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Siege of Gaza (332 BCE): Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 31°31′N 34°27′E / 31.517°N 34.450°E / 31.517; 34.450
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Changing short description from "Military siege in 332 BCE during the Egyptian campaign of Alexander the Great" to "Part of the Wars of Alexander the Great"
detailing and ce lead, formatting infobox, resizing some elements, depiping, etc.
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{{For|the onging land, air, and sea blockade of the Gaza Strip by Israel and Egypt since 2007|Blockade of the Gaza Strip}}
{{For|the onging land, air, and sea blockade of the Gaza Strip by Israel and Egypt since 2007|Blockade of the Gaza Strip}}
{{Infobox military conflict
{{Infobox military conflict
| image = Gaza painting - David Roberts.jpg
| image =
| caption =
| caption = Painting of Gaza by [[David Roberts (painter)|David Roberts]], in ''[[The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia]]''
| map_type = West Asia
| map_type = West Asia
| map_relief = yes
| map_relief =
| map_size = 300
| map_size = 300
| map_marksize =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption = Location of the siege in the [[Middle East]]
| map_caption = Location of the siege in [[Western Asia]]
| map_label = Gaza
| map_label = Gaza City
| conflict = Siege of Gaza
| conflict = Siege of Gaza
| partof = the [[Wars of Alexander the Great]]
| partof = the [[Wars of Alexander the Great]]
| date = October 332 BC
| date = October 332 BC
| place = [[Gaza City|Gaza]], [[Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt|Persian Egypt]] (now [[Gaza Strip|Palestine]])
| place = {{nowrap|[[Gaza City|Gaza]], [[Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt|Persian Egypt]] (now [[Gaza Strip|Palestine]])}}
| coordinates = {{coord|31|31|N|34|27|E|display=title,inline}}
| coordinates = {{coord|31|31|N|34|27|E|display=title,inline}}
| result = [[Macedon|Macedonian]] victory
| result = Macedonian victory
| territory = Alexander secures access to the [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian mainland]]
| territory = [[Ancient Macedonian army|Macedonian army]] captures Gaza, securing access to the Egyptian mainland
| combatant1 = [[Image:Vergina_Sun_-_Golden_Larnax.png|20px|link=]] [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]]<br/>[[League of Corinth|Hellenic League]]
| combatant1 = [[File:Vergina Sun WIPO.svg|16px|link=]] '''[[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedon]]'''<br />[[League of Corinth|Hellenic League]]
| combatant2 = [[Image:Standard of Cyrus the Great (Achaemenid Empire).svg|20px|link=]] [[Achaemenid Empire]]<br>[[Bedouin|Arab]] mercenaries<ref name=Franck />
| combatant2 = [[File:Standard of Cyrus the Great.svg|16px|link=]] '''[[Achaemenid Empire]]'''<br />[[Bedouin]] mercenaries<ref name=Franck />
| commander1 = '''[[Alexander the Great]]'''<br/>[[Hephaestion]]
| commander1 = '''[[Alexander the Great]]'''<br />[[Hephaestion]]
| commander2 = '''[[Batis (commander)|Batis]]'''{{POW}}{{Executed}}
| commander2 = '''[[Batis (commander)|Batis]]'''{{POW}}{{Executed}}
| strength1 = 45,000
| strength1 = 45,000
| strength2 = 15,000 <ref name="W. Engels 1980">{{cite book |title=Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |publication-place=Berkeley, California, United States |lccn=76-52025 |year=1980 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OiMWqRokCZ4C |isbn=9780520042728 |first=Donald W. |last=Engels |via=[[Google Books]] |chapter=3. Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Egypt, and Iraq |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OiMWqRokCZ4C&pg=PA54 |orig-year=1978 |edition=2nd |pages=54–70 }}</ref>
| strength2 = 15,000<ref name="W. Engels 1980">{{cite book |title=Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |publication-place=Berkeley, California, United States |lccn=76-52025 |year=1980 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OiMWqRokCZ4C |isbn=9780520042728 |first=Donald W. |last=Engels |via=[[Google Books]] |chapter=3. Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Egypt, and Iraq |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OiMWqRokCZ4C&pg=PA54 |orig-year=1978 |edition=2nd |pages=54–70 }}</ref>
| casualties1 = Unknown, but fewer
| casualties1 = Unknown, but fewer
| casualties2 = 11,000<ref name="W. Engels 1980" />
| casualties2 = 11,000<ref name="W. Engels 1980" />
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| label-offset-y15 = -10
| label-offset-y15 = -10
}}
}}
The '''siege of Gaza''' took place in 332&nbsp;BC, and was part of the [[Wars of Alexander the Great|Egyptian campaign]] of [[Alexander the Great]], the [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] king of [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]]. It ended the [[Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt]], which functioned as a [[Satrap|satrapy]] of the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid Persian Empire]].
The '''siege of Gaza''', as part of the [[Wars of Alexander the Great]], took place in October of 332&nbsp;BC. Resulting in a victory for [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedon]], it ended the [[Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt|31st Dynasty of Egypt]], which functioned as a [[Satrap|satrapy]] under the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid Persian Empire]].


