Diehard Duterte Supporters: Difference between revisions
No edit summary Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
Tags: Reverted Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
||
Line 8: | Line 8: | ||
==Ideology== |
==Ideology== |
||
{{see also|Political positions of Rodrigo Duterte}} |
{{see also|Political positions of Rodrigo Duterte}} |
||
As their self-appellation suggests, the DDS are identified by their [[Cult of personality|unwavering loyalty]] to Duterte and [Marcos] rather than alignment to any particular political-economic ideology.<ref name=contreras2021a>Contreras, A. P. (2021, January 19). The deadly outcome of free hate speech. ''[[Manila Times]]''. https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/01/19/opinion/columnists/topanalysis/the-deadly-outcome-of-free-hate-speech/829388/</ref> The DDS mirror Duterte's policy stances and [[Flip-flop (politics)|shifts]], even when such shifts contradict his self-identification as a socialist and membership in a [[democratic socialist]] party,{{efn|National democrats,<ref name="palatino2017" /> along with others who are placed to the left of social |
As their self-appellation suggests, the DDS are identified by their [[Cult of personality|unwavering loyalty]] to Duterte and [Marcos] rather than alignment to any particular political-economic ideology.<ref name=contreras2021a>Contreras, A. P. (2021, January 19). The deadly outcome of free hate speech. ''[[Manila Times]]''. https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/01/19/opinion/columnists/topanalysis/the-deadly-outcome-of-free-hate-speech/829388/</ref> The DDS mirror Duterte's policy stances and [[Flip-flop (politics)|shifts]], even when such shifts contradict his self-identification as a socialist and membership in a formerly [[democratic socialist]] party,{{efn|National democrats,<ref name="palatino2017" /> along with others who are placed to the left of social democrats on the political spectrum,<ref name="bello2018" /><ref name="docena2017" /> themselves refute Duterte's self-proclaimed socialist credentials given his inability, due to structural constraints,<ref name="docena2017" /><ref name="chua2020" /> to concretely and seriously tackle the [[Neoliberalism|economic aspects]] of liberalism.<ref name="magsalin2020" /><ref name="fraser2017" /> Such constraints have had a similar dampening effect on the actions of other socialist leaders such as [[François Mitterrand]] and [[Evo Morales]].<ref name=kaup2010>Kaup, B. Z. (2010). A neoliberal nationalization? The constraints on natural-gas-led development in Bolivia. ''Latin American Perspectives, 37''(3). https://www.doi.org/10.1177%2F0094582X10366534</ref><ref name=broder2019>Broder, D. (2019). The state we need. ''[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]'', 32, 28.</ref><ref name=birch2021>Birch, J. (2021, February 13). The rise and fall of French socialism. ''[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]''. https://www.jacobinmag.com/2021/02/french-socialism-francois-mitterrand</ref> Significantly, however, and unlike his predecessors, Duterte is the first Philippine president to have had "no reservations" in openly declaring his ostensible socialism while operating within a hostile political-economic environment,<ref name=palatino2017/> drawing comparisons to [[Political positions of Bernie Sanders|Bernie Sanders]]' renormalization of the previously [[Red Scare|taboo]] term ''socialism'' in [[History of the socialist movement in the United States|US]] political discourse.<ref name=engler2017>Engler, M. (2017). Naming our desire: How do we talk about socialism in America? ''[[Dissent (American magazine)|Dissent]]''. https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/talking-about-socialism-america-michael-harrington-dsa</ref>}} [[PDP–Laban]].<ref name=magsalin2020/><ref name=cinco2016>{{Cite web|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/779984/duterte-im-a-socialist-not-a-communist-last-card|title=Duterte: I'm a socialist, not a communist; last card|first=Maricar|last=Cinco|date=April 18, 2016|website=INQUIRER.net}}</ref><ref name=polident>{{cite news|url=https://twitter.com/cnnphilippines/status/1412679408628891653|date=2021-07-07|title=Duterte and PDP–Laban as "Leftist"|website=[[CNN Philippines]]}}</ref> Accordingly, observers have described the DDS as a [[right-wing populist]] or even [[far-right]] phenomenon the existence of which preserves the ''status quo''.