|coup d'état attempt]], the building became a center of resistance to the [[State Committee on the State of Emergency]]. The structure was badly damaged during the [[1993 Russian constitutional crisis|1993 constitutional crisis]] and was subsequently reconstructed. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Construction was completed in 1981, with a total cost exceeding 94 million rubles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1993-10-09 |title=Проблемы реконструкции Белого дома |url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/61672 |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=www.kommersant.ru |language=ru}}</ref> After the completion of the project, team leader Dmitry Chechulin, architect Vitaly Mazurin, and designer Yuri Dykhovichny were awarded the [[Lenin Prize]]. From 1981 to 1993, the [[Supreme Soviet of Russia]], which had until then held its sessions in the [[Grand Kremlin Palace]], used the White House. The Supreme Soviet of Russia remained in the building until the end of the [[Soviet Union]] in 1991, as well as during the first years of the [[Russian Federation]]. In 1991 the Soviet Union issued a 50-kopeck stamp depicting the White House and honoring resistance to the [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt]]. |
Construction was completed in 1981, with a total cost exceeding 94 million rubles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1993-10-09 |title=Проблемы реконструкции Белого дома |url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/61672 |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=www.kommersant.ru |language=ru}}</ref> After the completion of the project, team leader Dmitry Chechulin, architect Vitaly Mazurin, and designer Yuri Dykhovichny were awarded the [[Lenin Prize]]. From 1981 to 1993, the [[Supreme Soviet of Russia]], which had until then held its sessions in the [[Grand Kremlin Palace]], used the White House. The Supreme Soviet of Russia remained in the building until the end of the [[Soviet Union]] in 1991, as well as during the first years of the [[Russian Federation]]. In 1991 the Soviet Union issued a 50-kopeck stamp depicting the White House and honoring resistance to the [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt]]. |
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=== Role in 1991 coup d'état attempt === |
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===Russian Federation=== |
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{{Main|1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt}} |
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After the end of the Soviet Union, the White House continued to serve as the seat of the [[Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation]]. |
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In August 1991, the House of Soviets became the center of a confrontation against the [[State Committee on the State of Emergency]]. The opposition was headed by [[Russian President]] [[Boris Yeltsin]], in support of whom large-scale rallies were held around the building.<ref name=":0" /> During this period, Yeltsin repeatedly spoke to the audience, with his most famous speech being delivered on August 19 from the tank of the [[2nd Guards Motor Rifle Division|Taman Division]]. At that time, the building was surrounded by a living chain of Muscovites who supported the president. An improvised barricade was built around the building, using materials such as garbage cans, fences of nearby parks, benches, and sawn trees. Protestors also painted [[graffiti]] of political topics on the walls of the building.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Международный фонд социально-экономических и политологических исследований (Горбачев-Фонд) - Августовский путч. Летопись событий. |url=http://www.gorby.ru/putsch/19_avgusta/ |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=Горбачев Фонд}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ходорковский: "Кандидатуру Путина я не приветствовал, и Путин это знает" |url=https://www.svoboda.org/a/1820044.html |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=Радио Свобода |language=ru}}</ref> By August 20, approximately two hundred thousand people had gathered around the structure including public and political figures [[Ruslan Khasbulatov]], [[Ivan Silayev]], [[Alexander Rutskoy]], [[Eduard Shevardnadze]], [[Mikhail Khodorkovsky]], [[Mstislav Rostropovich]], [[Andrey Makarevich]], and others.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Новости |first=Р. И. А. |date=20160819T1000 |title=Августовский путч 1991 года |url=https://ria.ru/20160819/1474451799.html |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=РИА Новости |language=ru}}</ref> |
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The building was not stormed, presumably due to the possible number of civilian and military casualties.<ref name=":1" /> Later, the events that took place near the walls of the House of Soviets and elsewhere in the Soviet Union were defined as the [[August coup|August Coup]]. It was during this period that the name "White House" was assigned to the building, which was widely used by the state media. In 1992, the building was depicted on the back side of commemorative coins in honor of the "victory of democratic forces" and the anniversary of [[Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russia's state sovereignty]]. |
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====1993 Russian constitutional crisis==== |
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=== Forceful dispersal of the Supreme Soviet of Russia === |
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{{main|1993 Russian constitutional crisis}} |
{{main|1993 Russian constitutional crisis}} |
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[[File:White House-3.JPG|thumb|The White House in 1993, soon after it was shelled by tanks]] |
[[File:White House-3.JPG|thumb|The White House in 1993, soon after it was shelled by tanks]] |