During the siege, Alexander succeeded in reaching the walls by utilizing the engines he had employed [[Siege of Tyre (332 BC)|against Tyre]].{{sfn|Arrian of Nicomedia|1884|loc=[https://archive.org/details/anabasisalexand00arrigoog/page/n160/mode/2up XXVI. Siege of Gaza]|pp=136}} After three unsuccessful assaults, the stronghold was taken by storm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lbdb.com/TMDisplayBattle.cfm?BID=211&WID=46|title= Leaders and Battles: Gaza, Siege of|publisher = Leaders and Battles Database|access-date=2007-01-18 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061022040333/http://www.lbdb.com/TMDisplayBattle.cfm?BID=211&WID=46 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2006-10-22}}</ref>
[[Alexander the Great|Alexander]] succeeded in reaching the walls of [[Gaza City|Gaza]] by utilizing the engines that he had employed earlier that year, during the [[Siege of Tyre (332 BC)|siege of Tyre]].{{sfn|Arrian of Nicomedia|1884|loc=[https://archive.org/details/anabasisalexand00arrigoog/page/n160/mode/2up XXVI. Siege of Gaza]|pp=136}} Following three unsuccessful assaults, the [[Ancient Macedonian army|Macedonian army]] was able to storm and take the Gazan stronghold.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lbdb.com/TMDisplayBattle.cfm?BID=211&WID=46|title= Leaders and Battles: Gaza, Siege of|publisher = Leaders and Battles Database|access-date=2007-01-18 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061022040333/http://www.lbdb.com/TMDisplayBattle.cfm?BID=211&WID=46 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2006-10-22}}</ref>


Batis, a [[eunuch]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Jewish People: An Illustrated History |first=Yonahan |last=Aharoni |page=57 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WC7UAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 |via=[[Google Books]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WC7UAwAAQBAJ |editor1-first=Shmuel |editor1-last=Ahituv |editor2-first=Barbara Laurel |editor2-last=Ball |orig-year=2003 |year=2006 |publication-place=New York City, United States |publisher=Continuum |chapter=1. Ancient Times (E. The Hellenistic Period) |isbn=9780826418869 }}</ref> and the commander of the fortress of [[Gaza City|Gaza]], expected to hold [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]] in subjection until the Persian king [[Darius III]] could raise another army and confront Alexander in a battle from this city.{{sfn|Dodge|1996|loc=[https://www.archive.org/details/alexanderhistory0000dodg/page/343 XXV. Gaza and Egypt. September, B.C. 332, to Spring B.C. 331]|pp=343-352}} The fortress was located on an eminence, on the edge of a desert from which the surrounding area could be easily controlled. It enabled control over the main road that went from [[Achaemenid Assyria|Persian Assyria]] to Egypt. The city, over {{convert|60|feet|m|order=flip}} high, was traditionally employed to control the surrounding area, which even then was a hotbed of dissent.{{sfn|Dodge|1996|loc=[https://www.archive.org/details/alexanderhistory0000dodg/page/343 XXV. Gaza and Egypt. September, B.C. 332, to Spring B.C. 331]|pp=343-352}} Batis was aware that Alexander was marching down the coast, as he had just been victorious at [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]]. He therefore provisioned Gaza for a long siege.{{sfn|Dodge|1996|loc=[https://www.archive.org/details/alexanderhistory0000dodg/page/343 XXV. Gaza and Egypt. September, B.C. 332, to Spring B.C. 331]|pp=343-352}} It is likely that he was aware of Alexander's intention of controlling the entire [[Levant|Mediterranean coast]] before moving to [[Greater Iran|Persia proper]].
[[Batis (commander)|Batis]], the military commander of Gaza's fortress,<ref>{{cite book |last=Aharoni |first=Yonahan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WC7UAwAAQBAJ |title=The Jewish People: An Illustrated History |publisher=Continuum |year=2006 |isbn=9780826418869 |editor1-last=Ahituv |editor1-first=Shmuel |publication-place=New York City, United States |page=57 |chapter=1. Ancient Times (E. The Hellenistic Period) |editor2-last=Ball |editor2-first=Barbara Laurel |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WC7UAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 |via=[[Google Books]] |orig-year=2003}}</ref> expected to hold the city as well as the rest of Egypt in complete subjection until the raising of another army by Persian king [[Darius III]]; confronting Alexander at Gaza was crucial to denying the Macedonians a route into the Egyptian mainland.{{sfn|Dodge|1996|loc=[https://www.archive.org/details/alexanderhistory0000dodg/page/343 XXV. Gaza and Egypt. September, B.C. 332, to Spring B.C. 331]|pp=343-352}} The fortress was located on an eminence, on the edge of a desert from which the surrounding area could be easily controlled, including the main road from [[Achaemenid Assyria|Assyria]] to Egypt. The city, over {{convert|60|feet|m|order=flip}} high, was traditionally employed to control the surrounding area, which, even then, was a hotbed of dissent.{{sfn|Dodge|1996|loc=[https://www.archive.org/details/alexanderhistory0000dodg/page/343 XXV. Gaza and Egypt. September, B.C. 332, to Spring B.C. 331]|pp=343-352}} Batis was aware that Alexander was leading his army southward after successfully conquering [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]], and therefore provisioned Gaza for a long siege by the Macedonian army.{{sfn|Dodge|1996|loc=[https://www.archive.org/details/alexanderhistory0000dodg/page/343 XXV. Gaza and Egypt. September, B.C. 332, to Spring B.C. 331]|pp=343-352}} It is also likely that he was aware of Alexander's intention to secure absolute control over the [[Levant|Mediterranean coast]] before mounting an invasion of the [[Greater Iran|Persian mainland]].