<ref name=bello2018/><ref name=chua2020/><ref name=docena&hetland2016>{{cite web|url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/95431/why-duterte-is-unlikely-to-pursue-socialism|title=Why Duterte Is Unlikely to Pursue Socialism|last1=Docena|first1=Herbert|last2=Hetland|first2=Gabriel|date=2016-06-30|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]}}</ref><ref name=bello2021>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQU1AO5M0mo|last=Bello y Flores|first=Walden|date=2021-05-21|title=Walden Bello on Rodrigo Duterte and Fascism|website=[[Rappler]]|authorlink=Walden Bello}}</ref> Such an assertion has been demonstrated by the expansion in recent years of the [[Red Scare|historical]] and [[Decree against Communism|religiously informed]] [[Cultural hegemony|cultural]] hostility toward [[left-wing politics]] in the country as the Philippines has been described as the most [[right-wing politics|right-wing]] country in the world,<ref name=palatino2017>[[Raymond Palatino|Palatino, R.]] (2017, May 2). ''Is the Philippines' Duterte really a [[Left-wing politics|leftist]]?'' [[The Diplomat]]. https://thediplomat.com/2017/05/is-the-philippines-duterte-really-a-leftist/</ref><ref name=lalu2021>Lalu, G. P. (2021, January 19). [[University of the Philippines|UP]] students poke fun at [[Department of National Defense (Philippines)|DND]]'s claims campuses are [[Communist Party of the Philippines|communist]] recruitment centers. ''[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]''. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1385865/up-students-poke-fun-at-dnds-claims-that-campuses-are-communist-recruitment-grounds</ref> which had been previously reserved for the [[Communist Party of the Philippines]] (CPP) but which had during Duterte's presidency begun to include [[National democracy (Philippines)|national-democratic]], [[social liberalism|social-liberal]] and even [[centrism|centrist]] organizations such as the [[Makabayan]], [[Akbayan]] and [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal]] parties,<ref name="contreras2020a">{{Cite web|title=Trump and the diehard Duterte supporters|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/10/24/opinion/columnists/topanalysis/trump-and-the-diehard-duterte-supporters/784975/|access-date=2020-10-25|website=The Manila Times|date=24 October 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> respectively. |
||
In common with Duterte's original support base outside [[Imperial Manila|Manila]],<ref name=lorenzana2021>Lorenzana, L. M. C. (2021, February 10). Duterte's time running out—monumental failures. ''[[Manila Times]]''. https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/02/10/opinion/columnists/dutertes-time-running-out-monumental-failures/838741/</ref> the DDS had been enthusiastic about the subsequently derailed [[Federalism in the Philippines|transition to a federal form of government]] through [[Constitutional reform in the Philippines|constitutional reform]].<ref name=aquino2020>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/12/09/opinion/columnists/topanalysis/reviving-the-federalist-dream/806994/|title=Reviving the federalist dream – The Manila Times|website=www.manilatimes.net|date=9 December 2020 }}</ref> Some within the DDS, disillusioned by both the [[social doctrines of the Catholic Church]] and the [[sanctimoniousness]] of the [[professional–managerial class]] (PMC), may have also stood behind left-leaning causes such as the [[same-sex marriage|redefinition]] of [[civil marriage]],<ref name=tan2018>{{Cite news|last=Tan|first=Rebecca|title=In the fight for gay marriage in the Philippines, Duterte could be an unlikely ally|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/06/19/in-the-fight-for-gay-marriage-in-the-philippines-duterte-could-be-an-unlikely-ally/|access-date=2020-10-26|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> which Duterte had also supported but has since backtracked on.<ref name=reginio2017>Reginio, M. K. (n.d.). ''Group says Duterte's LGBT promises "empty"''. Kodao Productions. https://kodao.org/group-says-dutertes-lgbt-promises-empty/</ref> The DDS have also mirrored calls made by some core supporters for the installation of a [[Revolutionary government in the Philippines|revolutionary government]] with Duterte as [[Caudillo|leader]].<ref name=bello2018/><ref name=pascual2020>{{Cite web|last1=Pascual|first1=Rev Fr Antonio Cecilio T.|date=2020-09-03|title=What 'revgov' implies {{!}} Rev. Fr. Antonio Cecilio T. Pascual|url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2020/09/03/what-revgov-implies/|access-date=2020-10-26|website=BusinessMirror|language=en-US}}</ref> Such calls, however, have been motivated less by a willingness to pursue systemic transformation than by a desire for [[Economic mobility|greater participation]] in the ''[[Neoliberalism|status quo]]''.<ref name=bello2018/> |
