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clarify question [see Talk page] re company name of L-13 (w ref); ed. brushup; clean up refs
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{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
|name= L-13 Grasshopper
|name = L-13 Grasshopper
|image=Convair L-13.jpg
|image = Convair L-13.jpg
|caption= Note the windows in the roof giving excellent field of vision
|caption = Note the windows in the roof giving excellent field of vision
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Type
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Type
|type= Observation and Utility Aircraft
|type = Observation and Utility Aircraft
|manufacturer= [[Stinson Aircraft Company]]
|manufacturer = [[Stinson Aircraft Company]]
|designer=
|designer =
|first flight= 1945
|first flight = 1945
|introduction= 1947
|introduction = 1947
|retired=
|retired =
|primary user= [[United States Air Force]]
|primary user = [[United States Air Force]]
|more users= [[United States Army]]
|more users = [[United States Army]]
|number built= 302
|number built = 302
|status=
|status =
|unit cost=
|unit cost =
}}
}}
|}
|}
Line 21: Line 21:


==Development==
==Development==
The aircraft design was developed at Stinson in response to a request from the United States Army Air Force for a light observation/liaison unit. At that time Stinson was a subsidiary of [[Consolidated Vultee]]. The first two prototypes were constructed at the Stinson facility in Michigan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flyingmag.com/the-large-slow-moving-shadow-of-the-convair-l-13/?utm_campaign=Newsletter%20-%20Weekend%20Roundup&utm_medium=email&_hsmi=236477059&_hsenc=p2ANqtz-8Ycw2WWLwX0oMjsbt6pY6FikYKiI0NSIh-Ls5mndnvX5EmnCb0eoFlOjmr_KH_UtYkP8XlE0jYrwNQeR4XecWIHYsRJfPTnKodrHUwsTWycB5LbOI&utm_content=236436885&utm_source=hs_email|title=History's Unique Aircraft: The large, slow-moving shadow of the Convair L-13|author=Jason McDowell|date=29 November 2022|publisher=Flying/Daily Newsletter|access-date=5 December 2022}}</ref> In 1948 the Convair board were restructuring their various units, and negotiated to sell the Stinson subsidiary to [[Piper Aircraft]]. The L-13 project was specifically not included in the assets of the sale, however, and Convair continued its production in-house; ultimately building 300 units as the Convair L-13.
Developed when Stinson was a subsidiary of [[Consolidated Vultee]], rights to it were not included in the 1948 sale of Stinson to [[Piper Aircraft|Piper]]. Mass production was therefore undertaken by [[Convair]], which built some 300 of them.


It was a conventional high-wing [[Landing gear|tailwheel]] [[monoplane]] used for [[Reconnaissance|observation]], liaison, and air ambulance duties. Following their military service, some were converted for civil [[bush flying]] use, fitting a [[radial engine]] by [[Sierradyne|Acme Aircraft Company]] as the '''Centaur''', while others underwent similar conversions by Caribbean Traders Inc, as the '''Husky'''.<ref name="Wegg p180-1">Wegg 1990, pp. 180-181.</ref>
It was a conventional high-wing [[Landing gear|tailwheel]] [[monoplane]] used for [[Reconnaissance|observation]], liaison, and air ambulance duties, which typically require low landing speeds and short landing rolls. It was fitted with oversize viewing areas to increase its reconnaissance role.
Following their military service and resale into the private market, some units were converted for civil [[bush flying]] use, fitting a [[radial engine]] by [[Sierradyne|Acme Aircraft Company]] as the '''Centaur''', while others underwent similar conversions by Caribbean Traders Inc, as the '''Husky'''.<ref name="Wegg p180-1">Wegg 1990, pp. 180-181.</ref>


