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Coordinates: 40°42′37″N 74°00′43″W / 40.7104°N 74.0119°W / 40.7104; -74.0119
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The PANYNJ voted in early 2008 to extend the deadline for 4 WTC's completion to April 2012.<ref name="nyt-2008-05-23">{{Cite news |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=May 23, 2008 |title=Merrill Lynch Weighs Putting Headquarters at Ground Zero |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/23/nyregion/23merrill.html |url-status=live |access-date=August 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813211359/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/23/nyregion/23merrill.html |archive-date=August 13, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Arak 2008">{{cite web |last=Arak |first=Joey |date=May 22, 2008 |title=Freedom's Friends Delayed, But Tower 3 May Get Lynch'd |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2008/5/22/10569950/freedoms-friends-delayed-but-tower-3-may-get-lynchd |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821220940/https://ny.curbed.com/2008/5/22/10569950/freedoms-friends-delayed-but-tower-3-may-get-lynchd |archive-date=August 21, 2022 |access-date=August 13, 2022 |website=Curbed NY}}</ref> Meanwhile, police officials expressed concern that the building's all-glass design posed a security risk.<ref name="Smith 2008">{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Greg B. |date=February 24, 2008 |title=Pros fear new towers at World Trade Center site have security gaps |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/pros-fear-new-towers-world-trade-center-site-security-gaps-article-1.307215 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814171328/https://www.nydailynews.com/news/pros-fear-new-towers-world-trade-center-site-security-gaps-article-1.307215 |archive-date=August 14, 2022 |access-date=August 14, 2022 |website=New York Daily News}}</ref> A study published in early 2009 predicted that 4 WTC, the first of Silverstein's three towers at the World Trade Center site, would not be fully leased until 2014 due to the [[financial crisis of 2007–2008]].<ref name="Gralla 2009">{{cite web |last=Gralla |first=Joan |date=April 16, 2009 |title=World Trade Center rebuild faces decades of delays |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-worldtradecenter-delays-idUSTRE53F77N20090416 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607171142/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-worldtradecenter-delays-idUSTRE53F77N20090416 |archive-date=June 7, 2020 |access-date=August 19, 2022 |website=Reuters}}</ref> 4 WTC's construction was temporarily halted that March after city officials found that workers were operating a construction crane without a permit.<ref name="p306249972">{{cite news |last=Kates |first=Brian |date=11 Mar 2009 |title=City Lowers Boom on Crane Hazard on Wtc Street |page=6 |work=New York Daily News |id={{ProQuest|306249972}}}}</ref> By May 2009, Silverstein wanted the PANYNJ to fund the construction of 2 and 4 WTC, but the PANYNJ was only willing to provide funding for 4 WTC, citing the [[Great Recession]] and disagreements with Silverstein.<ref name="New York Daily News 2009">{{cite web |date=May 11, 2009 |title=Port Authority wants to dump three of five proposed skyscrapers for WTC site |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/agency-dump-skyscrapers-wtc-site-article-1.377512 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424192334/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/port-authority-dump-proposed-skyscrapers-wtc-site-article-1.377512 |archive-date=April 24, 2014 |access-date=August 13, 2022 |website=New York Daily News}}</ref><ref name="p219150700">{{cite magazine |last=Agovino |first=Theresa |date=May 18, 2009 |title=Port Authority vs. Silverstein feud heads to Gracie Mansion |magazine=Crain's New York Business |volume=25 |issue=20 |page=4 |id={{ProQuest|219150700}}}}</ref> At the time, the PANYNJ had leased one-third of 4 WTC's office space, but no tenant had been signed for 2 WTC.<ref name="wsj-2009-05-20">{{Cite news |last=Lewis |first=Christina S. N. |date=2009-05-20 |title=Silverstein and Officials Talk Trade Center -- Again |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124277646578237023 |access-date=2022-10-01 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> Silverstein also held an [[Option (finance)|option]] to lease space to the city government for {{convert|59|$/ft2}}, but he was reluctant to exercise the option, since he believed that market-rate rents for the space would increase drastically when the building opened.<ref name="p219150700" />