In common with Duterte's original support base outside [[Imperial Manila|Manila]],<ref name=lorenzana2021>Lorenzana, L. M. C. (2021, February 10). Duterte's time running out—monumental failures. ''[[Manila Times]]''. https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/02/10/opinion/columnists/dutertes-time-running-out-monumental-failures/838741/</ref> the DDS had been enthusiastic about the subsequently derailed [[Federalism in the Philippines|transition to a federal form of government]] through [[Constitutional reform in the Philippines|constitutional reform]].<ref name=aquino2020>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/12/09/opinion/columnists/topanalysis/reviving-the-federalist-dream/806994/|title=Reviving the federalist dream – The Manila Times|website=www.manilatimes.net|date=9 December 2020 }}</ref> Some within the DDS, disillusioned by both the [[social doctrines of the Catholic Church]] and the [[sanctimoniousness]] of the [[professional–managerial class]] (PMC), may have also stood behind left-leaning causes such as the [[same-sex marriage|redefinition]] of [[civil marriage]],<ref name=tan2018>{{Cite news|last=Tan|first=Rebecca|title=In the fight for gay marriage in the Philippines, Duterte could be an unlikely ally|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/06/19/in-the-fight-for-gay-marriage-in-the-philippines-duterte-could-be-an-unlikely-ally/|access-date=2020-10-26|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> which Duterte had also supported but has since backtracked on.<ref name=reginio2017>Reginio, M. K. (n.d.). ''Group says Duterte's LGBT promises "empty"''. Kodao Productions. https://kodao.org/group-says-dutertes-lgbt-promises-empty/</ref> The DDS have also mirrored calls made by some core supporters for the installation of a [[Revolutionary government in the Philippines|revolutionary government]] with Duterte as [[Caudillo|leader]].<ref name=bello2018/><ref name=pascual2020>{{Cite web|last1=Pascual|first1=Rev Fr Antonio Cecilio T.|date=2020-09-03|title=What 'revgov' implies {{!}} Rev. Fr. Antonio Cecilio T. Pascual|url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2020/09/03/what-revgov-implies/|access-date=2020-10-26|website=BusinessMirror|language=en-US}}</ref> Such calls, however, have been motivated less by a willingness to pursue systemic transformation than by a desire for [[Economic mobility|greater participation]] in the ''[[Neoliberalism|status quo]]''.<ref name=bello2018/> |
Revision as of 18:41, 5 September 2022
![]() | This article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. (April 2022) |
Diehard Duterte Supporters (DDS) is a name adopted by political extremists who support the 16th president of the Philippines, Rodrigo Duterte,[1] whom they defend as a necessary strongman, to refer to themselves.[2][3][4] The term was popularized during the 2016 presidential elections and has since been used to refer to the most unquestioning (i.e., the diehards) among Duterte's loyalists,[5] who wear it as a badge of honor and pride. The term commonly refers to a group of people (including netizens) engaging in internet trolling and disruptive behaviour online to defend Duterte.[6]
Its initialism, DDS, was taken directly from the Davao Death Squad—a vigilante group that had existed in Davao City during Duterte's term as mayor.[7]
Ideology
As their self-appellation suggests, the DDS are identified by their unwavering loyalty to Duterte and [Marcos] rather than alignment to any particular political-economic ideology.[8] The DDS mirror Duterte's policy stances and shifts, even when such shifts contradict his self-identification as a socialist and membership in a formerly democratic socialist party,[a] PDP–Laban.[12][18][19] Accordingly, observers have described the DDS as a right-wing populist or even far-right phenomenon the existence of which preserves the status quo.[2][11][20][21] Such an assertion has been demonstrated by the expansion in recent years of the historical and religiously informed cultural hostility toward left-wing politics in the country as the Philippines has been described as the most right-wing country in the world,[9][22] which had been previously reserved for the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) but which had during Duterte's presidency begun to include national-democratic, social-liberal and even centrist organizations such as the Makabayan, Akbayan and Liberal parties,[23] respectively.
