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[[File:Rubielos de la Cérida impact structure-karte topo.jpg|thumb|Supposed morphological signature of the Rubielos de Cérida structure taken from the digital map of Spain, 1 : 250,000]]
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[[File:Rubielos de la Cérida impact structure-karte topo.jpg|thumb|Morphological signature of the Rubielos de Cérida structure taken from the digital map of Spain, 1 : 250,000]]
[[File:Rubielos de la Cérida impact structure central uplift chain.jpg|thumb|"Pico Palomera" in [[Sierra Palomera]]- part of the central-uplift chain in the Rubielos de la Cérida impact structure.]]
[[File:Rubielos de la Cérida impact structure central uplift chain.jpg|thumb|"Pico Palomera" in [[Sierra Palomera]]- part of the central-uplift chain in the Rubielos de la Cérida impact structure.]]
[[File:Rubielos de la Cérida impact structure suevite.jpg|thumb|Impact feature: A suevite breccia from the Rubielos de la Cérida impact structure.]]
[[File:Rubielos de la Cérida impact structure suevite.jpg|thumb|Impact feature: A suevite breccia from the Rubielos de la Cérida impact structure.]]
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[[File:Rubielos de la Cérida impact structure sem glass.jpg|thumb|Impact feature: Shock-melted glass from the Rubielos de la Cérida impact structure under the [[scanning electron microscope]].]]
[[File:Rubielos de la Cérida impact structure sem glass.jpg|thumb|Impact feature: Shock-melted glass from the Rubielos de la Cérida impact structure under the [[scanning electron microscope]].]]


The c. 80&nbsp;km x 40&nbsp;km sized '''Rubielos de la Cérida structure''' is a claimed impact feature located in [[Aragon]], northeast [[Spain]], north of [[Teruel]] purported to have formed during the Upper Eocene or Oligocene (roughly 30 - 40 Mill. years ago). The name is derived from the nearby village of [[Rubielos de la Cérida]]. The claim that the structure represents an impact feature is rejected by the majority of authors, andthe mainstream concensus is that the supposed structure is explained by non impact related [[tectonic]] structures, namely the Jiloca-[[Calatayud]] [[graben]] and the Alfambra-Teruel graben.<ref name="Ref4">{{cite web |url=http://www.impact-structures.com/pdfall.pdf}} Ernstson, K., Claudin, F., Schüssler, U. & Hradil, K. (2002): The mid-Tertiary Azuara and Rubielos de la Cérida paired impact structures (Spain). - Treb. Mus. Geol. Barcelona, 11, 5 - 65.</ref>
The c. 80&nbsp;km x 40&nbsp;km sized '''Rubielos de la Cérida impact structure''' (impact basin, resp.) is located in [[Aragon]], northeast [[Spain]], north of [[Teruel]] and is considered<ref name="Ref1">Ernstson, K., Anguita, F., and Claudin, F. 1994. Shock cratering of conglomeratic quartzite pebbles and the search and identification of an Azuara (Spain) probable companion impact structure, in: Shock wave behavior of solids in nature and experiments, 3rd ESF-Impact Workshop Limoges, abstract book: 25..</ref><ref name="Ref2">{{cite web|title=SILICATE|url=http://www.granada-workshop.impact-structures.com/eprod0411.htm|website=www.granada-workshop.impact-structures.com}} Hradil, K., Schüssler, U., and Ernstson, K. 2001. Silicate, phosphate and carbonate melts as indicators for an impact-related high-temperature influence on sedimentary rocks of the Rubielos de la Cérida structure, Spain, in: Impact markers in the stratigraphic record, 6th ESF-IMPACT workshop Granada, abstract book: 49-50.</ref><ref name="Ref3">{{cite web|title=STRIAE|url=http://www.granada-workshop.impact-structures.com/eprod0412.htm|website=www.granada-workshop.impact-structures.com}} Claudin, F., Ernstson, K., Rampino, M.R., and Anguita, F. 2001. Striae, polish, imprints, rotated fractures, and related features from clasts in the Puerto Mínguez impact ejecta, in: Impact markers in the stratigraphic record, 6th ESF-IMPACT workshop Granada, abstract book: 15-16.</ref><ref name="Ref4">{{cite web|url=http://www.impact-structures.com/pdfall.pdf}} Ernstson, K., Claudin, F., Schüssler, U. & Hradil, K. (2002): The mid-Tertiary Azuara and Rubielos de la Cérida paired impact structures (Spain). - Treb. Mus. Geol. Barcelona, 11, 5 - 65.</ref><ref name="Ref5">{{cite web|title=IMPACT MELT ROCKS|url=http://www.granada-workshop.impact-structures.com/eprod0413.htm|website=www.granada-workshop.impact-structures.com}} Ernstson, K., Claudin, F., Schüssler, U., Anguita, F. and Ernstson, T. 2001. Impact melt rocks, shock metamorphism, and structural features in the Rubielos de la Cérida structure, Spain: evidence for a companion to the Azuara impact structure, in: Impact markers in the stratigraphic record, 6th ESF-IMPACT workshop Granada, abstract book: 23-24.</ref><ref name="Ref6">Ernstson, K., Rampino, M. R., and Hiltl, M. 2001. Cratered cobbles in Triassic Buntsandstein conglomerates in northeastern Spain: An indicator of shock deformation in the vicinity of large impacts. Geology, 29: 11-14.</ref> a companion of the [[Azuara impact structure]] and part of a large multiple impact event, the Azuara impact event, that from [[stratigraphic]] considerations and [[paleontological]] dating happened in the Upper Eocene or Oligocene (roughly 30 - 40 Mill. years ago). The name is attributed to the village of [[Rubielos de la Cérida]] located in the central uplift of the most northerly part of the structure.