The PANYNJ voted in early 2008 to extend the deadline for 4 WTC's completion to April 2012.<ref name="nyt-2008-05-23">{{Cite news |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=May 23, 2008 |title=Merrill Lynch Weighs Putting Headquarters at Ground Zero |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/23/nyregion/23merrill.html |url-status=live |access-date=August 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813211359/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/23/nyregion/23merrill.html |archive-date=August 13, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Arak 2008">{{cite web |last=Arak |first=Joey |date=May 22, 2008 |title=Freedom's Friends Delayed, But Tower 3 May Get Lynch'd |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2008/5/22/10569950/freedoms-friends-delayed-but-tower-3-may-get-lynchd |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821220940/https://ny.curbed.com/2008/5/22/10569950/freedoms-friends-delayed-but-tower-3-may-get-lynchd |archive-date=August 21, 2022 |access-date=August 13, 2022 |website=Curbed NY}}</ref> Meanwhile, police officials expressed concern that the building's all-glass design posed a security risk.<ref name="Smith 2008">{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Greg B. |date=February 24, 2008 |title=Pros fear new towers at World Trade Center site have security gaps |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/pros-fear-new-towers-world-trade-center-site-security-gaps-article-1.307215 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814171328/https://www.nydailynews.com/news/pros-fear-new-towers-world-trade-center-site-security-gaps-article-1.307215 |archive-date=August 14, 2022 |access-date=August 14, 2022 |website=New York Daily News}}</ref> A study published in early 2009 predicted that 4 WTC, the first of Silverstein's three towers at the World Trade Center site, would not be fully leased until 2014 due to the [[financial crisis of 2007–2008]].<ref name="Gralla 2009">{{cite web |last=Gralla |first=Joan |date=April 16, 2009 |title=World Trade Center rebuild faces decades of delays |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-worldtradecenter-delays-idUSTRE53F77N20090416 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607171142/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-worldtradecenter-delays-idUSTRE53F77N20090416 |archive-date=June 7, 2020 |access-date=August 19, 2022 |website=Reuters}}</ref> 4 WTC's construction was temporarily halted that March after city officials found that workers were operating a construction crane without a permit.<ref name="p306249972">{{cite news |last=Kates |first=Brian |date=11 Mar 2009 |title=City Lowers Boom on Crane Hazard on Wtc Street |page=6 |work=New York Daily News |id={{ProQuest|306249972}}}}</ref> By May 2009, Silverstein wanted the PANYNJ to fund the construction of 2 and 4 WTC, but the PANYNJ was only willing to provide funding for 4 WTC, citing the [[Great Recession]] and disagreements with Silverstein.<ref name="New York Daily News 2009">{{cite web |date=May 11, 2009 |title=Port Authority wants to dump three of five proposed skyscrapers for WTC site |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/agency-dump-skyscrapers-wtc-site-article-1.377512 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424192334/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/port-authority-dump-proposed-skyscrapers-wtc-site-article-1.377512 |archive-date=April 24, 2014 |access-date=August 13, 2022 |website=New York Daily News}}</ref><ref name="p219150700">{{cite magazine |last=Agovino |first=Theresa |date=May 18, 2009 |title=Port Authority vs. Silverstein feud heads to Gracie Mansion |magazine=Crain's New York Business |volume=25 |issue=20 |page=4 |id={{ProQuest|219150700}}}}</ref> At the time, the PANYNJ had leased one-third of 4 WTC's office space, but no tenant had been signed for 2 WTC.<ref name="wsj-2009-05-20">{{Cite news |last=Lewis |first=Christina S. N. |date=2009-05-20 |title=Silverstein and Officials Talk Trade Center -- Again |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124277646578237023 |access-date=2022-10-01 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> Silverstein also held an [[Option (finance)|option]] to lease space to the city government for {{convert|59|$/ft2}}, but he was reluctant to exercise the option, since he believed that market-rate rents for the space would increase drastically when the building opened.<ref name="p219150700" />