In common with Duterte's original support base outside Manila,[24] the DDS had been enthusiastic about the subsequently derailed transition to a federal form of government through constitutional reform.[25] Some within the DDS, disillusioned by both the social doctrines of the Catholic Church and the sanctimoniousness of the professional–managerial class (PMC), may have also stood behind left-leaning causes such as the redefinition of civil marriage,[26] which Duterte had also supported but has since backtracked on.[27] The DDS have also mirrored calls made by some core supporters for the installation of a revolutionary government with Duterte as leader.[2][28] Such calls, however, have been motivated less by a willingness to pursue systemic transformation than by a desire for greater participation in the status quo.[2]
Behavior
The DDS are distinguished by their uninhibited use of rabid and vitriolic speech,[8][29] which mirrors Duterte's own.[30][31][32] They respond to the slightest criticism of Duterte with accusations of bias, shilling,[b] wokescolding, CPP membership or sympathizing with the New People's Army (NPA), notwithstanding Duterte's own tactical dealings with the National Democratic Front of the Philippines (NDFP) during his mayorship of Davao.[33][34] The DDS usually engage in online bullying and harassment against all activists, as well as the Otso Diretso electoral alliance, Vice President Leni Robredo, and even fellow Dutertists suspected of disloyalty,[4][35][36] often by issuing threats or tagging them implicitly for punishment.[1][8][37] Dilawan[c] and pulahan[40] are two of the slurs most frequently employed to shut down or gaslight those marked for harassment.[8][41][42] The DDS, despite Duterte's claims to being a socialist,[9][19] have also participated in amplified smear campaigns directed against organizers of and contributors to COVID-19 mutual-aid efforts.[43][44] It is for these reasons that the DDS are collectively considered even by otherwise sympathetic analysts as a successful hate group.[45]
Long before the DDS' ascent to national prominence,[46][47] however, certain PMC actors themselves had allegedly orchestrated smear campaigns, known locally as "black propaganda", through SMS and other means against disfavored politicians and unapproved-of election candidates.[48][49] Such derision has been described as a desire on the part of members of the PMC to "want to humiliate their adversaries by attributing to them a desperate lack of intelligence, empathy, and virtue".[50]
Organizational representation
Several organizations and social-media communities bear the DDS initialism as a way of signifying unapologetic allegiance to Duterte.[51] Some of these are the Duterte Youth, Pederalismo ng Dugong Dakilang Sanduguan (PDDS) and Partido Federal ng Pilipinas (PFP).[52][53] These organizations claim to represent sectors of Philippine society marginalized by those who had taken power through the first EDSA Revolution and betrayed by those behind the second.[10][11][12]
Global context
The DDS is part of an ascendant global far right;[54] indeed, members find affinity with right-wing populist movements across the globe and their respective leaders.[13][21] In the academic and popular discourse, parallels had been drawn between the DDS and other strongman populist movements such as Erdoğanism in Turkey, Bolsonarism in Brazil and Trumpism in the United States,[23][45] among many others,[55] notwithstanding the uniqueness of the conditions that give rise to and, in turn, motivate each of them.[56] For instance, it has been demonstrated that popular support for Duterte has been driven to a significant extent by expatriate workers resentful of having to support themselves and their families from abroad,[54] a motivating factor only partially shared by workers in core countries.