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By sunrise on 4 October 1993, the Russian Army encircled the parliament building, and a few hours later army tanks began to shell the White House. The White House stood damaged for some time after the [[1993 Russian constitutional crisis]], and the black burns from tank shelling became famous, so much so that it became traditional to photograph newly-weds in front of its damaged façade. |
By sunrise on 4 October 1993, the Russian Army encircled the parliament building, and a few hours later army tanks began to shell the White House. The White House stood damaged for some time after the [[1993 Russian constitutional crisis]], and the black burns from tank shelling became famous, so much so that it became traditional to photograph newly-weds in front of its damaged façade. |
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=== End of the 20th century and the present === |
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The reformed parliament, known thereafter by its Imperial-era title of the [[State Duma]], was elected in December 1993 and moved to [[Building of Council of Labor and Defense|another building]] on Moscow's [[Okhotny Ryad (street)]]. {{As of | 2016}} the renovated White House houses the Russian government. An inscription at the base of the tower reads, "House of the [[Government of the Russian Federation]]". |
The reformed parliament, known thereafter by its Imperial-era title of the [[State Duma]], was elected in December 1993 and moved to [[Building of Council of Labor and Defense|another building]] on Moscow's [[Okhotny Ryad (street)]]. {{As of | 2016}} the renovated White House houses the Russian government. An inscription at the base of the tower reads, "House of the [[Government of the Russian Federation]]". |
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Revision as of 00:50, 4 September 2022
This article needs additional citations for verification. (January 2019) |
![]() | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. (May 2017) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
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The House of the Government of the Russian Federation | |
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Дом Правительства Российской Федерации | |
![]() The building in 2016 | |
Former names | House of Soviets of the RSFSR House of Soviets of the Russian Federation |
General information | |
Typ | Parliament |
Architectural style | Soviet modernism |
Town or city | Moscow |
Land | Russland |
Construction started | 1965 |
Completed | 1981 |
Height | 119 m |
Design and construction | |
Architect(s) | Dmitry Chechulin, Pavel Shteller |
The White House (Russian: Белый дом, romanized: Bely dom, IPA: [ˈbʲɛlɨj ˈdom]; officially The House of the Government of the Russian Federation, Russian: Дом Правительства Российской Федерации, romanized: Dom pravitelstva Rossiyskoi Federatsii), also known in Russia in the 1990s as the Russian White House, is a government building in Moscow. It stands on the Krasnopresnenskaya embankment. The building serves as the primary office of the government of Russia and is the official workplace of the Russian Prime Minister.
It was built from 1965 to 1981 according to the design of architect Dmitry Chechulin to house the People's Control Committee and the Supreme Soviet of Russia.[1] During the August 1991 coup d'état attempt, the building became a center of resistance to the State Committee on the State of Emergency. The structure was badly damaged during the 1993 constitutional crisis and was subsequently reconstructed.
History
Construction and use in the Soviet Union
In 1965, construction of the House of Soviets began to accommodate the administrative bodies of the RSFSR at this site.[1] The plan for the reconstruction of the territory was prepared by a group of architects known as Mosproekt-1, led by Dmitry Chechulin, Pavel Shteller, Vladimir Lukyanov, and others, alongside a team of engineers.[2][3] The overall design follows Chechulin's 1934 draft of the Aeroflot building. Initially, Chechulin proposed constructing the building on Taganka Square, which rises above a significant part of the city, as the site on the Krasnopresnenskaya embankment was inconvenient due to nearby buildings; however, because of the good view alongside the high bank of the Moskva River, the current location was chosen instead.[4]
The House of Soviets was the first multi-storey building in which a uniformly shaped prefabricated reinforced concrete frame with monolithic stiffness cores was used. Outside, the structure was lined with individual claydite concrete panels, which were previously finished with marble.[5] The total area of the complex was 732,000 square meters, with a total area of office space around 132,000 square meters. The building was designed with a complex three-level system of underground floors, where parking, bunkers, ventilation chambers and refrigeration equipment were located.[6][7] The structure was equipped with a separate sewerage and an autonomous power supply system. There is a theory that the building is connected by underground passages to subway tunnels, but official sources do not confirm or refute this information.[citation needed] According to the memoirs of one of the builders, Felix Mikhailovich Ashurov, when installing the flagpole, Dmitry Chechulin ordered it to be shortened by three meters for a more harmonious combination of proportions; however, due to possible delays, workers were ordered to install the already prepared bar in secret from the architect over a weekend.[8]
Construction was completed in 1981, with a total cost exceeding 94 million rubles.[9] After the completion of the project, team leader Dmitry Chechulin, architect Vitaly Mazurin, and designer Yuri Dykhovichny were awarded the Lenin Prize. From 1981 to 1993, the Supreme Soviet of Russia, which had until then held its sessions in the Grand Kremlin Palace, used the White House. The Supreme Soviet of Russia remained in the building until the end of the Soviet Union in 1991, as well as during the first years of the Russian Federation. In 1991 the Soviet Union issued a 50-kopeck stamp depicting the White House and honoring resistance to the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt.
