List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom: Difference between revisions
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|Top right: [[Winston Churchill]] was the prime minister during much of [[World War II]]. |
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|Bottom left: [[Margaret Thatcher]] was the first female prime minister. |
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Revision as of 07:09, 6 September 2022
The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the principal minister of the crown of Her Majesty's Government, and the head of the British Cabinet. There is no specific date for when the office of prime minister first appeared, as the role was not created but rather evolved over a period of time through a merger of duties.[1] However, the term was regularly, if informally, used of Walpole by the 1730s.[2] It was used in the House of Commons as early as 1805,[3] and it was certainly in parliamentary use by the 1880s.[4] In 1905, the post of prime minister was officially given recognition in the order of precedence.[5] Modern historians generally consider Sir Robert Walpole, who led the government of Great Britain for over twenty years from 1721,[6] as the first prime minister. Walpole is also the longest-serving British prime minister by this definition.[7] However, Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman was the first and Margaret Thatcher the longest-serving prime minister officially referred to as such in the order of precedence.[8] The first to use the title in an official act was Benjamin Disraeli, who signed the Treaty of Berlin as "Prime Minister of Her Britannic Majesty" in 1878.[9]
Strictly speaking, the first prime minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was William Pitt the Younger.[10] The first prime minister of the current United Kingdom (the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), was Bonar Law,[11] although the country was not renamed officially until 1927, when Stanley Baldwin was the serving prime minister.[12]
Due to the gradual evolution of the post of prime minister, the title is applied to early prime ministers only retrospectively;[13] this has sometimes given rise to academic dispute. Lord Bath and Lord Waldegrave are sometimes listed as prime ministers.[14] Bath was invited to form a ministry by George II when Henry Pelham resigned in 1746,[15] as was Waldegrave in 1757 after the dismissal of William Pitt the Elder,[16] who dominated the affairs of government during the Seven Years' War. Neither was able to command sufficient parliamentary support to form a government; Bath stepped down after two days[14] and Waldegrave after four.[16] Modern academic consensus does not consider either man to have held office as prime minister;[17] they are therefore listed separately.
Before the Kingdom of Great Britain
Before the Union of England and Scotland in 1707, the Treasury of England was led by the Lord High Treasurer.[18] By the late Tudor period, the Lord High Treasurer was regarded as one of the Great Officers of State,[18] and was often (though not always) the dominant figure in government: Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset (Lord High Treasurer, 1547–1549),[19] served as Lord Protector to his prepubescent nephew Edward VI;[19] William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley (Lord High Treasurer, 1572–1598),[20] was the dominant minister to Elizabeth I;[20] Burghley's son Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, succeeded his father as chief minister to Elizabeth I (1598–1603) and was eventually appointed by James I as Lord High Treasurer (1608–1612).[21]