See also
- Ferdinand Marcos' cult of personality
- Mocha Uson Blog
- Pinoy pride
- Trumpism - American equivalent
- People's Party of Canada - Canadian equivalent
- Putinism - Russian equivalent
- Brexit - British equivalent
- Modi bhakt - Indian equivalent
- Bolsonarismo-Brazilian equivalent
Notes
- ^ National democrats,[9] along with others who are placed to the left of social democrats on the political spectrum,[2][10] themselves refute Duterte's self-proclaimed socialist credentials given his inability, due to structural constraints,[10][11] to concretely and seriously tackle the economic aspects of liberalism.[12][13] Such constraints have had a similar dampening effect on the actions of other socialist leaders such as François Mitterrand and Evo Morales.[14][15][16] Significantly, however, and unlike his predecessors, Duterte is the first Philippine president to have had "no reservations" in openly declaring his ostensible socialism while operating within a hostile political-economic environment,[9] drawing comparisons to Bernie Sanders' renormalization of the previously taboo term socialism in US political discourse.[17]
- ^ Shills are referred to as bayaran (literally "paid") in the national language which, to some extent, may also refer to prostitutes.
- ^ Dilawan loosely translates as "Yellow-supporter" in the national language, in reference to the color employed by protesters in the People Power Revolution. This usage, however, is a misnomer given how Duterte's own party had participated in the protests and was indeed co-founded by none other than Corazón Aquino's husband.[38] In addition, Sara Duterte, Duterte's daughter, recounts how her father had helped sear the significance of EDSA I into her mind.[39]
References
- ^ a b Contreras, A. P. (2020-02-01). "Labels and political tagging". The Manila Times.
- ^ a b c d e Bello y Flores, Walden (2018-01-01). "Filipinas: ¿Un "gobierno revolucionario" de Duterte?". Sin permiso.
- ^ Schmachtenberger, D. (2019, December 19). War on Sensemaking II. Rebel Wisdom. https://www.rebelwisdom.co.uk/12-film-content/sensemaking-series/608-war-on-sensemaking-ii-daniel-schmachtenberger
- ^ a b "Facebook woes". The Manila Times. 3 October 2020. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
- ^ Abillar, Adel (2020-09-01). "Before we pray for the President". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
- ^ Heydarian, Richard (2020-12-15). "Dutertismo: Five types of supporters". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 2020-12-16.
- ^ Robillos, Alyosha. "Duterte: There is no Davao Death Squad". CNN Philippines.
- ^ a b c d Contreras, A. P. (2021, January 19). The deadly outcome of free hate speech. Manila Times. https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/01/19/opinion/columnists/topanalysis/the-deadly-outcome-of-free-hate-speech/829388/
- ^ a b c d Palatino, R. (2017, May 2). Is the Philippines' Duterte really a leftist? The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2017/05/is-the-philippines-duterte-really-a-leftist/
- ^ a b c "Why Duterte has to be ousted, and why even that won't be enough to defend ourselves". Rappler. 26 August 2017.
- ^ a b c Chua, Ethan (2020-08-29). "The End of Liberal Democracy in the Philippines". Lausan Collective.