==Variants==
==Variants==
Line 31: Line 33:
:Production aircraft, powered by 250&nbsp;hp (187&nbsp;kW) O-425-9 engine. 300 built.<ref name="Wegg p180"/>
:Production aircraft, powered by 250&nbsp;hp (187&nbsp;kW) O-425-9 engine. 300 built.<ref name="Wegg p180"/>
;L-13B
;L-13B
:Conversion of L-13A for cold weather operation, capable of operating from wheels, skis or floats. 28 converted.<ref name="Harding p92">Harding 1990, p.92.</ref><ref name="Swan p489">Swanborough and Bowers 1963, p.489.</ref>
:Conversion of L-13A for cold weather operation, capable of operating from wheels, skis or floats. 28 converted.<ref name="Harding p92">Harding 1990, p.92.</ref><ref>Swanborough and Bowers 1963, p.489.</ref>
;Acme Centaur 101
;Acme Centaur 101
:Conversion of L-13 as six-seat bush aircraft. Powered by 300&nbsp;hp (224&nbsp;kW) [[Lycoming R-680]]-E3.<ref name="Wegg p180-1"/>
:Conversion of L-13 as six-seat bush aircraft. Powered by 300&nbsp;hp (224&nbsp;kW) [[Lycoming R-680]]-E3.<ref name="Wegg p180-1"/>
Line 38: Line 40:
[[File:Convair L-13 N4236Kx VNY 27.09.86 edited-3.jpg|thumb|right|L-13A converted to Caribbean Traders Husky III standard with a 450 h.p. Wright R-975 engine]]
[[File:Convair L-13 N4236Kx VNY 27.09.86 edited-3.jpg|thumb|right|L-13A converted to Caribbean Traders Husky III standard with a 450 h.p. Wright R-975 engine]]
;Caribbean Traders Husky I
;Caribbean Traders Husky I
:Civil conversion of L-13A. Retained O-425 engine.<ref name="Wegg p180-1"/><ref name="flight 55 p466">''Flight'' 9 September 1955, p.466.</ref>
:Civil conversion of L-13A. Retained O-425 engine.<ref name="Wegg p180-1"/><ref name="flight 55 p466">''Flight'' 9 September 1955, p. 466.</ref>
;Caribbean Traders Husky II
;Caribbean Traders Husky II
:Civil conversion of L-13A. Powered by 300&nbsp;hp R-680-13 engine on modified engine mount capable of swinging out for easy maintenance.<ref name="Wegg p180-1"/><ref name="flight 55 p466"/>
:Civil conversion of L-13A. Powered by 300&nbsp;hp R-680-13 engine on modified engine mount capable of swinging out for easy maintenance.<ref name="Wegg p180-1"/><ref name="flight 55 p466"/>
Line 44: Line 46:
:Similar to Husky II, but powered by 450&nbsp;hp (338&nbsp;kW) Wright [[R-975]]-7 radial engine.<ref name="Wegg p180-1"/><ref name="flight 55 p466"/>
:Similar to Husky II, but powered by 450&nbsp;hp (338&nbsp;kW) Wright [[R-975]]-7 radial engine.<ref name="Wegg p180-1"/><ref name="flight 55 p466"/>
;Servicair Loadmaster
;Servicair Loadmaster
:Reconstruction of L-13A with 450 hp [[Pratt & Whitney R-985]]-AN-1 radial engine and rearranged four-seat cabin.<ref name="jawa61p316">Taylor 1961, p. 316.</ref>
:Reconstruction of L-13A with 450 hp [[Pratt & Whitney R-985]]-AN-1 radial engine and rearranged four-seat cabin.<ref>Taylor 1961, p. 316.</ref>


==Operators==
==Operators==
;{{USA}}
;{{USA}}
*[[United States Air Force]]
* [[United States Air Force]]
*[[United States Army]] received 43 ex-Air Force L-13As following the outbreak of the [[Korean War]], serving in the Continental United States to free up aircraft for active service overseas.<ref name="Harding p91-2">Harding 1990, pp. 91-92.</ref>
* [[United States Army]] received 43 ex-Air Force L-13As following the outbreak of the [[Korean War]], serving in the Continental United States to free up aircraft for active service overseas.<ref>Harding 1990, pp. 91-92.</ref>