[[File:Gaza Gaza Part 1.png|right|thumb|First stage of the siege]]
[[File:Gaza Gaza Part 1.png|right|thumb|First stage of the siege]]

Revision as of 16:13, 20 January 2023

For the onging land, air, and sea blockade of the Gaza Strip by Israel and Egypt since 2007, see Blockade of the Gaza Strip.
Siege of Gaza
Part of the Wars of Alexander the Great
DateOctober 332 BC
Location
Gaza, Persian Egypt (now Palestine)
31°31′N 34°27′E / 31.517°N 34.450°E / 31.517; 34.450
Result Macedonian victory
Territorial
changes		 Macedonian army captures Gaza, securing access to the Egyptian mainland
Belligerents
Macedon
Hellenic League		 Achaemenid Empire
Bedouin mercenaries[1]
Commanders and leaders
Alexander the Great
Hephaestion		 Batis (POW) Executed
Strength
45,000 15,000[2]
Casualties and losses
Unknown, but fewer 11,000[2]
Gaza City is located in West and Central Asia
Gaza City
Gaza City
class=notpageimage|
Location of the siege in Western Asia
Alexander the Great
Map
About OpenStreetMaps
Maps: terms of use
1200km
820miles
Babylon
15
Death of Alexander the Great 10 or 11 June 323 BC
Malavas
14
Mallian campaign November 326 – February 325 BC
Hydaspes
13
Battle of the Hydaspes May 326 BCE
Cophen
12
Cophen campaign May 327 BC – March 326 BC
Cyropolis
11
Siege of Cyropolis 329 BC Battle of Jaxartes October 329 BC Siege of the Sogdian Rock 327 BC
Persian Gate
10
Battle of the Persian Gate 20 January 330 BC
Uxians
9
Battle of the Uxian Defile December 331 BC
Gaugamela
8
Battle of Gaugamela 1 October 331 BC
Alexandria
7
Foundation of Alexandria 331 BC
Gaza
6
Tyre
5
Siege of Tyre (332 BC) January–July 332 BC
Issus
4
Battle of Issus 334 BC
Miletus
3
Siege of Miletus 334 BC Siege of Halicarnassus 334 BC
Granicus
2
Battle of the Granicus May, 334 BC
Pella
1
  current battle

The siege of Gaza, as part of the Wars of Alexander the Great, took place in October of 332 BC. Resulting in a victory for Macedon, it ended the 31st Dynasty of Egypt, which functioned as a satrapy under the Achaemenid Persian Empire.

Alexander succeeded in reaching the walls of Gaza by utilizing the engines that he had employed earlier that year, during the siege of Tyre.[3] Following three unsuccessful assaults, the Macedonian army was able to storm and take the Gazan stronghold.[4]

Batis, the military commander of Gaza's fortress,[5] expected to hold the city as well as the rest of Egypt in complete subjection until the raising of another army by Persian king Darius III; confronting Alexander at Gaza was crucial to denying the Macedonians a route into the Egyptian mainland.[6] The fortress was located on an eminence, on the edge of a desert from which the surrounding area could be easily controlled, including the main road from Assyria to Egypt. The city, over 18 metres (60 ft) high, was traditionally employed to control the surrounding area, which, even then, was a hotbed of dissent.[6] Batis was aware that Alexander was leading his army southward after successfully conquering Tyre, and therefore provisioned Gaza for a long siege by the Macedonian army.[6] It is also likely that he was aware of Alexander's intention to secure absolute control over the Mediterranean coast before mounting an invasion of the Persian mainland.