Three [[PureCell System|PureCell]] [[Fuel cell|fuel cells]] were delivered at the World Trade Center site in November 2010, providing about 30 percent of 4 WTC's power.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Troianovski |first=Anton |date=November 1, 2010 |title=WTC Taps Fuel Cells |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703708404575586630000766308 |url-status=live |access-date=July 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510015322/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703708404575586630000766308 |archive-date=May 10, 2015 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> To fund the construction of 4 WTC, the PANYNJ proposed selling $1.3 billion in Liberty Bonds, which would have priority over a [[general obligation bond]] issue that had been made previously. This prompted complaints from the general obligation bondholders, forcing the agency to postpone a vote on the Liberty Bond issue in April 2011.<ref name="wsj-2011-04-18">{{Cite news |last=Brown |first=Eliot |date=2011-04-18 |title=New Delay at Ground Zero |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704204604576269084123864532.html |access-date=2022-10-01 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> If the Liberty Bonds were not sold by the end of that year, Silverstein would not have enough money to complete the tower.<ref name="trd-2011-04-13">{{Cite web |last=Pincus |first=Adam |date=2011-04-13 |title=WTC bonds must sell by end of year or risk delay: Port Authority |url=https://therealdeal.com/2011/04/13/larry-silverstein-s-4-world-trade-center-bonds-must-sell-by-end-of-year-or-risk-delay-port-authority-director-chris-ward-says/ |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=The Real Deal New York |language=en-US}}</ref> After five months of negotiations, the PANYNJ announced a revised plan in September 2011, in which the Liberty bonds were subordinate to the general obligation bonds.<ref name="trd-2011-09-22">{{Cite web |date=2011-09-22 |title=Port Authority nears bond deal to finance 4 WTC constructionurl=https://therealdeal.com/2011/09/22/port-authority-and-silverstein-properties-near-bond-deal-to-finance-construction-at-4-world-trade-center/ |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=The Real Deal New York |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="trd-2011-09-222">{{Cite news |last=Brown |first=Eliot |date=2011-09-22 |title=Port Authority Plans WTC Bond Change |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111903703604576584964205175544.html |access-date=2022-10-01 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> The PANYNJ started selling Liberty Bonds in November 2011.<ref name="trd-2011-10-21">{{Cite web |date=2011-10-21 |title=Silverstein, PA to finally offer 4 WTC bonds in November |url=https://therealdeal.com/2011/10/21/larry-silverstein-and-the-port-authority-are-finally-prepared-to-offer-4-world-trade-center-bonds/ |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=The Real Deal New York |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Bloomberg 2011">{{cite web |date=November 1, 2011 |title=World Trade Center Bond Yields Drop as Investors Seek Safety |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-11-01/world-trade-center-bond-yields-lowered-as-investors-seek-safety |access-date=October 1, 2022 |website=Bloomberg}}</ref>
Three [[PureCell System|PureCell]] [[Fuel cell|fuel cells]] were delivered at the World Trade Center site in November 2010, providing about 30 percent of 4 WTC's power.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Troianovski |first=Anton |date=November 1, 2010 |title=WTC Taps Fuel Cells |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703708404575586630000766308 |url-status=live |access-date=July 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510015322/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703708404575586630000766308 |archive-date=May 10, 2015 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> To fund the construction of 4 WTC, the PANYNJ proposed selling $1.3 billion in Liberty Bonds, which would have priority over a [[general obligation bond]] issue that had been made previously. This prompted complaints from the general obligation bondholders, forcing the agency to postpone a vote on the Liberty Bond issue in April 2011.<ref name="wsj-2011-04-18">{{Cite news |last=Brown |first=Eliot |date=2011-04-18 |title=New Delay at Ground Zero |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704204604576269084123864532.html |access-date=2022-10-01 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> If the Liberty Bonds were not sold by the end of that year, Silverstein would not have enough money to complete the tower.<ref name="trd-2011-04-13">{{Cite web |last=Pincus |first=Adam |date=2011-04-13 |title=WTC bonds must sell by end of year or risk delay: Port Authority |url=https://therealdeal.com/2011/04/13/larry-silverstein-s-4-world-trade-center-bonds-must-sell-by-end-of-year-or-risk-delay-port-authority-director-chris-ward-says/ |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=The Real Deal New York |language=en-US}}</ref> After five months of negotiations, the PANYNJ announced a revised plan in September 2011, in which the Liberty bonds were subordinate to the general obligation bonds.<ref name="trd-2011-09-22">{{Cite web |date=2011-09-22 |title=Port Authority nears bond deal to finance 4 WTC construction|url=https://therealdeal.com/2011/09/22/port-authority-and-silverstein-properties-near-bond-deal-to-finance-construction-at-4-world-trade-center/ |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=The Real Deal New York |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="trd-2011-09-222">{{Cite news |last=Brown |first=Eliot |date=2011-09-22 |title=Port Authority Plans WTC Bond Change |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111903703604576584964205175544.html |access-date=2022-10-01 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> The PANYNJ started selling Liberty Bonds in November 2011.<ref name="trd-2011-10-21">{{Cite web |date=2011-10-21 |title=Silverstein, PA to finally offer 4 WTC bonds in November |url=https://therealdeal.com/2011/10/21/larry-silverstein-and-the-port-authority-are-finally-prepared-to-offer-4-world-trade-center-bonds/ |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=The Real Deal New York |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Bloomberg 2011">{{cite web |date=November 1, 2011 |title=World Trade Center Bond Yields Drop as Investors Seek Safety |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-11-01/world-trade-center-bond-yields-lowered-as-investors-seek-safety |access-date=October 1, 2022 |website=Bloomberg}}</ref>