== Surviving aircraft ==
== Surviving aircraft ==
=== Brazil ===
=== Brazil ===
* 47-406 – L-13 on display at the [[TAM Museum]] in [[São Carlos, São Paulo]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Airframe Dossier - Convair L-13, s/n 47-0406 USAF, c/n 286, c/r N4236K |url=http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=56966 |website=Aerial Visuals |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref>
* 47-406 – L-13 on display at the [[TAM Museum]] in [[São Carlos, São Paulo]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Airframe Dossier - Convair L-13, s/n 47-0406 USAF, c/n 286, c/r N4236K|url=http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=56966|website=Aerial Visuals|access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref>


=== United States ===
=== United States ===
* 47-275 – L-13A on display at the [[Arkansas Air and Military Museum]] in [[Fayetteville, Arkansas]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Aircraft |url=http://www.arkansasairandmilitary.com/copy-of-collection |website=Arkansas Air and Military Museum |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Airframe Dossier - Convair L-13A, s/n 47-0275 USAAF, c/r N275LG |url=http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=42115 |website=Aerial Visuals |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref>
* 47-275 – L-13A on display at the [[Arkansas Air and Military Museum]] in [[Fayetteville, Arkansas]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Aircraft|url=http://www.arkansasairandmilitary.com/copy-of-collection|website=Arkansas Air and Military Museum|access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Airframe Dossier - Convair L-13A, s/n 47-0275 USAAF, c/r N275LG|url=http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=42115|website=Aerial Visuals|access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref>
* 47-287 – L-13A in storage at the [[Castle Air Museum]] in [[Atwater, California]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Aircraft on Loan (by Location) |url=http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Portals/7/documents/other/aircraft_on_loan_by_location.pdf |website=National Museum of the United States Air Force |access-date=4 December 2022 |date=April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Baugher |first1=Joe |title=1946-1948 USAAF-USAF Serial Numbers |url=http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_serials/1946.html |website=Joe Baugher's Home Page |access-date=4 December 2022 |date=30 June 2021}}</ref>
* 47-287 – L-13A in storage at the [[Castle Air Museum]] in [[Atwater, California]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Aircraft on Loan (by Location)|url=http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Portals/7/documents/other/aircraft_on_loan_by_location.pdf|website=National Museum of the United States Air Force|access-date=4 December 2022|date=April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Baugher|first1=Joe|title=1946-1948 USAAF-USAF Serial Numbers|url=http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_serials/1946.html|website=Joe Baugher's Home Page|access-date=4 December 2022|date=30 June 2021}}</ref>
* 47-316 – L-13A airworthy at the [[War Eagles Air Museum]] in [[Santa Teresa, New Mexico]].<ref>{{cite web |title=L-13 |url=http://www.war-eagles-air-museum.com/exhibit.php?id=30 |website=War Eagles Air Museum |access-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519180540/http://www.war-eagles-air-museum.com/exhibit.php?id=30 |archive-date=19 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=FAA Registry [N316LG] |url=http://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?NNumberTxt=316LG |website=Federal Aviation Administration |publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref>
* 47-316 – L-13A airworthy at the [[War Eagles Air Museum]] in [[Santa Teresa, New Mexico]].<ref>{{cite web|title=L-13|url=http://www.war-eagles-air-museum.com/exhibit.php?id=30|website=War Eagles Air Museum|access-date=4 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519180540/http://www.war-eagles-air-museum.com/exhibit.php?id=30|archive-date=19 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FAA Registry [N316LG]|url=http://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?NNumberTxt=316LG |website=Federal Aviation Administration|publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation|access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref>
* 47-355 – L-13 on static display at the [[Pearl Harbor Aviation Museum]] in [[Honolulu, Hawaii]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Stinson L-13 Grasshopper |url=http://www.pearlharboraviationmuseum.org/aircraft/stinson-l-13-grasshopper |website=Pearl Harbor Aviation Museum |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Airframe Dossier - Convair L-13, s/n 47-0355 USAF, c/r N2536B |url=http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=56522 |website=Aerial Visuals |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref>
* 47-355 – L-13 on static display at the [[Pearl Harbor Aviation Museum]] in [[Honolulu, Hawaii]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Stinson L-13 Grasshopper|url=http://www.pearlharboraviationmuseum.org/aircraft/stinson-l-13-grasshopper|website=Pearl Harbor Aviation Museum|access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Airframe Dossier - Convair L-13, s/n 47-0355 USAF, c/r N2536B|url=http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=56522|website=Aerial Visuals|access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref>
* 47-394 – L-13A on static display at the [[Planes of Fame Air Museum]] in [[Chino, California]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Stinson L-13A 'Grasshopper' |url=http://www.planesoffame.org/aircraft/plane-L-13A |website=Planes of Fame Air Museum |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Airframe Dossier - Convair L-13A, s/n 47-0394 USAAF |url=http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=14528 |website=Aerial Visuals |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref>
* 47-394 – L-13A on static display at the [[Planes of Fame Air Museum]] in [[Chino, California]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Stinson L-13A 'Grasshopper'|url=http://www.planesoffame.org/aircraft/plane-L-13A|website=Planes of Fame Air Museum|access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Airframe Dossier - Convair L-13A, s/n 47-0394 USAAF|url=http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=14528|website=Aerial Visuals|access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref>
* 47-412 – L-13B airworthy at the [[Heritage Flight Museum]] in [[Burlington, Washington]].<ref>{{cite web |title=L-13 Grasshopper |url=http://www.heritageflight.org/aircraft/l-13-grasshopper |website=Heritage Flight Museum |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=FAA Registry [N7412] |url=http://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?NNumberTxt=7412 |website=Federal Aviation Administration |publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref>
* 47-412 – L-13B airworthy at the [[Heritage Flight Museum]] in [[Burlington, Washington]].<ref>{{cite web|title=L-13 Grasshopper |url=http://www.heritageflight.org/aircraft/l-13-grasshopper|website=Heritage Flight Museum|access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FAA Registry [N7412]|url=http://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?NNumberTxt=7412|website=Federal Aviation Administration|publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation|access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref>