By the late Stuart period, the Treasury was often run not by a single individual (i.e., the Lord High Treasurer) but by a commission of Lords of the Treasury,[22] led by the First Lord of the Treasury. The last Lords High Treasurer, Lord Godolphin (1702–1710) and Lord Oxford (1711–1714),[23] ran the government of Queen Anne.[24]
From 1707 to 1721
Following the succession of George I in 1714, the arrangement of a commission of Lords of the Treasury (as opposed to a single Lord High Treasurer) became permanent.[25] For the next three years, the government was headed by Lord Townshend, who was appointed Secretary of State for the Northern Department.[26] Subsequently, Lord Stanhope and Lord Sunderland ran the government jointly,[27] with Stanhope managing foreign affairs and Sunderland domestic.[27] Stanhope died in February 1721 and Sunderland resigned two months later;[27] Townshend and Robert Walpole were then invited to form the next government.[28] From that point, the holder of the office of First Lord also usually (albeit unofficially) held the status of prime minister. It was not until the Edwardian era that the title prime minister was constitutionally recognised.[13] The prime minister still holds the office of First Lord by constitutional convention,[29] the only exceptions being Lord Chatham (1766–1768) and Lord Salisbury (1885–1886, 1886–1892, 1895–1902).[30]
Since 1721
18th century | 19th century | 20th century | 21st century |
---|
Whig(16) Tory(10) Conservative(19) Liberal(7) Labour(6) National Labour(1) Peelite(1) | Monarch (Reign) |
Ref. | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Portrait | Prime Minister Office (Lifespan) |
Term of office & mandate[a] Duration in years and days |
Ministerial offices held as prime minister | Party | Regierung | |||||
| Sir Robert Walpole MP for King's Lynn (1676–1745) |
3 April 1721 |
11 February 1742 |
1722 | Whig | Walpole–Townshend | George I r. 1714–1727 |
[31] | ||
1727 | George II r. 1727–1760 | |||||||||
1734 | Walpole | |||||||||
1741 | ||||||||||
20 years and 315 days | ||||||||||
Spencer Compton 1st Earl of Wilmington (1673–1743) |
16 February 1742 |
2 July 1743 |
— | Carteret | [32] | |||||
1 year and 137 days[†] | ||||||||||
Henry Pelham MP for Sussex (1694–1754) |
27 August 1743 |
6 March 1754 |
— | [33] | ||||||
Broad Bottom I | ||||||||||
1747 | Broad Bottom II | |||||||||
10 years and 192 days[†] | ||||||||||
Thomas Pelham-Holles 1st Duke of Newcastle (1693–1768) |
16 March 1754 |
11 November 1756 |
1754 | Newcastle I | [34] | |||||
2 years and 241 days | ||||||||||
William Cavendish 4th Duke of Devonshire (1720–1764) |
16 November 1756 |
29 June 1757 |
— | Pitt–Devonshire | [35] | |||||
1757 Caretaker | ||||||||||
226 days | ||||||||||
Thomas Pelham-Holles 1st Duke of Newcastle (1693–1768) |
29 June 1757 |
26 May 1762 |
1761 | Pitt–Newcastle | [36] | |||||
Bute–Newcastle (Tory–Whig) |
George III r. 1760–1820 | |||||||||
4 years and 332 days | ||||||||||
John Stuart 3rd Earl of Bute (1713–1792) |
26 May 1762 |
8 April 1763 |
— | Tory | Bute | [37] | ||||
318 days | ||||||||||
George Grenville MP for Buckingham (1712–1770) |
16 April 1763 |
10 July 1765 |
— | Whig (Grenvillite) |
Grenville (mainly Whig) |
[38] | ||||
2 years and 86 days | ||||||||||
Charles Watson-Wentworth 2nd Marquess of Rockingham (1730–1782) |
13 July 1765 |
30 July 1766 |
— | Whig (Rockinghamite) |
Rockingham I | [39] | ||||
1 year and 18 days | ||||||||||
William Pitt the Elder 1st Earl of Chatham[b] (1708–1778) |
30 July 1766 |
14 October 1768 |
1768 | Whig (Chathamite) |
Chatham | [40] | ||||
2 years and 77 days | ||||||||||
Augustus FitzRoy 3rd Duke of Grafton (1735–1811) |
14 October 1768 |
28 January 1770 |
— | Grafton | [41] | |||||