==Reception==
Originally the Rubielos de la Cérida structure was limited to and described as a 40&nbsp;km-diameter circular impact crater with a prominent central uplift but is now considered to comprise a whole [[crater chain]] forming an impact basin accompanied by a central uplift chain.<ref name="Ref7">[http://www.impact-structures.com/article/article_3.html], Ernstson, K., Schüssler, U., Claudin, F., and Ernstson, T. (2003). An impact crater chain in northern Spain. Meteorite, 9, no 3, 35-39.</ref> In the eastern part, the morphology of the original basin is in parts buried beneath post-impact [[Neogene]] sediments.
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The origin of the Rubielos de la Cérida structure has been debated, and the mainstream opinion of Spanish geologists is that the structure is not an impact feature.<ref name="Ref9">Cortés A. L., Diaz-Martínez E., Sanz-Rubio E., Martínez-Frías J. and Fernández C. (2002) "Cosmic impact versus terrestrial origin of the Azuara structure (Spain): A review." Meteoritics & Planetary Science 37: 875-894.</ref><ref name="Ref10">Diaz Martínez, E., Sanz Rubio, E., and Martinez Frias, J (2002): Sedimentary record of impact events in Spain. Geological Society of America. Special Paper 356: 551-562.</ref><ref name="Ref11">Díaz-Martínez, E. 2005. Registro geológico de eventos de impacto meteorítico en España: revisión del conocimiento actual y perspectivas de future. [Geological record of meteorite impact events in Spain: review of current knowledge and future perspectives.]. ''[[Journal of Iberian Geology]]'' 31 (1) 2005: 65-84.</ref> The supposed shock effects are actually [[tectonic]] features, the purported impact ejecta are [[Cenozoic]] [[alluvial fans]] or [[Conglomerate (geology)|conglomerates]] and supposed impact breccias and dike breccias are interpreted as [[karst]] features and soil formations. The opposition against the impact origin for Rubielos de la Cérida (and Azuara) has been supported by an analysis and paper (Langenhorst & Deutsch 1996)<ref name="Ref12">Langenhorst F. and Deutsch A. (1996) The Azuara and Rubielos structures, Spain: Twin impact craters or Alpine thrust systems? Lunar and Planetary Science XXVII.</ref> denying the occurrence of shock metamorphism in Azuara rocks.<ref name="Ref13">{{cite web|url=http://www.impact-structures.com/spain/shock-metamorphism.html}} Shock effects (shock metamorphism) in rocks.</ref><ref name="Ref14">{{cite web|url=http://www.impact-structures.com/spain/controversy/controversy.htm}} The controversy: The Spanish impact structures and competing models of an endogenetic origin.</ref> It is not listed in the [[Earth Impact Database]].