== Specifications (L-13A) ==
== Specifications (L-13A) ==

Revision as of 21:57, 5 December 2022

L-13 Grasshopper
Note the windows in the roof giving excellent field of vision
Role Observation and Utility Aircraft
Manufacturer Stinson Aircraft Company
First flight 1945
Einführung 1947
Primary users United States Air Force
United States Army
Number built 302

The Stinson L-13 (sometimes known as the Grasshopper, like other aircraft of its type) was a US military utility aircraft first flown in 1945.

Development

The aircraft design was developed at Stinson in response to a request from the United States Army Air Force for a light observation/liaison unit. At that time Stinson was a subsidiary of Consolidated Vultee. The first two prototypes were constructed at the Stinson facility in Michigan.[1] In 1948 the Convair board were restructuring their various units, and negotiated to sell the Stinson subsidiary to Piper Aircraft. The L-13 project was specifically not included in the assets of the sale, however, and Convair continued its production in-house; ultimately building 300 units as the Convair L-13.

It was a conventional high-wing tailwheel monoplane used for observation, liaison, and air ambulance duties, which typically require low landing speeds and short landing rolls. It was fitted with oversize viewing areas to increase its reconnaissance role.

Following their military service and resale into the private market, some units were converted for civil bush flying use, fitting a radial engine by Acme Aircraft Company as the Centaur, while others underwent similar conversions by Caribbean Traders Inc, as the Husky.[2]