1 year and 107 days | ||||||||||
Frederick North Lord North MP for Banbury (1732–1792) |
28 January 1770 |
27 March 1782 |
1774 | Tory (Northite) |
North | [42] | ||||
1780 | ||||||||||
12 years and 59 days | ||||||||||
Charles Watson-Wentworth 2nd Marquess of Rockingham (1730–1782) |
27 March 1782 |
1 July 1782 |
— | Whig (Rockinghamite) |
Rockingham II | [39] | ||||
97 days[†] | ||||||||||
William Petty 2nd Earl of Shelburne (1737–1805) |
4 July 1782 |
26 March 1783 |
— | Whig (Chathamite) |
Shelburne | [43] | ||||
266 days | ||||||||||
William Cavendish-Bentinck 3rd Duke of Portland (1738–1809) |
2 April 1783 |
18 December 1783 |
— | Whig | Fox–North | [44] | ||||
261 days | ||||||||||
William Pitt the Younger MP for Appleby, later Cambridge University[c] (1759–1806) |
19 December 1783 |
14 March 1801 |
1784 | Tory (Pittite) |
Pitt I | [45] | ||||
1790 | ||||||||||
1796 | ||||||||||
17 years and 86 days | ||||||||||
Henry Addington MP for Devizes (1757–1844) |
17 March 1801 |
10 May 1804 |
1801 | Tory (Addingtonian) |
Addington | [46] | ||||
1802 | ||||||||||
3 years and 55 days | ||||||||||
William Pitt the Younger MP for Cambridge University (1759–1806) |
10 May 1804 |
23 January 1806 |
— | Tory (Pittite) |
Pitt II | [47] | ||||
1 year and 259 days[†] | ||||||||||
William Grenville 1st Baron Grenville (1759–1834) |
11 February 1806 |
25 March 1807 |
1806 | Whig | All the Talents (Whig–Tory) |
[48] | ||||
1 year and 43 days | ||||||||||
William Cavendish-Bentinck 3rd Duke of Portland (1738–1809) |
31 March 1807 |
4 October 1809 |
1807 | Tory (Pittite) |
Portland II | [49] | ||||
2 years and 188 days | ||||||||||
Spencer Perceval MP for Northampton (1762–1812) |
4 October 1809 |
11 May 1812 |
— | Perceval | [50] | |||||
2 years and 221 days[†] | ||||||||||
Robert Jenkinson 2nd Earl of Liverpool (1770–1828) |
8 June 1812 |
9 April 1827 |
1812 | Liverpool | [51] | |||||
1818 | George IV r. 1820–1830 | |||||||||
1820 | ||||||||||
1826 | ||||||||||
14 years and 306 days | ||||||||||
George Canning MP for Seaford (1770–1827) |
12 April 1827 |
8 August 1827 |
— | Tory (Canningite) |
Canning (Canningite–Whig) |
[52] | ||||
119 days[†] | ||||||||||
F. J. Robinson 1st Viscount Goderich (1782–1859) |
31 August 1827 |
8 January 1828 |
— | Tory (Canningite) |
Goderich | [53] | ||||
131 days | ||||||||||
Arthur Wellesley 1st Duke of Wellington (1769–1852) |
22 January 1828 |
16 November 1830 |
1830 | Tory | Wellington–Peel | [54] | ||||
2 years and 299 days | William IV r. 1830–1837 | |||||||||
Charles Grey 2nd Earl Grey (1764–1845) |
22 November 1830 |
9 July 1834 |
1831 | Whig | Grey | [55] | ||||
1832 | ||||||||||
3 years and 230 days | ||||||||||
William Lamb 2nd Viscount Melbourne (1779–1848) |
16 July 1834 |
14 November 1834 |
— | Melbourne I | [56] | |||||
122 days | ||||||||||
Arthur Wellesley 1st Duke of Wellington (1769–1852) |
17 November 1834 |
9 December 1834 |
— | Tory | Wellington Caretaker | [57] | ||||
23 days | ||||||||||
Sir Robert Peel MP for Tamworth (1788–1850) |
10 December 1834 |
8 April 1835 |
— | Conservative | Peel I | [58] | ||||
120 days | ||||||||||
William Lamb 2nd Viscount Melbourne (1779–1848) |
18 April 1835 |
30 August 1841 |
1835 | Whig | Melbourne II | [59] | ||||
1837 | Victoria | |||||||||
6 years and 135 days | ||||||||||
Sir Robert Peel MP for Tamworth (1788–1850) |
30 August 1841 |
29 June 1846 |
1841 | Conservative | Peel II | [58] | ||||
4 years and 304 days | ||||||||||
Lord John Russell MP for City of London (1792–1878) |
30 June 1846 |
21 February 1852 |
1847 | Whig | Russell I | [60] | ||||
5 years and 237 days | ||||||||||
Edward Smith-Stanley 14th Earl of Derby (1799–1869) |
23 February 1852 |
17 December 1852 |