- ^ a b c Magsalin, S. (2020, March 31). Towards an anarchism in the Philippine archipelago. Southeast Asian Anarchist Library. https://sea.theanarchistlibrary.org/library/simoun-magsalin-towards-an-anarchism-in-the-philippine-archipelago-en
- ^ a b Fraser, N. (2017, January 2). The end of progressive neoliberalism. Dissent. https://www.dissentmagazine.org/online_articles/progressive-neoliberalism-reactionary-populism-nancy-fraser
- ^ Kaup, B. Z. (2010). A neoliberal nationalization? The constraints on natural-gas-led development in Bolivia. Latin American Perspectives, 37(3). https://www.doi.org/10.1177%2F0094582X10366534
- ^ Broder, D. (2019). The state we need. Jacobin, 32, 28.
- ^ Birch, J. (2021, February 13). The rise and fall of French socialism. Jacobin. https://www.jacobinmag.com/2021/02/french-socialism-francois-mitterrand
- ^ Engler, M. (2017). Naming our desire: How do we talk about socialism in America? Dissent. https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/talking-about-socialism-america-michael-harrington-dsa
- ^ Cinco, Maricar (April 18, 2016). "Duterte: I'm a socialist, not a communist; last card". INQUIRER.net.
- ^ a b "Duterte and PDP–Laban as "Leftist"". CNN Philippines. 2021-07-07.
- ^ Docena, Herbert; Hetland, Gabriel (2016-06-30). "Why Duterte Is Unlikely to Pursue Socialism". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
- ^ a b Bello y Flores, Walden (2021-05-21). "Walden Bello on Rodrigo Duterte and Fascism". Rappler.
- ^ Lalu, G. P. (2021, January 19). UP students poke fun at DND's claims campuses are communist recruitment centers. Philippine Daily Inquirer. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1385865/up-students-poke-fun-at-dnds-claims-that-campuses-are-communist-recruitment-grounds
- ^ a b "Trump and the diehard Duterte supporters". The Manila Times. 24 October 2020. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
- ^ Lorenzana, L. M. C. (2021, February 10). Duterte's time running out—monumental failures. Manila Times. https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/02/10/opinion/columnists/dutertes-time-running-out-monumental-failures/838741/
- ^ "Reviving the federalist dream – The Manila Times". www.manilatimes.net. 9 December 2020.
- ^ Tan, Rebecca. "In the fight for gay marriage in the Philippines, Duterte could be an unlikely ally". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2020-10-26.
- ^ Reginio, M. K. (n.d.). Group says Duterte's LGBT promises "empty". Kodao Productions. https://kodao.org/group-says-dutertes-lgbt-promises-empty/
- ^ Pascual, Rev Fr Antonio Cecilio T. (2020-09-03). "What 'revgov' implies | Rev. Fr. Antonio Cecilio T. Pascual". BusinessMirror. Retrieved 2020-10-26.
- ^ "State-sponsored hate: The rise of the pro-Duterte bloggers". Rappler. 18 August 2017.
- ^ Hegina, A. J. (2016, April 18). Analyst: PH should fear "loose cannon" Duterte. Philippine Daily Inquirer. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/780101/analyst-ph-should-fear-loose-cannon-duterte
- ^ Swaine, Michael [@Dalzell60] (2021-05-03). "Your job is to defend your nation's interests by using diplomacy, not the language of a school boy. This is embarrassing for you and your country" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ Escalona, K. A. (2018, July 19). Duterte's war on tongues. New Mandala. https://www.newmandala.org/dutertes-war-tongues/
- ^ Manlupig, Karlos (2015-11-09). "Duterte Cheers Rebels: 'Mabuhay ang NPA'". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
- ^ Sison y Canlás, José María (2018-07-28). "The Fate of the People's War". Jacobin (Interview). Interviewed by Denis Rogatyuk.
- ^ Márquez, Consuelo (2019-04-23). "Pangilinan on Sharon Cuneta's Support for Duterte: Families Are Divided, We Are No Exception".