The first glass was installed May 2011. On February 16, 2012, one of the building's construction crane cables snapped while lifting steel, causing the steel to fall 40 stories from the building, landing on a flat bed truck. No severe injuries were reported, and the only reported injury was a fleeing worker who slipped and fell. Construction on the building eventually resumed after the accident.<ref>{{cite news |title=35-ton WTC plunge |url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan/ton_wtc_plunge_oS4Fm8nKgTlCVAXVPXYg6I |newspaper=New York Post |access-date=February 21, 2012 |first1=Rebecca |last1=Rosenberg |first2=Philip |last2=Messing |date=February 17, 2012 |archive-date=February 19, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219180414/http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan/ton_wtc_plunge_oS4Fm8nKgTlCVAXVPXYg6I |url-status=live }}</ref>
The first glass was installed May 2011. On February 16, 2012, one of the building's construction crane cables snapped while lifting steel, causing the steel to fall 40 stories from the building, landing on a flat bed truck. No severe injuries were reported, and the only reported injury was a fleeing worker who slipped and fell. Construction on the building eventually resumed after the accident.<ref>{{cite news |title=35-ton WTC plunge |url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan/ton_wtc_plunge_oS4Fm8nKgTlCVAXVPXYg6I |newspaper=New York Post |access-date=February 21, 2012 |first1=Rebecca |last1=Rosenberg |first2=Philip |last2=Messing |date=February 17, 2012 |archive-date=February 19, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219180414/http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan/ton_wtc_plunge_oS4Fm8nKgTlCVAXVPXYg6I |url-status=live }}</ref>