1852 | Conservative | Who? Who? | [61] | ||||
299 days | ||||||||||
George Hamilton-Gordon 4th Earl of Aberdeen (1784–1860) |
19 December 1852 |
30 January 1855 |
— | Peelite | Aberdeen (Peelite–Whig–et al.) |
[62] | ||||
2 years and 43 days | ||||||||||
Henry John Temple 3rd Viscount Palmerston MP for Tiverton (1784–1865) |
6 February 1855 |
19 February 1858 |
1857 | Whig | Palmerston I | [63] | ||||
3 years and 14 days | ||||||||||
Edward Smith-Stanley 14th Earl of Derby (1799–1869) |
20 February 1858 |
11 June 1859 |
— | Conservative | Derby–Disraeli II | [64] | ||||
1 year and 112 days | ||||||||||
Henry John Temple 3rd Viscount Palmerston MP for Tiverton (1784–1865) |
12 June 1859 |
18 October 1865 |
1859 | Liberal | Palmerston II | [65] | ||||
1865 | ||||||||||
6 years and 129 days[†] | ||||||||||
John Russell 1st Earl Russell (1792–1878) |
29 October 1865 |
26 June 1866 |
— | Russell II | [60] | |||||
241 days | ||||||||||
Edward Smith-Stanley 14th Earl of Derby (1799–1869) |
28 June 1866 |
25 February 1868 |
— | Conservative | Derby–Disraeli III | [66] | ||||
1 year and 243 days | ||||||||||
Benjamin Disraeli MP for Buckinghamshire (1804–1881) |
See also § Main articles:1 | [67] | ||||||||
27 February 1868 |
1 December 1868 |
— | ||||||||
279 days | ||||||||||
William Ewart Gladstone MP for Midlothian (1809–1898) |
See also § Main articles:2 | Liberal | Gladstone I | [68] | ||||||
3 December 1868 |
17 February 1874 |
1868 | ||||||||
5 years and 77 days | ||||||||||
Benjamin Disraeli 1st Earl of Beaconsfield[d] (1804–1881) |
See also § Main articles:1 |
|
Conservative | Disraeli II | [69] | |||||
20 February 1874 |
21 April 1880 |
1874 | ||||||||
6 years and 62 days | ||||||||||
William Ewart Gladstone MP for Midlothian (1809–1898) |
See also § Main articles:2 | Liberal | Gladstone II | [70] | ||||||
23 April 1880 |
9 June 1885 |
1880 | ||||||||
5 years and 48 days | ||||||||||
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (1830–1903) |
23 June 1885 |
28 January 1886 |
— | Conservative | Salisbury I | [71] | ||||
220 days | ||||||||||
William Ewart Gladstone MP for Midlothian (1809–1898) |
See also § Main articles:2 | Liberal | Gladstone III | [70] | ||||||
1 February 1886 |
20 July 1886 |
1885 | ||||||||
170 days | ||||||||||
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (1830–1903) |
25 July 1886 |
11 August 1892 |
1886 |
|
Conservative | Salisbury II | [72] | |||
6 years and 18 days | ||||||||||
William Ewart Gladstone MP for Midlothian (1809–1898) |
See also § Main articles:2 | Liberal | Gladstone IV | [70] | ||||||
15 August 1892 |
2 March 1894 |
1892 | ||||||||
1 year and 200 days | ||||||||||
Archibald Primrose 5th Earl of Rosebery (1847–1929) |
5 March 1894 |
22 June 1895 |
— | Rosebery | [73] | |||||
1 year and 110 days | ||||||||||
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (1830–1903) |
25 June 1895 |
11 July 1902 |
1895 |
|
Conservative | Salisbury III (Con.–Lib.U.) |
[74] | |||
1900 | Salisbury IV (Con.–Lib.U.) |
Edward VII r. 1901–1910 | ||||||||
7 years and 17 days | ||||||||||
Arthur Balfour MP for Manchester East (1848–1930) |
12 July 1902 |
4 December 1905 |
— | Balfour (Con.–Lib.U.) |
[75] | |||||
3 years and 146 days | ||||||||||
Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman MP for Stirling Burghs (1836–1908) |
5 December 1905 |
3 April 1908 |
1906 | Liberal | Campbell-Bannerman | [76] | ||||
2 years and 121 days | ||||||||||
H. H. Asquith MP for East Fife (1852–1928) |
8 April 1908 |
5 December 1916 |
— | Asquith I | [77] | |||||
Jan.1910 | Asquith II | George V r. 1910–1936 | ||||||||
Dec.1910 | Asquith III | |||||||||
— | Asquith Coalition (Lib.–Con.–et al.) | |||||||||
8 years and 243 days | ||||||||||