Variants

XL-13
Prototype aircraft, powered by 245 hp (183 kW) Franklin O-425-6 engine. Two built.[3]
L-13A
Production aircraft, powered by 250 hp (187 kW) O-425-9 engine. 300 built.[3]
L-13B
Conversion of L-13A for cold weather operation, capable of operating from wheels, skis or floats. 28 converted.[4][5]
Acme Centaur 101
Conversion of L-13 as six-seat bush aircraft. Powered by 300 hp (224 kW) Lycoming R-680-E3.[2]
Acme Centaur 102
Similar to Acme Centaur 101, with a 300hp Jacobs R-755-A2 radial.[2]
L-13A converted to Caribbean Traders Husky III standard with a 450 h.p. Wright R-975 engine
Caribbean Traders Husky I
Civil conversion of L-13A. Retained O-425 engine.[2][6]
Caribbean Traders Husky II
Civil conversion of L-13A. Powered by 300 hp R-680-13 engine on modified engine mount capable of swinging out for easy maintenance.[2][6]
Caribbean Traders Husky III
Similar to Husky II, but powered by 450 hp (338 kW) Wright R-975-7 radial engine.[2][6]
Servicair Loadmaster
Reconstruction of L-13A with 450 hp Pratt & Whitney R-985-AN-1 radial engine and rearranged four-seat cabin.[7]

Operators

 Vereinigte Staaten

Surviving aircraft

Brasilien

Vereinigte Staaten

Specifications (L-13A)

3-view line drawing of the Stinson L-13A
3-view line drawing of the Stinson L-13A

Data from General Dynamics Aircraft and their Predecessors [22]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1
  • Capacity: 2 passengers
  • Length: 31 ft 9 in (9.68 m)
  • Wingspan: 40 ft 5+1⁄2 in (12.332 m)
  • Height: 8 ft 5 in (2.57 m)
  • Wing area: 270 sq ft (25 m2)
  • Empty weight: 2,070 lb (939 kg)
  • Gross weight: 3,185 lb (1,445 kg)
  • Powerplant: 1 × Franklin O-425-9 air-cooled flat-six engine, 250 hp (190 kW)

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 115 mph (185 km/h, 100 kn)
  • Cruise speed: 92 mph (148 km/h, 80 kn)
  • Range: 368 mi (592 km, 320 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 15,000 ft (4,600 m)
  • Rate of climb: 830 ft/min (4.2 m/s)

See also

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stinson L-13.

Notes

  1. ^ Jason McDowell (29 November 2022). "History's Unique Aircraft: The large, slow-moving shadow of the Convair L-13". Flying/Daily Newsletter. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Wegg 1990, pp. 180-181.
  3. ^ a b Wegg 1990, p.180.
  4. ^ Harding 1990, p.92.
  5. ^ Swanborough and Bowers 1963, p.489.
  6. ^ a b c Flight 9 September 1955, p. 466.
  7. ^ Taylor 1961, p. 316.
  8. ^ Harding 1990, pp. 91-92.
  9. ^ "Airframe Dossier - Convair L-13, s/n 47-0406 USAF, c/n 286, c/r N4236K". Aerial Visuals. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  10. ^ "Aircraft". Arkansas Air and Military Museum. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  11. ^ "Airframe Dossier - Convair L-13A, s/n 47-0275 USAAF, c/r N275LG". Aerial Visuals. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  12. ^ "Aircraft on Loan (by Location)" (PDF). National Museum of the United States Air Force. April 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  13. ^ Baugher, Joe (30 June 2021). "1946-1948 USAAF-USAF Serial Numbers". Joe Baugher's Home Page. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  14. ^ "L-13". War Eagles Air Museum. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  15. ^ "FAA Registry [N316LG]". Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  16. ^ "Stinson L-13 Grasshopper". Pearl Harbor Aviation Museum. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  17. ^ "Airframe Dossier - Convair L-13, s/n 47-0355 USAF, c/r N2536B". Aerial Visuals. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  18. ^ "Stinson L-13A 'Grasshopper'". Planes of Fame Air Museum. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  19. ^ "Airframe Dossier - Convair L-13A, s/n 47-0394 USAAF". Aerial Visuals. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  20. ^ "L-13 Grasshopper". Heritage Flight Museum. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  21. ^ "FAA Registry [N7412]". Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  22. ^ Wegg 1990, p.182.

Bibliography

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