Conventionally, the impact basin is considered to represent [[tectonic]] structures, the Jiloca-[[Calatayud]] graben and the Alfambra-Teruel graben. Since a tectonic [[graben]] is typically characterized by tensional features, the common interpretation meets basic difficulties with the structurally dominant compressive style that was observed.<ref name="Ref4" />

==Impact features==
The impact nature is documented by impact melt rocks, [[suevite]], abundant polymictic and monomictic [[breccias]], breccia [[Dike (geology)|dikes]] (dike breccias), extensive megabreccias, impact ejecta, dislocated megablocks, peculiar geological structures in the rim and central uplift zones, and [[shock metamorphism]].<ref name="Ref2"/><ref name="Ref3"/><ref name="Ref4"/><ref name="Ref5"/> Shock effects comprise melt glass, diaplectic glass from quartz and feldspar, [[planar deformation features]] (PDFs) in quartz and feldspar and moderate shock effects like intense kink banding and multiple sets of planar fractures (PFs) in quartz, multiple sets of kink bands in mica, and intense micro-twinning in calcite. Moderately developed [[shatter cones]]<ref name="shattercones">{{cite web|url=http://www.impact-structures.com/shattercone/shatterconepage.html}}</ref> add to the impact signature.

==Controversy==
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The origin of the Rubielos de la Cérida structure has been debated, and Spanish geologists still remain opposed to an impact origin.<ref name="Ref9">Cortés A. L., Diaz-Martínez E., Sanz-Rubio E., Martínez-Frías J. and Fernández C. (2002) "Cosmic impact versus terrestrial origin of the Azuara structure (Spain): A review." Meteoritics & Planetary Science 37: 875-894.</ref><ref name="Ref10">Diaz Martínez, E., Sanz Rubio, E., and Martinez Frias, J (2002): Sedimentary record of impact events in Spain. Geological Society of America. Special Paper 356: 551-562.</ref><ref name="Ref11">Díaz-Martínez, E. 2005. Registro geológico de eventos de impacto meteorítico en España: revisión del conocimiento actual y perspectivas de future. [Geological record of meteorite impact events in Spain: review of current knowledge and future perspectives.]. ''[[Journal of Iberian Geology]]'' 31 (1) 2005: 65-84.</ref> In their opinion and with regard to the Spanish impact event, the shock effects are [[tectonic]] features, the impact ejecta are [[Cenozoic]] [[alluvial fans]] or [[Conglomerate (geology)|conglomerates]] and supposed impact breccias and dike breccias are interpreted as [[karst]] features and soil formations.

The opposition against the impact origin for Rubielos de la Cérida (and Azuara) has been supported by an analysis and paper (Langenhorst & Deutsch 1996)<ref name="Ref12">Langenhorst F. and Deutsch A. (1996) The Azuara and Rubielos structures, Spain: Twin impact craters or Alpine thrust systems? Lunar and Planetary Science XXVII.</ref> denying the occurrence of shock metamorphism in Azuara rocks.<ref name="Ref13">{{cite web|url=http://www.impact-structures.com/spain/shock-metamorphism.html}} Shock effects (shock metamorphism) in rocks.</ref><ref name="Ref14">{{cite web|url=http://www.impact-structures.com/spain/controversy/controversy.htm}} The controversy: The Spanish impact structures and competing models of an endogenetic origin.</ref>