Revision as of 21:42, 1 October 2022

4 World Trade Center
Map
Alternative names4 WTC
150 Greenwich Street
General information
StatusCompleted
TypeOffice, Retail
Architectural styleModern
Location150 Greenwich Street
Manhattan, New York City, New York, U.S.
Coordinates40°42′37″N 74°00′43″W / 40.7104°N 74.0119°W / 40.7104; -74.0119
Construction startedJanuary 2008; 16 years ago (2008-01)
OpenedNovember 13, 2013; 10 years ago (2013-11-13)[3]
CostUSD $1.67 billion[1]
OwnerSilverstein Properties
Height
Roof978 ft (298 m)
Top floor74[2]
Technical details
Floor count78 (including 4 basement floors)
Floor area2,500,004 sq ft (232,258.0 m2)
Lifts/elevators55
Design and construction
Architect(s)Fumihiko Maki
DeveloperSilverstein Properties
Structural engineerLeslie E. Robertson Associates
Main contractorTishman Realty & Construction
References
[4][5][6][7]
World Trade Center
Towers
Other elements
Artwork
History

4 World Trade Center (also known by its street address, 150 Greenwich Street) is a skyscraper that is part of the World Trade Center complex in New York City. It is located on the southeast corner of the 16-acre (6.5 ha) World Trade Center site, where the original nine-story 4 World Trade Center stood. Pritzker Prize-winning architect Fumihiko Maki was awarded the contract to design the 978 ft-tall (298 m) building.[8] It houses the headquarters of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ).[9]

The building's groundbreaking took place in January 2008, and it opened to tenants and the public on November 13, 2013. It is the third tallest skyscraper at the rebuilt World Trade Center, behind One and 3 World Trade Center. However, 2 World Trade Center is expected to surpass the height of both 3 and 4 WTC upon completion. The total floor space of the building includes 1.8 million square feet (167,000 square meters) of office and retail space.

Site

Main article: World Trade Center site

4 World Trade Center is at 150 Greenwich Street, within the new World Trade Center (WTC) complex, in the Financial District neighborhood of Lower Manhattan in New York City. The land lot is bounded by Greenwich Street to the west, Cortlandt Way to the north, Church Street to the east, and Liberty Street to the south.[10][11] Within the World Trade Center complex, nearby structures include St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church and Liberty Park to the southwest; the National September 11 Memorial & Museum to the west; One World Trade Center to the northwest; and the World Trade Center Transportation Hub. 2 World Trade Center, and 3 World Trade Center to the north.[12] Outside World Trade Center, nearby buildings include 195 Broadway and the Millennium Hilton New York Downtown hotel to the northeast, as well as One Liberty Plaza to the east and Zuccotti Park to the southeast.[13][14]

Original building (1975–2001)

The old 4 World Trade Center was a nine-story low-rise office building completed in 1975 that was 118 ft (36 m) tall, and located in the southeast corner of the World Trade Center site. The building was designed by Minoru Yamasaki and Emery Roth & Sons. The first tenants, the Commodities Exchange Center, started to move into the building in January 1977.[15] On July 1, 1977, the Mercantile Traders finalized the move.[16] The building's major tenants were Deutsche Bank (Floor 4, 5, and 6) and the New York Board of Trade (Floors 7, 8, and 9). The building's side facing Liberty Street housed the entrance to The Mall at the World Trade Center on the basement concourse level of the WTC.

4 World Trade Center was home to commodities exchanges on what was at the time one of the world's largest trading floors (featured in the Eddie Murphy movie Trading Places). These commodities exchanges collectively had 12 trading pits.[17][18]

Destruction

The World Trade Center's twin towers were destroyed during the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, creating debris that destroyed or severely damaged nearby buildings, such as the original 4 World Trade Center.[19] Much of the southern two-thirds of the building was destroyed, and the remaining north portion virtually destroyed, as a result of the collapse of the South Tower. The structure was subsequently razed.