Role in 1991 coup d'état attempt
In August 1991, the House of Soviets became the center of a confrontation against the State Committee on the State of Emergency. The opposition was headed by Russian President Boris Yeltsin, in support of whom large-scale rallies were held around the building.[1] During this period, Yeltsin repeatedly spoke to the audience, with his most famous speech being delivered on August 19 from the tank of the Taman Division. At that time, the building was surrounded by a living chain of Muscovites who supported the president. An improvised barricade was built around the building, using materials such as garbage cans, fences of nearby parks, benches, and sawn trees. Protestors also painted graffiti of political topics on the walls of the building.[10][11] By August 20, approximately two hundred thousand people had gathered around the structure including public and political figures Ruslan Khasbulatov, Ivan Silayev, Alexander Rutskoy, Eduard Shevardnadze, Mikhail Khodorkovsky, Mstislav Rostropovich, Andrey Makarevich, and others.[12]
The building was not stormed, presumably due to the possible number of civilian and military casualties.[12] Later, the events that took place near the walls of the House of Soviets and elsewhere in the Soviet Union were defined as the August Coup. It was during this period that the name "White House" was assigned to the building, which was widely used by the state media. In 1992, the building was depicted on the back side of commemorative coins in honor of the "victory of democratic forces" and the anniversary of Russia's state sovereignty.
Forceful dispersal of the Supreme Soviet of Russia
By sunrise on 4 October 1993, the Russian Army encircled the parliament building, and a few hours later army tanks began to shell the White House. The White House stood damaged for some time after the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis, and the black burns from tank shelling became famous, so much so that it became traditional to photograph newly-weds in front of its damaged façade.
End of the 20th century and the present
The reformed parliament, known thereafter by its Imperial-era title of the State Duma, was elected in December 1993 and moved to another building on Moscow's Okhotny Ryad (street). As of 2016[update] the renovated White House houses the Russian government. An inscription at the base of the tower reads, "House of the Government of the Russian Federation".
Architecture
During the construction of the White House, Dmitry Chechulin used elements of his unrealized 1934 design for the headquarters of state airline Aeroflot. The original idea was developed in honor of the rescue, by Soviet pilots, of the passengers of the sunken steamship SS Chelyuskin. The construction was supposed to have simplified forms. The stylobate of the building was similar in size to the ship, it was supplemented with numerous sculptural compositions. The main entrance emphasized the portico, which resembled a triumphal arch. It was assumed that the building would form a new look of the Belorussky railway station square. But the structure did not correspond to the site in size and configuration, so it was never built.[13][14][15]
References
- ^ a b c Vostryshev, Mikhail; Вострышев, Михаил. (2011). Vsi︠a︡ Moskva ot A do I︠A︡ : ėnt︠s︡iklopedii︠a︡. S. Shokarev, С. Шокарев. Moskva. ISBN 978-5-4320-0001-9. OCLC 729552404.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Главный архитектор КГБ раскрыл тайну президентской госдачи". www.mk.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-09-02.
- ^ "Архитектурно-проектная мастерская №20". archive.ph. 2013-08-08. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
- ^ Zhuravlev, A. М. (1985). Dmitry Chechulin (in Russian). Москва: Stoyizdat.
- ^ Kozak, Yu (1986). Строительство высокого зданий (in Russian). Москва: Stroyizdat.
- ^ "Главный архитектор КГБ раскрыл тайну президентской госдачи". www.mk.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-09-02.
- ^ "Хроника путча. Часть IV". 2006-08-20. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
- ^ "ШАР: ШКОЛА АРХИТЕКТУРНОГО РАЗВИТИЯ - Белый Дом на Краснопресненской набережной Москвы. Ашуров Феликс Михайлович, из воспоминаний". web.archive.org. 2018-09-28. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
- ^ "Проблемы реконструкции Белого дома". www.kommersant.ru (in Russian). 1993-10-09. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
- ^ "Международный фонд социально-экономических и политологических исследований (Горбачев-Фонд) - Августовский путч. Летопись событий". Горбачев Фонд. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
- ^ "Ходорковский: "Кандидатуру Путина я не приветствовал, и Путин это знает"". Радио Свобода (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-09-04.
- ^ a b Новости, Р. И. А. (20160819T1000). "Августовский путч 1991 года". РИА Новости (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-09-04.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Галина Тараканова (2014). Красная стройплощадка. Аргументы и Факты. ISBN 9785457730786. Archived from the original on 2022-01-03. Retrieved 2018-08-10.
- ^ "Белый дом на Красной Пресне". Московская правда. 2016-01-21. Archived from the original on 2018-09-28. Retrieved 2018-08-10.
- ^ "Проект здания Центрального дома "Аэрофлота"". Культура.РФ. 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-09-28. Retrieved 2018-08-08.
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