Despite the impact evidence for Rubielos de la Cérida underlined by the occurrence of strong shock metamorphism, the crater (like Azuara) is not listed in the Canadian [[Earth Impact Database]]. Rubielos de la Cérida is however listed as a confirmed impact structure in other data bases, e.g. Moilanen,J.<ref name="Ref15">{{cite web|title=Impact Structures of the World|url=http://www.somerikko.net/impacts/database.php|website=www.somerikko.net}}; Moilanen J. (2009) List of impact structures of the World.</ref> and the Expert Database on Earth Impact Structures (EDEIS).<ref name="Ref16">{{cite web|url=http://tsun.sscc.ru/nh/impact.php?iname=&country=spain&min_age=0.0&max_age=3400.0&min_valid=0&max_valid=4&min_lat=-90&max_lat=90&min_lon=-180&max_lon=180&min_dia=0.0&max_dia=2250.0&search=Search+Database| title=Tsunami Laboratory: Expert Database on Earth Impact Structures }} EDEIS Expert Database on Earth Impact Structures.</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 22:14, 15 December 2022

Supposed morphological signature of the Rubielos de Cérida structure taken from the digital map of Spain, 1 : 250,000
"Pico Palomera" in Sierra Palomera- part of the central-uplift chain in the Rubielos de la Cérida impact structure.
Impact feature: A suevite breccia from the Rubielos de la Cérida impact structure.
Impact feature: Shock metamorphism in the Rubielos de la Cérida impact structure - diaplectic glass and three sets of planar deformation features (PDF) in quartz. Thin section micrograph {field is 280 µm wide}.
Impact feature: Shock-melted glass from the Rubielos de la Cérida impact structure under the scanning electron microscope.

The c. 80 km x 40 km sized Rubielos de la Cérida structure is a claimed impact feature located in Aragon, northeast Spain, north of Teruel purported to have formed during the Upper Eocene or Oligocene (roughly 30 - 40 Mill. years ago). The name is derived from the nearby village of Rubielos de la Cérida. The claim that the structure represents an impact feature is rejected by the majority of authors, andthe mainstream concensus is that the supposed structure is explained by non impact related tectonic structures, namely the Jiloca-Calatayud graben and the Alfambra-Teruel graben.[1]

Reception

The origin of the Rubielos de la Cérida structure has been debated, and the mainstream opinion of Spanish geologists is that the structure is not an impact feature.[2][3][4] The supposed shock effects are actually tectonic features, the purported impact ejecta are Cenozoic alluvial fans or conglomerates and supposed impact breccias and dike breccias are interpreted as karst features and soil formations. The opposition against the impact origin for Rubielos de la Cérida (and Azuara) has been supported by an analysis and paper (Langenhorst & Deutsch 1996)[5] denying the occurrence of shock metamorphism in Azuara rocks.[6][7] It is not listed in the Earth Impact Database.

References

  1. ^ http://www.impact-structures.com/pdfall.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) Ernstson, K., Claudin, F., Schüssler, U. & Hradil, K. (2002): The mid-Tertiary Azuara and Rubielos de la Cérida paired impact structures (Spain). - Treb. Mus. Geol. Barcelona, 11, 5 - 65.
  2. ^ Cortés A. L., Diaz-Martínez E., Sanz-Rubio E., Martínez-Frías J. and Fernández C. (2002) "Cosmic impact versus terrestrial origin of the Azuara structure (Spain): A review." Meteoritics & Planetary Science 37: 875-894.
  3. ^ Diaz Martínez, E., Sanz Rubio, E., and Martinez Frias, J (2002): Sedimentary record of impact events in Spain. Geological Society of America. Special Paper 356: 551-562.
  4. ^ Díaz-Martínez, E. 2005. Registro geológico de eventos de impacto meteorítico en España: revisión del conocimiento actual y perspectivas de future. [Geological record of meteorite impact events in Spain: review of current knowledge and future perspectives.]. Journal of Iberian Geology 31 (1) 2005: 65-84.
  5. ^ Langenhorst F. and Deutsch A. (1996) The Azuara and Rubielos structures, Spain: Twin impact craters or Alpine thrust systems? Lunar and Planetary Science XXVII.
  6. ^ http://www.impact-structures.com/spain/shock-metamorphism.html. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) Shock effects (shock metamorphism) in rocks.
  7. ^ http://www.impact-structures.com/spain/controversy/controversy.htm. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) The controversy: The Spanish impact structures and competing models of an endogenetic origin.
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