First stage of the siege
Second stage of the siege

Siege

Upon arriving, Alexander camped near the southern side of the city and deemed the southern walls as the weakest.[7] It is alleged that the mounds were built quickly, despite the engineers' belief they could not be completed due to the nature of Gaza's fortifications.[8]

One day during the siege, the Gazans made a sortie against enemy siege equipment constructed on site, and Alexander led his shield bearing guards into counterattack.[3] Alexander's shoulder was injured in the attempt.[8] According to Arrian, the rest of the mound was completed shortly after, around the whole of Gaza.[8] At some undefined period after this, the siege equipment from Tyre arrived, and was put into use also. It was after this that major sections of the wall were broken by the Macedonians.[8] After three attempts to enter the city, the Macedonians finally entered the city. The Gazans fought bitterly; at one point, an Arab mercenary pretended to surrender and after being taken to the Macedonian camp, attacked Alexander who suffered a minor injury before the Arab was struck down.[1]

Consequences of the siege

Batis refused to surrender to Alexander.[9] When Gaza was taken, the male population was put to the sword and the women and children were sold into slavery.[10]

According to the Roman historian Quintus Curtius Rufus,[11] Batis was killed by Alexander in imitation of Achilles' treatment of the fallen Hector:[12] A rope was forced through Batis's ankles, probably between the ankle bone and the Achilles tendon, and Batis was dragged alive by chariot beneath the walls of the city until he died.[11] Alexander, who admired courage in his enemies and might have been inclined to show mercy to the brave Persian general, was infuriated at Batis's refusal to kneel and by the enemy commander's haughty silence and contemptuous manner.[13][14]

As a result of the siege, Alexander was allowed to proceed south into Egypt securely, without his line of communications being threatened from the North by Batis from Gaza.

References

  1. ^ a b Graf, David Franck (1 January 2003). Sartre, Maurice (ed.). "Arabs in Syria: Demography and epigraphy". Topoi. La Syrie hellénistique. 13 (Suppl. 4). Lyon, France: Société des Amis de la bibliothèque Salomon-Reinach/Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée Jean Pouilloux (Fédération de recherche sur les sociétés anciennes): 310–340. ISSN 2496-7114 – via Persée.
  2. ^ a b Engels, Donald W. (1980) [1978]. "3. Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Egypt, and Iraq". Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army (2nd ed.). Berkeley, California, United States: University of California Press. pp. 54–70. ISBN 9780520042728. LCCN 76-52025 – via Google Books.
  3. ^ a b Arrian of Nicomedia 1884, pp. 136, XXVI. Siege of Gaza.
  4. ^ "Leaders and Battles: Gaza, Siege of". Leaders and Battles Database. Archived from the original on 2006-10-22. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
  5. ^ Aharoni, Yonahan (2006) [2003]. "1. Ancient Times (E. The Hellenistic Period)". In Ahituv, Shmuel; Ball, Barbara Laurel (eds.). The Jewish People: An Illustrated History. New York City, United States: Continuum. p. 57. ISBN 9780826418869 – via Google Books.
  6. ^ a b c Dodge 1996, pp. 343–352, XXV. Gaza and Egypt. September, B.C. 332, to Spring B.C. 331.
  7. ^ Dodge 1996, pp. 344, XXV. Gaza and Egypt. September, B.C. 332, to Spring B.C. 331.
  8. ^ a b c d Dodge 1996, pp. 345, XXV. Gaza and Egypt. September, B.C. 332, to Spring B.C. 331.
  9. ^ Arrian of Nicomedia 1884, pp. 134–135, XXV. The offers of Darius rejected—Batis, Governor of Gaza, refuses to Submit.
  10. ^ Arrian of Nicomedia 1884, pp. 137, XXVII. Capture of Gaza.
  11. ^ a b Rufus 1714, p. 211, Chapter VI.
  12. ^ Hamilton, J.R. (1 October 1988). Paschoud, François; Raaflaub, Kurt; Temporini, Hildegard; Walser, Gerold (eds.). "The Date of Quintus Curtius Rufus". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 37 (4). Stuttgart, Germany: Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden GmbH: 445–456. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4436073.
  13. ^ Tumans, Harrijs (2019). Yu, Andrey; Beousov, Mikhail S. (eds.). "Alexander the Great and Three Examples of Upholding Mythological Tradition". Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History. 64 (4). St. Petersburg, Russia: St. Petersburg State University Academic Press: 1301–1316. doi:10.21638/11701/spbu02.2019.409. ISSN 1812-9323. S2CID 214090309 – via DSpace at Saint Petersburg State University.
  14. ^ Rufus 1714, p. 214, Chapter VI.
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