At the time of the September 11 attacks, the building's commodities exchanges had 30.2 million ounces (860,000,000 g) of silver coins and 379,036 ounces (10,745,500 g) of gold coins in the basement.[20] The coins in the basement were worth an estimated $200 million.[21] Much of the coins had been removed by November 2001;[21] trucks transported the coins out of the basement through an intact but abandoned section of the Downtown Hudson Tubes.[22] Many coins belonging to the Bank of Nova Scotia were purchased in 2002, repackaged by the Professional Coin Grading Service, and resold to collectors.[23]


  • Former site plan, with original 4 World Trade Center at the southeast corner.
    Former site plan, with original 4 World Trade Center at the southeast corner.
  • WTC complex and neighboring buildings, on September 23, 2001. Remaining portion of 4 WTC visible at southeast corner. Footprints of the Twin Towers and 7 WTC highlighted.
    WTC complex and neighboring buildings, on September 23, 2001. Remaining portion of 4 WTC visible at southeast corner. Footprints of the Twin Towers and 7 WTC highlighted.
  • Site of 4 WTC in NOAA aerial image, oriented with south at left of image (September 23, 2001). Much of 4 WTC is destroyed (entire left of image), with only the damaged northern portion identifiable (at right).
    Site of 4 WTC in NOAA aerial image, oriented with south at left of image (September 23, 2001). Much of 4 WTC is destroyed (entire left of image), with only the damaged northern portion identifiable (at right).
  • A bird's-eye view of the World Trade Center complex, September 17, 2001, with the original locations of the buildings.
    A bird's-eye view of the World Trade Center complex, September 17, 2001, with the original locations of the buildings.

Current building

Site redevelopment

Larry Silverstein had leased the original World Trade Center from the PANYNJ in July 2001.[24] His company Silverstein Properties continued to pay rent on the site even after the September 11 attacks.[25] In the months following the attacks, architects and urban planning experts held meetings and forums to discuss ideas for rebuilding the site.[26] The architect Daniel Libeskind won a competition to design the master plan for the new World Trade Center in February 2003.[27][28] The master plan included five towers, a 9/11 memorial, and a transportation hub.[29][30] By July 2004, two towers were planned on the southeast corner of the site: the 62-story 3 World Trade Center and the 58-story 4 World Trade Center.[29] The plans were delayed due to disputes over who would redevelop the five towers.[31] The PANYNJ and Silverstein ultimately reached an agreement in 2006. Silverstein Properties ceded the rights to develop 1 and 5 WTC in exchange for financing with Liberty Bonds for 2, 3, and 4 WTC.[32][33]

Japanese architect Fumihiko Maki was hired to design the new 4 World Trade Center, on the eastern part of the World Trade Center site at 150 Greenwich Street, in May 2006. Meanwhile, Norman Foster and Richard Rogers were selected as the architects for 2 and 3 World Trade Center, respectively.[34][35] The plans for 2, 3, and 4 World Trade Center were announced in September 2006.[10][11] 4 World Trade Center would be a 61-story, 947-foot-tall (289 m) building.[10][36][37] The building would have contained 146,000 sq ft (13,600 m2) of retail space in its base and 1.8×10^6 sq ft (170,000 m2) of offices. The lower stories would have had a trapezoidal plan, changing to a parallelogram on the upper stories.[10] The lowest stories of 4 World Trade Center and several neighboring buildings would be part of a rebuilt Westfield World Trade Center Mall.[38] The same month, PANYNJ agreed to occupy 600,000 square feet (56,000 m2) within 4 WTC,[39] paying $59 per square foot ($640/m2), a lower rental rate than what Silverstein had wanted.[40][41] The city government offered to rent another 581,000 square feet (54,000 m2),[42] thus allowing Silverstein to obtain a mortgage loan for the tower's construction.[43] Silverstein would be allowed to evict the city government if he could rent out the space at market rate.[42]