David Lloyd George MP for Caernarfon (1863–1945) |
6 December 1916 |
19 October 1922 |
— | Lloyd George War | [78] | |||||
1918 | Lloyd George II (Lib.–Con.) | |||||||||
5 years and 318 days | ||||||||||
Bonar Law MP for Glasgow Central (1858–1923) |
23 October 1922 |
20 May 1923 |
1922 | Conservative (Scot.U.) |
Law | [79] | ||||
210 days | ||||||||||
Stanley Baldwin MP for Bewdley (1867–1947) |
22 May 1923 |
22 January 1924 |
— | Conservative | Baldwin I | [80] | ||||
246 days | ||||||||||
Ramsay MacDonald MP for Aberavon (1866–1937) |
22 January 1924 |
4 November 1924 |
1923 | Labour | MacDonald I | [81] | ||||
288 days | ||||||||||
Stanley Baldwin MP for Bewdley (1867–1947) |
4 November 1924 |
4 June 1929 |
1924 | Conservative | Baldwin II | [82] | ||||
4 years and 213 days | ||||||||||
Ramsay MacDonald MP for Seaham (1866–1937) |
5 June 1929 |
7 June 1935 |
1929 | Labour | MacDonald II | [83] | ||||
— | National Labour | National I (N.Lab.–Con.–et al.) | ||||||||
1931 | National II | |||||||||
6 years and 3 days | ||||||||||
| Stanley Baldwin MP for Bewdley (1867–1947) |
7 June 1935 |
28 May 1937 |
1935 | Conservative | National III | [84] | |||
Edward VIII r. 1936 | ||||||||||
1 year and 356 days | George VI r. 1936–1952 | |||||||||
photograph | Neville Chamberlain MP for Birmingham Edgbaston (1869–1940) |
28 May 1937 |
10 May 1940 |
— | National IV | [85] | ||||
Chamberlain War | ||||||||||
2 years and 349 days | ||||||||||
Winston Churchill MP for Epping (1874–1965) |
10 May 1940 |
26 July 1945 |
— | Churchill War | [86] | |||||
5 years and 78 days | Churchill Caretaker (Con.–L.Nat.) | |||||||||
Clement Attlee MP for Limehouse (1883–1967) |
26 July 1945 |
26 October 1951 |
1945 |
|
Labour | Attlee I | [87] | |||
1950 | Attlee II | |||||||||
6 years and 93 days | ||||||||||
Sir Winston Churchill MP for Woodford (1874–1965) |
26 October 1951 |
5 April 1955 |
1951 |
|
Conservative | Churchill III | [88] | |||
3 years and 162 days | Elizabeth II r. 1952–present | |||||||||
Sir Anthony Eden MP for Warwick and Leamington (1897–1977) |
6 April 1955 |
9 January 1957 |
1955 | Eden | [89] | |||||
1 year and 279 days | ||||||||||
Harold Macmillan MP for Bromley (1894–1986) |
10 January 1957 |
18 October 1963 |
— | Macmillan I | [90] | |||||
1959 | Macmillan II | |||||||||
6 years and 282 days | ||||||||||
Sir Alec Douglas-Home[e] MP for Kinross and Western Perthshire (1903–1995) |
19 October 1963 |
16 October 1964 |
— | Conservative (Scot.U.) |
Douglas-Home | [91] | ||||
364 days | ||||||||||
Harold Wilson MP for Huyton (1916–1995) |
16 October 1964 |
19 June 1970 |
1964 | Labour | Wilson I | [92] | ||||
1966 | Wilson II | |||||||||
5 years and 247 days | ||||||||||
Edward Heath MP for Bexley (1916–2005) |
19 June 1970 |
4 March 1974 |
1970 | Conservative | Heath | [93] | ||||
3 years and 259 days | ||||||||||
Harold Wilson MP for Huyton (1916–1995) |
4 March 1974 |
5 April 1976 |
Feb.1974 | Labour | Wilson III | [92] | ||||
Oct.1974 | Wilson IV | |||||||||
2 years and 33 days | ||||||||||
James Callaghan MP for Cardiff South East (1912–2005) |
5 April 1976 |
4 May 1979 |
— | Callaghan | [94] | |||||
3 years and 30 days | ||||||||||
Margaret Thatcher MP for Finchley (1925–2013) |
See also § Main articles:3 | Conservative | Thatcher I | [95] | ||||||
4 May 1979 |
28 November 1990 |
1979 | ||||||||
1983 | Thatcher II | |||||||||
1987 | Thatcher III | |||||||||
11 years and 209 days | ||||||||||
John Major MP for Huntingdon (born 1943) |
See also § Main articles:4 | Major I | [96] | |||||||
28 November 1990 |
2 May 1997 |
— | ||||||||
1992 | Major II | |||||||||
6 years and 156 days | ||||||||||
Tony Blair MP for Sedgefield (born 1953) |
See also § Main articles:5 | Labour | Blair I | [97] | ||||||