- ^ Lalu, Gabriel Pabico (2020-10-23). "Parlade asks: Is Mayor Isko welcoming 'terrorist' CPP-NPA in Manila?". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
- ^ "Philippines Troll Patrol: The woman taking on trolls on their own turf". BBC News. 2020-09-25. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
- ^ Cruz, E. S. (2017, August 16). Story of LABAN. Philippine Star. http://www.philstar.com/opinion/2017/08/16/1729898/story-laban
- ^ Nawal, A., & Alconaba, N. (2017, February 25). Sara Duterte fires back: My father understood spirit of Edsa. Philippine Daily Inquirer. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/875179/sara-duterte-fires-back-my-father-understood-spirit-of-edsa
- ^ Pamalakaya. (2020, May 31). Anti-terrorism bill intends the people to be a "flock of sheep" —groups. https://angpamalakaya.org/2020/05/31/anti-terrorism-bill-intends-the-people-to-be-a-flock-of-sheep-groups/
- ^ Reysio-Cruz, Cathy Cañares Yamsuan, Matthew (2020-02-23). "'It's time for young people to find their own yellow ribbon'". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved 2020-10-26.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Heydarian, Richard (2018-09-04). "Neither DDS nor 'dilaw'". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved 2020-10-26.
- ^ Terraloza, V. E. (2021, April 20). PNP 'profiling' of community pantry organizers slammed. Manila Bulletin. https://mb.com.ph/2021/04/20/pnp-profiling-of-community-pantry-organizers-slammed/
- ^ Del Mundo, R. (2021, April 21). Mutual aid, community pantries bring out the best in Filipinos and the worst in Duterte's inhumane regime. Philippine Revolution Web Central. https://cpp.ph/statements/mutual-aid-community-pantries-bring-out-the-best-in-filipinos-and-the-worst-in-dutertes-inhumane-regime/
- ^ a b Contreras y P., Antonio (2021-02-04). "The Other Threat to National Security Is Not Coming from the Left". Manila Times.
- ^ Clapano, J. R. (2012, July 14). Groups spearheading black propaganda to smear Binay's image. Philippine Star. https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2012/07/14/827669/groups-spearheading-black-propaganda-smear-binays-image
- ^ Cabañes, J. V. A., & Cornelio, J. S. (2017). The rise of trolls in the Philippines (and what we can do about it). In N. Curato (Ed.), A Duterte reader: Critical essays on the early presidency of Rodrigo Duterte (pp. 233–252). Ateneo de Manila University Press.
- ^ Herrera, C. F. (2016, March 18). Drilón, AMLC, Inquirer tagged in "conspiracy". Manila Standard. https://www.manilastandard.net/news/top-stories/202003/drilon-amlc-inquirer-tagged-in-conspiracy-.html
- ^ Magno, A. (2015, October 26). Smear. Philippine Star. https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2015/10/26/1515264/smear
- ^ Liu, C. (2021). Virtue hoarders: The Case against the Professional Managerial Class. University of Minnesota.
- ^ Share; Twitter; Twitter; Twitter. "Terrorism respects no one, overseas Filipino groups say". www.pna.gov.ph. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
{{cite web}}
:|last2=
has generic name (help) - ^ "Federal party wants Duterte as chairman". The Manila Times. 18 December 2018. Retrieved 2020-10-26.
- ^ Share; Twitter. "Pederalismo ng Dugong Dakilang Samahan with Its Pres.Greco B. Belgica". www.pna.gov.ph. Retrieved 2020-10-26.
{{cite web}}
:|last2=
has generic name (help) - ^ a b Bello y Flores, Walden (2019-09-30). "The Global Rise of the Far Right". Rosa Luxemburg Foundation.
- ^ Bello y Flores, Walden (2019-10-04). The Global Rise of the Far Right. University of Portsmouth. Event occurs at 47:37.
- ^ Coronel, Ethan James (2020). "Is the DDS (Diehard Duterte Supporters) the Filipino Equivalent of America's Alt-Right?".