As part of the project, Cortlandt Street (which had been closed to make way for the original World Trade Center) was planned to be rebuilt between 3 and 4 WTC.[44] The plans for Cortlandt Street affected the design of the lower stories of both 3 and 4 WTC, as one of the proposals called for an enclosed shopping atrium along the path of Cortlandt Street, connecting the two buildings.[45] The street was eventually rebuilt as an outdoor path.[46] Final designs for 2, 3, and 4 WTC were announced in September 2007.[47][48] The three buildings would comprise the commercial eastern portion of the new World Trade Center, contrasting with the memorial in the complex's western section.[49] At the time, construction of 4 WTC was planned to begin in January 2008.[50] As part of its agreement with the PANYNJ, Silverstein Properties was obliged to complete 3 and 4 WTC by the end of 2011.[51]

Construction

Preliminary site plans for the World Trade Center rebuild

In 2007, the PANYNJ started constructing the East Bathtub, a 6.7-acre (2.7 ha) site that was to form the foundations of 3 and 4 WTC.[52] The process involved excavating a trench around the site to a depth of 70 feet (21 m), then constructing a slurry wall around the site.[53] The PANYNJ was supposed to give the site to Silverstein Properties at the end of 2007; the contractors would have received a $10 million bonus if they had completed the work early.[54] If Silverstein did not receive the site by January 1, 2008, the PANYNJ would pay Silverstein $300,000 per day until the site was transferred.[52][55] The agency ultimately gave the site to Silverstein on February 17, 2008.[56][57] The PANYNJ paid a $14.4 million penalty for turning over the site 48 days after the deadline.[54] Disputes between the PANYNJ and Silverstein continued through late 2008, when Silverstein claimed that the agency owed him $300,000 per day for failing to demolish a barrier around the site, as the barrier prevented him from erecting the tower's foundations. The PANYNJ claimed that the barrier was several feet outside the excavation site and that it did not owe Silverstein anything.[58] That December, an arbitration panel ruled that the PANYNJ owed Silverstein an extra $20.1 million.[59]

The PANYNJ voted in early 2008 to extend the deadline for 4 WTC's completion to April 2012.[60][61] Meanwhile, police officials expressed concern that the building's all-glass design posed a security risk.[62] A study published in early 2009 predicted that 4 WTC, the first of Silverstein's three towers at the World Trade Center site, would not be fully leased until 2014 due to the financial crisis of 2007–2008.[63] 4 WTC's construction was temporarily halted that March after city officials found that workers were operating a construction crane without a permit.[64] By May 2009, Silverstein wanted the PANYNJ to fund the construction of 2 and 4 WTC, but the PANYNJ was only willing to provide funding for 4 WTC, citing the Great Recession and disagreements with Silverstein.[65][66] At the time, the PANYNJ had leased one-third of 4 WTC's office space, but no tenant had been signed for 2 WTC.[67] Silverstein also held an option to lease space to the city government for $59 per square foot ($640/m2), but he was reluctant to exercise the option, since he believed that market-rate rents for the space would increase drastically when the building opened.[66]

Three PureCell fuel cells were delivered at the World Trade Center site in November 2010, providing about 30 percent of 4 WTC's power.[68] To fund the construction of 4 WTC, the PANYNJ proposed selling $1.3 billion in Liberty Bonds, which would have priority over a general obligation bond issue that had been made previously. This prompted complaints from the general obligation bondholders, forcing the agency to postpone a vote on the Liberty Bond issue in April 2011.[69] If the Liberty Bonds were not sold by the end of that year, Silverstein would not have enough money to complete the tower.[70] After five months of negotiations, the PANYNJ announced a revised plan in September 2011, in which the Liberty bonds were subordinate to the general obligation bonds.[71][72] The PANYNJ started selling Liberty Bonds in November 2011.[73][74]