2 May 1997 |
27 June 2007 |
1997 | ||||||||
2001 | Blair II | |||||||||
2005 | Blair III | |||||||||
10 years and 57 days | ||||||||||
Gordon Brown MP for Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath (born 1951) |
See also § Main articles:6 | Brown | [98] | |||||||
27 June 2007 |
11 May 2010 |
— | ||||||||
2 years and 319 days | ||||||||||
David Cameron MP for Witney (born 1966) |
See also § Main articles:7 | Conservative | Cameron–Clegg (Con.–Lib.Dems.) |
[99] | ||||||
11 May 2010 |
13 July 2016 |
2010 | ||||||||
2015 | Cameron II | |||||||||
6 years and 64 days | ||||||||||
Theresa May MP for Maidenhead (born 1956) |
See also § Main articles:8 | May I | [100] | |||||||
13 July 2016 |
24 July 2019 |
— | ||||||||
2017 | May II | |||||||||
3 years and 12 days | ||||||||||
Boris Johnson MP for Uxbridge and South Ruislip (born 1964) |
See also § Main articles:9 | Johnson I | [101] | |||||||
24 July 2019 |
6 September 2022 |
— | ||||||||
2019 | Johnson II | |||||||||
5 years and 55 days | ||||||||||
Prime Minister Office (Lifespan) |
Term of office & mandate | Ministerial offices | Party | Regierung | Monarch | Ref. |
Disputed
Whig (2) | Monarch | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Title Prime Minister (lifetime) |
Term of office & mandate[a] Duration in years and days |
Ministerial offices held as prime minister | Party | Regierung | |||||
William Pulteney 1st Earl of Bath (1684–1764) |
10 February 1746 |
12 February 1746 |
- | Whig | Short Lived | George II | |||
3 days | |||||||||
James Waldegrave 2nd Earl Waldegrave (1715–1763) |
8 June 1757 |
12 June 1757 |
- | Waldegrave | |||||
5 days |
Timeline
See also
- List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom by length of tenure
- List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom by education
- Assassination of Spencer Perceval
- Downing Street
- List of British governments
- List of current heads of government in the United Kingdom and dependencies
- List of prime ministers of Queen Victoria — (for the U.K., the colonies and the dominions)
- Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- List of United Kingdom general elections
- Royal prerogative in the United Kingdom
- List of government ministers of the United Kingdom
- ^1: Premierships of Benjamin Disraeli
- ^2: Premierships of William Ewart Gladstone
- ^3: Premiership of Margaret Thatcher
- ^4: Premiership of John Major
- ^5: Premiership of Tony Blair
- ^6: Premiership of Gordon Brown
- ^7: Premiership of David Cameron
- ^8: Premiership of Theresa May
- ^9: Premiership of Boris Johnson
Notes
- ^§ Elevated to the British peerage
- ^† Died in office
- ^‡ Elected to a new constituency in a general election
- ^ a b Legend for cells listed in the sixth column from right:
- e.g. 1722 and 1841 —coloured containing a linked year
- indicates a general election won by the government (e.g. 1722) or one that led to its formation (e.g. 1841);
- e.g. 1830 —shaded grey containing a linked year
- indicates an election resulting in no single party winning a Commons majority;
- e.g. — —coloured containing a dash
- indicates the formation of a majority government without an election;
- e.g. — —shaded grey containing a dash
- indicates the formation of a minority or coalition government during a hung parliament.
- e.g. 1722 and 1841 —coloured containing a linked year
- ^ Pitt, for the first five days of his premiership (30 July – 4 August 1766), served as a Member of Parliament for Bath. He relinquished his Commons seat in order to take the office of Lord Privy Seal, which required his elevation to the House of Lords.
- ^ Pitt ran under a different constituency in the 1784 British general election.