The first glass was installed May 2011. On February 16, 2012, one of the building's construction crane cables snapped while lifting steel, causing the steel to fall 40 stories from the building, landing on a flat bed truck. No severe injuries were reported, and the only reported injury was a fleeing worker who slipped and fell. Construction on the building eventually resumed after the accident.[75]

On June 25, 2012, steel topped out at floor 72.[76] Structural steel and concrete completed by June 1, 2013, followed by the removal of construction fencing in September 2013.[77] The building opened on November 13, 2013.[78][79] 4 World Trade Center had cost US$1.67 billion to build, having been funded by insurance funds and Liberty bonds.[1] The first tenants to move in were two government agencies,[80] and as of July 2015, the building is 62% leased.[81]

  • Construction on March 26, 2011.
    Construction on March 26, 2011.
  • Construction on August 7, 2011.
    Construction on August 7, 2011.
  • Construction on October 4, 2011.
    Construction on October 4, 2011.
  • Construction on March 12, 2012.
    Construction on March 12, 2012.
  • Construction on October 17, 2012.
    Construction on October 17, 2012.

Layout

4 World Trade Center reflecting water of the Hudson River, viewed from One World Observatory in 2017

The above-ground portion of the building dedicated for retail use (which consists of the ground floor, the three floors immediately above the ground floor as well as the two floors below ground), accommodates offices using two distinct floor shapes. From floors 7 through 46, the typical floor space is 36,350 square feet (3,376 square meters) in the shape of a parallelogram (which is designed to echo the configuration of the site).[82] From floors 48 through 63 the floor space is 28,000 sq ft (2,600 square meters) in the shape of a trapezoid, shaped so that it opens toward the tip of Manhattan Island and also triangulated to face One World Trade Center. The tower includes five levels of mechanical floors.[82]

The structural engineer for the building is Leslie E. Robertson Associates, founded by Robertson, the chief engineer for the original Twin Towers in the 1960s.[83] The tower's foundation is composed of concrete footings that descend to the underlying bedrock. When the original World Trade Center was developed, the contractors found that there was a gap in the bedrock at the southeast corner of the site. Although the bedrock under most of the site is 70 feet (21 m) deep, the southeast corner contains a pothole, where the bedrock descends to 110 feet (34 m) because of erosion during the Last Glacial Period.[84] The current tower's foundation is surrounded by a slurry wall.[53] The slurry wall is largely anchored to the bedrock, except at the southeast corner of the site, where the pothole made this impossible.[84]

The building's elevators are supplied by Schindler and are the second fastest in North America at 9 m/s (1800 fpm).[85]

Tenants

The lower levels of the building are used by retail businesses, including Eataly,[86] and connected via an underground "retail and transportation concourse" to the PATH's World Trade Center station and the New York City Subway's WTC Cortlandt station.[82] The city of New York also plans to lease 581,642 sq ft (54,036.3 m2) of space, in the completed building.[87]

The PANYNJ is headquartered in 4 World Trade Center,[9] leasing approximately 600,766 sq ft (55,813.0 m2) for its headquarters.[82][87] It had relocated in 2015 from 225 Park Avenue South in Gramercy Park, Manhattan.[88]

A February 2017 announcement by Spotify that it would lease floors 62 through 72 for its United States headquarters, along with a subsequent expansion announcement that July, brought 4 World Trade Center to full occupancy.[89][90] SportsNet New York, carrier of New York Mets broadcasts, moved its headquarters from 1271 Avenue of the Americas to an 83,000 sq ft (7,700 m2) facility in 4 WTC.[91] The SportsNet New York studios in 4 WTC also double as the New York City studios for NFL Network, hosting their morning show Good Morning Football.[92]

Silver Art Projects, a nonprofit organization operated by Larry Silverstein's grandson Cory Silverstein, opened 28 art studios on the 28th floor in 2020.[93][94] Twenty-five of the studios are reserved for the program's artists, who are selected through an annual application process and occupy each studio for free, while the remaining three studios are for the program's mentors.[94]

See also

References

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