- ^ Disraeli was elevated to the House of Lords in 1876, two years into his second premiership. Consequently, he relinquished his Commons seat and office as MP for Buckinghamshire.
- ^ Douglas Home disclaimed his peerage as the Earl of Home on 23 October 1963. He was elected an MP on 7 November.
References
Citations
- ^ Hennessy 2001, pp. 39–40.
- ^ Stephen Taylor ODNB.[full citation needed]
- ^ Castlereagh 1805.
- ^ Eardley-Wilmot 1885; Macfarlane 1885.
- ^ Marriott 1923, p. 83.
- ^ Clarke 1999, p. 266; Hennessy 2001, pp. 39–40.
- ^ BBC News 1998.
- ^ Mackay 1987; Marriott 1923, p. 83.
- ^ Bogdanor 1997.
- ^ Burt 1874, p. 106; Castlereagh 1805.
- ^ Law 1922.
- ^ Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927.
- ^ a b Leonard 2010, p. 1.
- ^ a b Carpenter 1992, p. 37.
- ^ Leonard 2010, p. 47.
- ^ a b Leonard 2010, p. 65.
- ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2011.
- ^ a b Chisholm 1911f.
- ^ a b Pollard 1904.
- ^ a b Chisholm 1911a.
- ^ Chisholm 1911c.
- ^ Chapman 2002.
- ^ Fisher Russell Barker 1890; Stephen 1890.
- ^ Morrill 2018.
- ^ Chapman 2002, p. 15.
- ^ McMullen Rigg 1899.
- ^ a b c Chisholm 1911d; Chisholm 1911e.
- ^ Chisholm 1911b; McMullen Rigg 1899.
- ^ UK Government 2013.
- ^ Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, p. 413; Locker-Lampson 1907, p. 497.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, pp. 1, 5; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 1–5; Pryde et al. 1996, pp. 45–46.
- ^ Cook & Stevenson 1988, p. 41; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 14; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 7–10; Jones & Jones 1986, p. 222.
- ^ Cook & Stevenson 1988, pp. 41–42; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 17; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 11–15.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 28; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 16–21.
- ^ Cook & Stevenson 1988, p. 44; Courthope 1838, p. 19; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 34; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 23–26; Schumann & Schweizer 2012, p. 143.
- ^ Cook & Stevenson 1980, p. 11; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 28; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 16–21; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 46; Tout 1910, p. 740.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 36; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 28–31; Jones & Jones 1986, p. 223; Tout 1910, p. 740.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 42; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 33–35; Tout 1910, p. 740.
- ^ a b The British Magazine and Review 1782, p. 79; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, pp. 46, 50; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 39–43.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 54; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 45–50; Kebbel 1864, p. 143; Venning 2005, p. 93.
- ^ Courthope 1838, p. 9; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 61; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 52–56; Venning 2005, p. 93; Vincitorio 1968, p. 156.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 64; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 58–62; Whiteley 1996, p. 24.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 73; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 64–68; Venning 2005, p. 93.
- ^ Cook & Stevenson 1980, p. 11; Courthope 1838, p. 25; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 77; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 69–74; Venning 2005, p. 93.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 85; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 75–78; Evans 2008, p. 4.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 94; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 83–85; Styles 1829, p. 266.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 85; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 75–77; Evans 2008, p. 4.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 98; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 90–92; Tout 1910, p. 740.
- ^ Courthope 1838, p. 25; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 77; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 69–74; Evans 2008, p. 4.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 101; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 98–101; Evans 2008, p. 4.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 106; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 104–108; Evans 2008, p. 4; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 47.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, pp. 116, 133; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 110–115.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, pp. 120, 133; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 118–120.
- ^ Courthope 1838, p. 33; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 123; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 124–130; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 47; Shaw 1906, p. 447; Tout 1910, p. 740.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 128; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 133–139.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 136; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 141–143.
- ^ Courthope 1838, p. 33; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 123; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 124–130; Evans 2001, p. 471; Mahon & Cardwell 1856, p. 17; Shaw 1906, p. 447.
- ^ a b Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 142; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 148–153.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 136; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 141–145; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 47.
- ^ a b Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 151; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 155–160.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 161; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 162–164.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, pp. 159, 167; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 169–174; Royal Society of Edinburgh 2006, p. 375; Tout 1910, p. 741.
- ^ Disraeli 1855; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 174; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 177–184; Royal Society 2007, p. 349.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 161; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 162–164; Tout 1910, p. 741.
- ^ Balfour 1910; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 174; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 177–184; Royal Society 2007, p. 349.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 161; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 162–167; Tout 1910, p. 741.
- ^ Disraeli 1868; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 183; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 187–189; Tout 1910, p. 741.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 196; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 195–198; Royal Statistical Society 1892, p. 9.
- ^ Chamberlain 1884; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 183; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 187–192.
- ^ a b c Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 196; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 195–202; Royal Statistical Society 1892, p. 9.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 213; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 205–210; Mosley 2003, p. 3505.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 213; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 205–210; Locker-Lampson 1907, p. 497; Mosley 2003, p. 3505; Sandys 1910, p. 287.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 222; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 212–215.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, pp. 213, 221; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 205–210; Mosley 2003, p. 3505; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 47; Sandys 1910, p. 287.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 231; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 217–221; Mosley 1999, p. 173; Tout 1910, p. 741.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 239; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 223–227.
- ^ Butler & Butler 2010, p. 5; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 244; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 229–235; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 48.
- ^ Butler & Butler 2010, pp. 6–9; The Constitutional Yearbook 1919, p. 42; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 252; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 237–243.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 262; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 246–248; Scully 2018.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 273; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 253–255; Mosley 1999, p. 172.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 281; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 262–264.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 273; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 253–259; Mosley 1999, p. 172.
- ^ Butler & Butler 2010, p. 13; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 281; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 262–268.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 273; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 253–259; Mosley 1999, p. 172; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 48.
- ^ The Annual Register 1941, p. 11; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 289; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 270–274.
- ^ The Annual Register 1946, p. 11; Butler & Butler 2010, pp. 17–21, 77; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 295; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 276–282; The London Gazette 1924 .
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 305; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 284–289.
- ^ BBC On This Day 2005; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 295; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 276–282; The London Gazette 1924 ; Mosley 1999, p. 1868; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 48.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 315; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 291–295.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 320; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 297–303.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 329; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 306–310; Scully 2018.
- ^ a b Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 333; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 313–320.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 343; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 322–328; UK Parliament 2005a.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 350; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 331–333; UK Parliament 2005b.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 358; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 340–347; UK Parliament 2013.
- ^ Butler & Butler 2010, p. 61; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 384; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 350–352.
- ^ Butler & Butler 2010, pp. 61, 270; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 392; Seldon 2007, pp. 77, 371, 647; UK Parliament 2017b.
- ^ Butler & Butler 2010, pp. 61, 86; UK Parliament 2012.
- ^ Butler & Butler 2010, pp. 61, 65; Lee & Beech 2011; Royal Communications 2016; Wheeler 2016.
- ^ BBC News 2017; Stamp 2016; UK Parliament 2017a.
- ^ BBC News 2019; Kuenssberg 2019; UK Parliament 2022.
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Further reading
- Bogdanor, Vernon, ed. (2010). From New Jerusalem to New Labour: British Prime Ministers from Attlee to Blair. Palgrave Macmillan (published 20 October 2016). ISBN 978-0-230-29700-5.
- Browne, J. Houston (1858). Lives of the Prime Ministers of England: From the Restoration to the Present Time. Vol. 1. London: Thomas Cautley Newby.
- Davidson, Jonathan (2010). Downing Street Blues: A History of Depression and Other Mental Afflictions in British Prime Ministers. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-5793-9.
- Grube, Dennis (2013). Prime Ministers and Rhetorical Governance. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-31836-7.
- King, Anthony Stephen, ed. (1985). The British Prime Minister (2nd ed.). Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-0635-1.
- Leonard, Dick (2008). Nineteenth Century Premiers: Pitt to Rosebery. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-22725-5.
- Parker, Robert J. (2013). British Prime Ministers (2nd ed.). Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4456-1021-4.
- Quinault, Roland (2011). British Prime Ministers and Democracy: From Disraeli to Blair. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4411-1105-0.
External links
- "Past Prime Ministers". Gov.uk. UK Government. Archived from the original on 25 August 2008.
- "Prime Ministers and Politics Timeline". History. BBC. Archived from the original on 27 May 2011.